高粱和大麦的营养特性及其应用

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业专心-专注-专业精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业高粱和大麦的营养特性及其应用万建美高粱营养特性（1）营养成分含量与玉米相似，淀粉含量可高达70%以上；（2）CP含量略高于玉米，9-13%，变异大；（3）脂肪含量略低于玉米；（4）缺乏黄色素，70%以上的磷为植酸磷。（5）分为5大类描述：混合型、高单宁、低单宁、红高粱、白高粱使用中潜在的限制因素单宁单宁影响肠道上皮细胞中依赖钠离子的物质转运系统，如葡萄糖转运系统和Na，K-ATPase活性，干扰机体钠的代谢。家禽：影响生长速度、产蛋率、损伤肠道上皮，影响蛋白质吸收；猪：

2、影响采食量和生长速度，高、低单宁品种饲喂时料比相差可达5-10%；反刍：基本无负作用，并在一定程度上防止胀气，增加过瘤胃蛋白；美国、欧洲、澳大利亚主要种植低单宁品种（约占产量的99%）。高粱醇溶蛋白高粱醇溶蛋白可点高粱总蛋白含量的50%以上，有、和三种类型。高粱醇溶蛋白含量高的高粱，硬度也比较高。高硬度的高粱氨基酸消化和淀粉消化率也比较低（淀粉颗粒外包裹的高粱醇溶蛋白影响淀粉的糊化和淀粉酶的作用）。植酸植酸在酸性的胃肠环境下易与带正电的蛋白质形成蛋白质-植酸盐复合物，影响蛋白质的消化。霉菌毒素：麦角碱麦角菌硬粒达1-20%，母猪可能拒食或泌乳减少；家禽，麦角菌硬粒小于1.25%可能无影响。饲喂

3、价值配方单宁总含量不高于0.2%时，对动物几乎无不良影响；猪氨基酸消化率比玉米低，但配方中用量无明显限制，根据市场接受度使用，低单宁用量可高达60-70%，高单宁高粱用量10-20%。禽低单宁品种用量上无明显限制，高单宁用量限制与猪料类似。缓减单宁负面效应的方法倍半碳酸钠、碳酸钾、尿素或氧化钙高温预处理；增加氨基酸的水平，0.15%的蛋氨酸或（胆碱+蛋氨酸）。配合使用植酸酸和蛋白酶。饲粮中添加碳酸钾或小苏打0.25%。大麦大麦分裸大麦和皮大麦。前者主要用于生产人用食品，饲料用大麦通常为皮大麦。营养特性（1）淀粉含量高，约60%DM（55-63%），略低于玉米和小麦；（2）蛋白含量9.5-13%

4、DM；（3）纤维含量高，CF4-6%，ADF5-7%，NDF18-24%；（4）品种多，营养特性差异大：高蛋白品种、低植酸品种、高支链淀粉品种、高直链淀粉品种、碏质品种（-葡聚糖含量高）。饲料用主要是皮大麦，裸大麦主要做食品。使用中潜在的限制因素（1）有芒品种：芒未清理干净时易造成家禽、牛等动物的胃炎；（2）霉菌毒素：湿热条件下大麦易得赤霉病，呕吐毒素（DON）污染风险较高，USDA规定限量10ppm；（3）戊聚糖：-葡聚糖含量高（通常4-7%），粪便粘湿，肉鸡足垫或胸肉损伤，蛋鸡脏蛋率增加。要考虑酶制剂的合理使用。（4）皮大麦用量大时，水泡料表面会有明显的漂浮物。饲用价值猪料注意呕吐毒素；适

5、口性好，氨基酸、磷的消化率较佳；仔猪料中用量10-25%，中大猪用量小于40%。禽料幼禽料中长期使用影响生长，粪便湿，垫料湿，用量10%(加酶30%)。非幼禽料中用量达20-30%不影响生长，但用量达20%或以上时影响垫料质量（粪便湿）；蛋禽中使用，可能增加脏蛋率，注意酶制剂的应用。高粱和大麦主要营养成分价值表表 SEQ 表 * ARABIC 1 高粱主要营养成分价值表（第1部分）高粱（混合）高粱（高单宁）主要养分单位平均SD最小最大样本数AvgSDMinMaxNb% as fed87.42.18393.6163488.6285.89340% DM10.81.18.114.3164810.21

6、8.612.543% DM2.80.61.74.67003.70.82.54.842% DM111.77.814.78612.21.910.614.76% DM4.31.12.77.1866.424.39.36% DM1.10.60.32.91042.91% DM3.40.42.44.45523.60.33.24.139% DM2.10.91.36.67771.80.31.42.433% DM74.51.969.878.773672.868.776.82% DM1.40.50.72.4701.11MJ/kg DM18.80.518.320.18618.90.618.620.525矿物元素Uni

7、tAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbg/kg DM0.30.20.10.91810.50.20.30.926g/kg DM3.30.42.64.32293.40.42.74.127g/kg DM4.30.62.85.372g/kg DM0.20.100.423g/kg DM1.80.41.12.5972.40.222.723mg/kg DM1248171671mg/kg DM247143818171mg/kg DM543171931mg/kg DM1201452449711241氨基酸UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb% protein90.58.2

8、9.9538.70.48.49.23% protein40.43.34.7634.20.53.54.98% protein6.90.467.6536.90.56.67.43% protein1.90.31.42.5521.60.11.41.87% protein20.9118.222.65321.10.620.621.83% protein3.20.32.73.7613.20.42.749% protein2.30.21.92.5572.30.21.92.69% protein40.33.54.56840.43.14.511% protein13.30.811.614.56613.70.512

9、.914.59% protein2.20.21.82.7832.20.21.82.611% protein1.70.21.32591.50.21.31.910% protein5.30.34.65.7615.50.355.99% protein8.40.76.29.5396.72.15.39.13% protein4.50.245584.60.445.29% protein3.30.22.93.7683.30.23.13.711% protein10.10.81.2351.20.60.81.83% protein40.33.34.4504.20.43.54.89% protein4.90.34

10、.45.5575.10.64.467次级代谢物UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbg/kg DM1.71.10.1638613.97.72.129.99g/kg DM28.631.40.11105955.731.32212133反刍动物UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb%884.779.491586.2%85.44.278.588.2483.7MJ/kg DM1615.8MJ/kg DM13.5112.114.6413.3%68.466.8%41.21%58.81h-10.0391%70%6443642猪UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvg

11、SDMinMaxNb%85.74.376.691.91484.33.376.685.96MJ/kg DM16.10.814.516.81615.90.614.516.16MJ/kg DM15.70.315.516.3515.5MJ/kg DM12.512.3%70.67.758.586.41563.53.358.568.76家禽UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbMJ/kg DM1615.7MJ/kg DM15.714.415.7215.4兔UnitAvgSDMinMaxNb%77.7MJ/kg DM14.61MJ/kg DM14.2表 SEQ 表 * ARABIC 2

12、 高粱主要营养成分价值表（第2部分）高粱（低单宁）红高粱白高粱主要养分单位AvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb% as fed87.40.785.389.34289.82.985.193.91690.7285.493.720% DM11.80.810.3132210.71.98.715.91811.21.19.513.622% DM2.20.21.92.4213.10.81.94.8172.90.81.84.222% DM9.618.2118102.17.41359.62.17.3136% DM4.20.14.14.333.50.72.74.863.1

13、0.62.64.26% DM1.91.81.920.50.20.40.850.60.50.21.66% DM3.60.23.13.8183.50.42.94.4183.80.62.6521% DM1.60.31.22.2101.90.31.42.61820.41.52.922% DM73.41.270.675.415751.772.977574.92.671.578.27% DM10.10.71.1150.80.10.70.841.10.50.71.75MJ/kg DM18.90.218.419.31318.918.419.1218.90.618.319.64矿物元素UnitAvgSDMinM

14、axNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbg/kg DM0.20.10.20.330.30.10.10.4120.30.10.20.518g/kg DM2.80.72.23.643.80.635134.10.53.44.918g/kg DM3.63.63.624.60.83.15.7104.40.92.45.315g/kg DM0.40.40.420.210.31g/kg DM1.111.121.70.31.32.3101.90.412.517mg/kg DM1513830399102118142mg/kg DM17414213241341mg/kg DM313433131m

15、g/kg DM701801791氨基酸UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb% protein8.60.58.29.658.80.68.29.658.80.58.39.65% protein3.90.23.64.163.60.52.94.253.50.72.24.15% protein6.50.466.956.50.35.96.856.40.35.96.75% protein1.80.31.62.341.90.41.62.551.70.41.32.35% protein20.31.318.721.7519.91.118.221.25200.918

16、.8215% protein30.32.83.553.10.22.83.3530.22.73.25% protein2.40.22.32.762.10.41.62.4420.51.52.74% protein3.70.62.34.173.80.33.64.253.70.23.54.15% protein12.41.110.113.4712.20.411.812.9512.30.611.713.15% protein2.20.222.582.20.222.552.20.12.12.55% protein1.70.21.51.981.90.21.6251.70.21.425% protein5.1

17、0.24.85.464.70.34.45.254.80.34.65.35% protein6.81.55.58.538.518.61% protein4.30.244.554.40.34.2554.40.34.255% protein3.20.42.73.983.20.233.553.10.22.93.45% protein0.90.20.71.171011.141011.14% protein3.80.634.664.214.21% protein4.80.44.55.244.70.44.45.354.60.34.45.15次级代谢物UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxN

18、bAvgSDMinMaxNbg/kg DM0.50.10.40.876110.22.540.80.50.21.34g/kg DM0.50.60140002反刍动物UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb%89.18291287.387.7%86.878.588.2284.785.2MJ/kg DM16.41616.1MJ/kg DM13.812.114.6213.413.5%70.567.568.3%h-1%猪UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb%86.785.285.5MJ/kg DM16.416

19、.416.6216.116.2MJ/kg DM1615.615.7MJ/kg DM12.712.412.5%83.480.486.4267.4175.51家禽UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbMJ/kg DM1616.116.3MJ/kg DM15.715.715.9兔Unit%MJ/kg DMMJ/kg DM表 SEQ 表 * ARABIC 3 大麦主要营养成分价值表裸大麦皮大麦主要养分UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb% as fed86.81.185.788.6787.11.382.891.617310% DM

20、14.42.29.816.61511.81.18.516.115723% DM2.30.31.72.8105.20.83.18.214398% DM12.82.610.116.3721.73.214.7301068% DM2.9125.286.40.94.48.71090% DM0.60.20.5151.10.30.62987% DM2.30.12.12.4420.31.22.94388% DM2.10.11.92.4112.60.31.93.44720% DM616.0752.566.1459.72.352.266.897062.80.71.44.4594MJ/kg DM18.60.218.

21、11914*18.40.118.118.7304矿物元素UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbg/kg DM0.510.80.40.11.8974g/kg DM4.313.90.334.916135.70.64.57.2870.10.100.3233g/kg DM1.511.30.20.9288mg/kg DM151193132454mg/kg DM301304244465mg/kg DM5112552056mg/kg DM5511841195246857氨基酸UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb% protein4.514.10.33.54.61

22、03% protein5.40.45.15.944.70.43.95.5108% protein615.80.456.6104% protein2.70.52.33.442.20.21.92.7109% protein21.6122.81.519.626102% protein4.4140.23.54.5105% protein2.50.52.23.242.20.21.82.890% protein3.80.13.63.943.60.23.24117% protein7.20.36.87.446.80.36.17.5117% protein3.80.13.63.943.70.33.24.3315% protein1.80.11.61.941.70.21.42.1117% protein5.20.34.75.444.90.34.35.4113% pro