北大普心张智勇ppt-情绪、压力及应对

1、Chapter 11 Emotion, Stress, and CopingZhang ZhiyongDepartment of PsychologyPeking University你在闹情绪吗？心境如何？你的情绪深而不露？还是溢于言表？你有什么烦恼或者高兴的事情？心情郁闷有什么不好的后果？如何保持良好的心情？DefinitionEmotion, or affect, is an evaluative response (a positive or negative feeling) that typically includes some combination of physiologi

2、cal arousal, subjective experience, and behavioral or emotional expression.Outlines EmotionStressCoping Some Concluding Thoughts1 EmotionPhysiological ComponentsSubjective ExperienceEmotional ExpressionA Taxonomy of EmotionsPerspectives on EmotionA Different Perspective: Integrating the Perspectives

3、 on Emotion1.1 Physiological ComponentsWilliam James (1884)the peripheral theoryCarl Lange (1885)James-Lange theoryCannon (1927) and Bard (1934)Two criticisms to James-Lange theoryToo slowNot specificCannon-Bard theory害怕James-Lange Theory害怕Cannon-Bard TheoryThe neuro-psychology of emotionEmotion loc

4、ated in the heart,face or the peripheral nervous system?Distributed throughout the nervous systemThree areas of the brain of special importance:Hypothalamus, Limbic system, cortexThe Papez circuit: thalamus, hypothalamus, cortex, limbic system, Amygdala, the brain emotional computerTwo circuits of t

5、he emotional reactionThe role of the cortex with respect to emotion1.2 Subjective Experiencehappy, angry, sad, and ElatedIndividual difference in the intensity of emotional statesPersonality disorders/Psychological disorderAcknowledging and examining ones feelings can have a positive impact on healt

6、h. (Berry & Pennebaker,1993; Pennebaker et al,1990)1.3 Emotional ExpressionThe overt behavioral signs of emotionVarious ways: facial expressions, posture, gestures, and tone of voice.Creating fear in the face1.3.1 Facial Expression and EmotionTomkins(1962): the face is the primary center of emotionT

7、he relationship between emotion and facial muscle movements is uniform enough across individuals and cultures.(Ekman, 1971)Facial expressions not only indicate a person emotional state, but they also influence its physiological and subjective components.(Ekman, 1992)1.3.2 Culture and Emotional Displ

8、ay RulesSome facial expressions are universally recognized (Ekman,1971;Ekman & Oster,1979)Ekman & Oster(1979): surprise, fear, anger, disgust, happiness, and sadness.Izard(1977): shame and interest.Display rules: express in an appropriate way within their culture or subculture.Stephan et al(1996): C

9、osta Rica & US on PE, NE expressingEkman(1977): Japanese & North Americans, aware or unaware of being observed.Cool1.3.3 Gender and Emotional ExpressionWoman probably experience emotion more intensely, are better able to read emotions from other people faces and nonverbal cues, and express emotion m

10、ore intensely and openly than men.Children as young as 3 yrs old recognize that females are more likely to express fear, sadness, and happiness, and males, anger.The possible reason: gender roles1.4 A Taxonomy of EmotionsBasic EmotionsPositive affect / Negative affectBasic EmotionsCriterion: (Izard

11、& Buechler, 1980)An emotion is basic if it has characteristic physiological, subjective, and expressive components.Anger, fear, happiness, sadness, and disgustSurprise, contempt, interest, shame, guilt, joy, trust, and anticipation.Positive affect / Negative affectTwo factors underlie people self-re

12、ported emotions.(Watson & Clark,1992; Watson & Tellegen, 1985)Approach-oriented/Avoidance-oriented system driven by positive/negative affectThe tendency appears to some degree heritable(N/P, 0.40/0.55)One final solution(Fischer et al., 1990)An emotion hierarchyEmotionPositiveNegativeLoveJoyAngerSadn

13、essFearFondnessInfatuationBlissPrideJealousyAnnoyanceThe Emotion Wheel (Plutchik,1984)接受恐惧惊奇忧伤厌恶愤怒期待喜悦爱敬畏怜悯进取乐观鄙视谦恭失望1.5 Perspectives on EmotionPsychodynamic Perspectives on EmotionCognitive Perspectives on EmotionThe Evolutionary PerspectiveBehaviorist PerspectivePsychodynamic Perspectives on Emoti

14、onBeing unconscious of one own emotional experienceMoray(1969)Neutral words-conditioned fear-inducing wordsWords in Unattended channelUnconscious emotional processes can influence thought, behavior, and even healthPeople regularly delude themselves about their own abilities and personality attribute

15、s as a way of avoiding unpleasant emotion.Shedler et al(1993): such defensive self-deception about emotions takes its toll physiologically.Cognitive Perspectives on EmotionInterpretation and EmotionSchachter-Singer theory (1962): not simply the subjective awareness of arousalCriticismEmotion-inducin

16、gstimulusPhysiologicalarousalCognitive interpretationof arousalEmotionCognitive Perspectives on EmotionCognition and AppraisalPeople emotions reflect their judgments and appraisals of the situations or stimuli (Lazarus)Finding a doctor negligent or incompetentZajonc(1980): mere exposure effectThe In

17、fluence of Emotion and Mood on CognitionCognitive Perspectives on EmotionThe Influence of Emotion and Mood on CognitionMood: relatively extended emotional states that typically do not shift attentionAffects on memory, thinking(judgments, inferences, or predictions)Mood and autobiographical memory(72

18、Vs52%)Depressed personThe Evolutionary PerspectiveEmotion serve an adaptive purposeCommunicative functionA powerful source of motivation (movere)Why people become jealous in intimate?Female: emotional commitmentMale: sexual accessBuss et al(1992): study 1,2,3The Behaviorist PerspectiveConditioned em

19、otionReinforced emotional behavior2 StressA challenge to a persons capacity to adapt to inner and outer demands, which may be physiologically arousing and emotionally taxing and call for cognitive or behavioral responses.2 StressStress as a Psychobiological ProcessStress as a Transactional ProcessSo

20、urces of StressStress and Health2.1 Stress as a Psychobiological Process Hans Selye (1936, 1976)General adaptation syndromeThree stages:alarmresistanceexhaustion2.2 Stress as a Transactional ProcessRichard Lazarus (1981, 1991, 1993)The extent of stress depends on the persons appraisal of both the si

21、tuation and his ability to cope with it.Lazaruss two stages in the process of stress and copingprimary appraisal: whats it?Secondary appraisal: What should I do?Lazaruss three types of stress: harm/lossthreatchallengeSocial and economic forces2.3 Sources of StressStressorLife EventsCatastrophesDaily

22、 HasslesHolmes-Rahe Life Events Rating Scale(1967)Death of spouse 100Divorce 73Marital separation 65Jail term 63Death of family_m 63Personal inju/ill 53Marriage 50Fired at work 47Retirement 45Pregnancy 40Business readjust 39Begin or end sch. 26Trouble with boss 23Change in reside 20Vocation 13Christ

23、mas 12Life events and its meaning for individualsPerceived stress-The different meanings of various events for different individuals.Longer-lasting effectsParkes & Brown(1972): 45 yrs. People who widowed an average of 14 monthsIncreased illness, appetite disturbance, depression,sleep disturbances fa

24、tigue, loneliness, and higher mortality rate.Acculturative stress2.3 Sources of StressStressorLife EventsCatastrophesPost-traumatic stress disorder, PTSDSurvivors guiltDaily Hassles常见的日常烦恼担心体重家人的健康生活必须品的涨价家务要做的事情太多东西找不着或丢失收拾院落或室外财产、投资或交税犯罪体型相貌2.4 Stress and HealthStress People酗酒、吸烟、睡眠不足、运动少Stress an

25、d the Immune SystemStress, Health, and PersonalityType A behavior pattern (Friedman & Rosenman, 1959)Impatient, hard-driving, ambitious, competitive, and hostile.Power Motivation, Hardiness3 Coping Coping MechanismsDefense MechanismsThe impact of Culture on Coping StylesSocial SupportCommentary3.1 Coping MechanismsChange the situationProblem solvingAlter ones cogn