如何写英文论文

1、Ladies & Gentlemen Good Evening!各位 晚上好！1HOW TO Write and Publish a Scientific Paper By Dr. Gui cheng HuoThis Lecture for PhD. & MSc. Candidates in the area of Animal Nutrition 2PrefaceThere are four things that make this world go round: love, energy, materials, and information. We see about us a cri

2、tical shortage of the first commodity, a near-critical shortage of the second, increasing shortage of the third, but an absolute glut of the fourth.We in science contribute to the glut. But let us do it with love, esp. love of language. 3Do you like fish?Do you like fishing?I will give a fish or fis

3、hing4A few words easily confusedPublicationsLiteraturesAbstractsTheses (dissertation)Conference reportPapersProtocolProporsal5What is a Scientific PapersA scientific paper is a written and published report describing original research results. That short definition must be qualified, however by noti

4、ng that a scientific paper must be written in a certain way and it must be published in a certain way.6Skeleton of a Scientific Paper TitleAuthor(s) and AddressAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResults (and Discussion)ReferenceAcknowledgement7Logical order of a scientific paperWhat was the pr

5、oblem? Your answer is the introduction.How did you study thje problem? Your answer is the materials and methods.What did you find? Your answer is the results.What do this findings mean? Your answer is the discussion.8 Do information with love, especially love of language (ch. & En.)Do well by the ru

6、les9How to prepare the titleWhen an author prepare a title for his paper, he would do well to remember one salient fact: That title will be read by thousand of people. Perhaps few people, if any, will read the entire paper, but many people will read the title, either in the original journal or in on

7、e of secondary services.10What is a good title11Good and bad titlesStudies on Brucella (too short)On the addition to the method of microscopic research by a new way of producing colour-contrast between an object and its backgroud or between definite parts of the object itself.(too long)Action of ant

8、ibiotics on bacteria.12Good and bad titlesAction of Streptomycin on mycobacterium tuberculosis.Action of Streptomycin, neomycin, and tetracycline on Gram-positive bacteria.Action of polyene antibiotics on plant-pathogenic bacteria.Action of various antifungal antibiotics on canadian albicans and asp

9、ergillus fumigatus13Good and bad titlesImportance of syntaxThe title of a paper is a lable, it is not a sentence. (beta-endorphin is associated with overacting in genetically obese mice and rats)Title should almost never contain abbreviation, chemical formulas, proprietary(rather than generic names,

10、 jargon, and the like. 14How to list the authorsIt is easy to list the author.The authors should be listed in order of importance to the experiment.15How to write the introductionThe purpose of the introduction should be to supply sufficient background information to allow the reader to understand a

11、nd evaluate the results of the present study without needing to refer to previous publications on the topic. The introduction should also provide the rational for the present study.16Suggested rules for a good introduction It should present first, with all possible clarity, the nature and scope of t

12、he problem investigated. To orient the reader, the pertinent literature should be reviewed.The method of the investigation should be stated.The principal results should be stated.17Suggested rules for a good introductionWhat is the problem?Why do you want to investigate?How far has the topic gone? W

13、hat will this meanings of the study be?18Replacement value of betaine for DL-methionine in male broiler chickMet. Is an essential nutrient for poultry. In addition, this AA may provide methyl groups, which are needed for several metabolic reaction such as the synthesis of carnithine and creatine. It

14、 is well established that choline may also act as a methyl group donor. Some authors reported a Met. sparing effect of choline (P. 1981; et al) in this function. Before choline can act as a methyl group donor it needs to be converted to betaine in the mitochondrion. In a study of Baker(1985) betaine

15、,19Page 2 of exampleand not choline, showed some efficacy in enhancing the conversion of ho,ocysteine to Met. In addition, some studies indicated that feed efficiency was more improved by betaine than by choline (A. 1985), although others did not (L. 1987). Literature about the Met. Sparing effect o

16、f betaine is scarce. Some reports gave evidence that betaine might have a met.sparing effect in broiler diets and laying hens, but others did not find a met sparing effect in pigs. More recently, sensitivity 20page 3 of the exampleof breast meat yield in broiler to dietary met has repeatedly been de

17、monstrated. It is not clear whether betaine might also be capble of sparing met in this respect. Besides a possible met sparing effect, betaine may also interact with the lipid metabolism by stimulating the oxidative catabolism of FA via its role in carnithine synthesis, thus offering a potential fo

18、r reduced carcass fatness in commercial production. In order to obtain more information about the met sparing effect of betaine, a growth study was carried out with broilers by using either corn-soybean diets or practical European diets. 21Boar taint in entire male pigsRaising entire male pigs has a

19、 number of advantages. The pigs are more efficient in transforming feed into lean meat, they waste less polluting nitrogen, and they do not have to be castrated, a time-consuming procedure that is harmful to the animals222/3 of review exampleIn spite of these well-known advantages, male pigs still c

20、astrated in a number of countries, mostly because of boar taint, an objectionable odour and flavour found in the meat from some entire male pigs.233/3 of review exampleThe objective of this paper is to review the current knowledge on compounds responsible for boar taint, on their maion factors of va

21、riation, on possible ways of assessing and using tainted meat and on practical means to redce the incidence of boar taint in entire male pigs. 24How to write materials & methodsIn this section, you must give a full detail. The main purpose of the Materials and Methods section is to provide enough de

22、tail that a competent worker can repeat the experiments.25MaterialsFor materials, include the exact technical specifications and quantities and source or method of preparation. Avoid the use of trade names, use of generic or chemical names is usually preferred.26MethodsFor methodss, the usual order

23、of presentation is chronological. 27Getting materialsMaterials and chemical reagents were purchased (obtained, bought, provided, gotten, ) from (by, at ) BDH company.Finely ground in a mill with screen. 28Subsections of M & MExperimental designTested materialsAnimalsDietsAnalysisTaking samplesData p

24、rocessing29Animals & PlantsExperimental animals, plants, and microorganisms should be identified accurately, usually by genus, species, and strain designation. Sources should be listed and special characteristics (age, sex, genetic and physiological status) described. If human subjects are used, the

25、 criteria for selection should be described.30How to writeExperimental designTwo types of diets (practical Dutch diets and corn-soybean diet) were combined with three dosges of DL-methionine (0, 0.05, and 0.1%) and two dosages of betaine (0, 0.04%). The experimental period was subdivided into starte

26、r and friwer period.31Identification of animalsA total of 2400 male day-old chicks of a commercial broiler cross was divided at random among the 48 floor pens.A total of 160, 1-day-old male broiler chicks, initially averaging 42g, were randomly allotted to five treatments.One-day-old chickss mresult

27、ing from the cross of New Hampshire male and Columbian Rock females were used in six chick assays. 32Identification of animalsThe experiment was carried out with forty-five male piglets. The piglets (15 litters of three piglets each) were of crossed Dutch Landrace*Yorkshire. The piglets were weaned

28、at 2 weeks of age. Two piglets were housed in each cage.Two groups of 8 guinea-pigs, equalized with respect to average body-weight, were fed ad libitium on diet containing .33Management of animalsThe diets were consumed ad lib. The animals had free access to water via an automatic device. The broile

29、r unit was illuminated 24h/d. The light intensity was gradually reduced. The temperature was reduced from 28C to 21 C. The birds were vaccinated against Newcastle disease at 1 and 14 days. 34Management of animalsAnimals were fed casein control diet for 1 week prior to the start of each exp.to acclim

30、ate them to the laboratory and the powdered diet. The experimental diet were fed for the subsequent 4 weeks.35Diet formulationDiets met or exceeded NRC requirement. The diet composition and calculated content of nutrients are presented in Table.The tested diets, formulated to supply 210g/kg of prote

31、in, were isonitrogenous and isocaloric.36Collection of samplesThe rate were killed at either 30, 250, or 700d by anaethetic overdose followed by exsanguination. The stomach and colon were removed and their content washed out with copious amount of ice-cold PBS. The tissues were blotted dry, given a

32、visual examination for the presence of lesion. The liver.were excised, frozen on dry ice.37determinationActivities of LDH, GOT, and GPT were determined (measured, assayed) as described by Peter (1998)Assay of pH was followed by 38Data processingThe trial was conducted as a randomized block with a 2*

33、2*3 factorial arrangement of treatments with four replicates per treatment. The results of the experiment were analyzed by ANOVA using software SPSS/PC+5.0V. Statistical significance of difference between treatment means was determined with the least significant difference test. All statemnets of si

34、gnificance are based on a probability of less than 0.0539Words frequently used in M&M Purchase, obtain, provide, get, buyground, stirr, mix, combine, add, centrifugewean, castrate, vaccinize, allot, group, divide, kill, slaught, exsaguinate, bleed, disolocateformulate, remove, store, excisedetermine

35、, measure, assay, estimate, analyze 40How to write the abstractDefinitionAn abstract can be defined as a summary of the information in a document.Limit yourself to a short description of (I) the problem and (II) the solution.The abstract should not exceed 250 words in most primary journals. 41Rules

36、for writing the abstractThe abstract shouldstate the principal objectives and scope of the investigation; describe the methodology employed; summarize the results; state the principal conclusion.42Nature of an abstractReplacement value of betaine for DL-methionine in male broiler chickThe effect of

37、DL-methionine and betaine supplementation on growth performance of 2400 male broiler in the age period of 1 to 38d, and on carcass composition of a subsample of 384 birds was examined. 43Scope of an abstractReplacement value of betaine for DL-methionine in male broiler chickThree dose levels of DL-m

38、ethionine (0, 0.05 and 0.1%) and two doses of betaine (0 and 0.04%) were supplemented in different combinations to methionine-deficient diets. Two types of diets were fed as starters and growers: either corn-soybean diet or practical diets. All diets were fortified with 200ppm choline in order to av

39、oid a deficiency in methyl group.44Results of an abstractReplacement value of betaine for DL-methionine in male broiler chickIncreasing DL-methionine supplmentation significantly improved daily weight gain and FCR. Supplmental betaine did not affect bird growth. Betaine slightly improved FCR in diet

40、s without supplemental methionine, but did not affect this parameter in diet with added methionine. Breast meat yield was significantly increased by about 1.5% by addition of 0.05% methionine, whereas 0.04% betaine only tended to increase breast meat yield45Conclusion of an abstractReplacement value of betaine for DL-methionine in male broiler chickIn summary, there was no evidence for betaine to spare DL-methionine as an essential am