2022全国职称英语等级考试试题理工类爱问知识人

1、全国职称英语级别考试试题（理工类）第一部分阅读理解(75分) Passage1 CATVisashortwayofsayingcommunityantenna(天线)television.Butcabletelevisionisthetermmostpeopleuse.CabletelevisionallowsviewerstoreceiveTVprogramsthattheycannotpickupwiththeirregularantennas. Televisionsignalsdonotfollowthecurve(曲线)oftheearth.Tinstraightlinesinall

2、directions.SignalsfromaTVstationmovetowardthehorizon(水平线)ospace.Iesfromastation,youmaynotgetanypictureatall. CATVbeganin1948.PeopleinplacesfarfromTVstationssharedthecostofputtinguphighantennas.Acommunityantennawasusuallyplacedonahill,amountain,oronahightower.TheantennapickedupTVoasmalllocalstation.F

3、romthestation,thickwirescalledcablesranouttonearbyhomes.Eachpersonusingthecablepaidamonthlycharge. CATVworkedwell,andsoonnewuseswerefoundforit.Loemptychannelsthatwerenotinuse.Peoplealongthecablecouldhavelocalnews,weatherreports,andfarmandschoolnewsatnoextracharge. Today,ocities.Igramsthatcityviewers

4、withregularantennascannotsee.Itisalsousedinmanyclassroomsthroughoutthecountry. 1.Fromthefirstparagraphweknowthat_. A.mostpeopleusecabletelevision B.communityantennaforregularantenna C.munityantennaisusedforcabletelevision D.regularantennascannotpickupTVgrams 2.Ofthefollowing,whichisNOTthewayTV? A.In

5、acurve. B.Inastraightline. C.Inalldirection. D.Towardthehorizon. 3.CableTVisbecomingmoreandpopularbecause_. A.itisfreeofcharge B.grams C.videsallTVusersgoodpictures D.TVsetswithregularantennascanalsohaveagoodreceptionthroughCATV 4.Onthewhole,thispassageisabout_. A.howtoputuphighantennas B.awayofpick

6、ingupbetterTVprograms C.howtousetheemptychannelsonyourTVset D.thewaythatTVsignalsaresent 5.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat_. A.TVcationalpurposes B.thereisnochargeforCATV C.cableTVcannotbeusedinmountainousareas D.antennasforcableTVmunity Passage2 Inearliesttimes,menconsideredlightningtobeoneofthegreatm

7、ysteriesofnature.Someancientpeoplebelievedthatlightningandthunderweretheweaponsofthegods. Inreality,lightningisaflowofelectricityformedhighabovetheearth.Alionlightbulbs. TheAmericanscientistandstatesman,BenjaminFranklin,wasthefirsttoshowtheconnectionbetweenelectricityandlightningin1752.Inthesameyear

8、healsobuiltthefirstlightningrod.Ttectsbuildingsfromdamagebylightning. Mlionvolts.Asparkbetweenacloudandtheearthmaybeaslongas13kilometers,lionmeterspersecond. Slionflashesoflightningperyear.LightninghitstheEmpireStateBuildinginNewYorkCity30to48timesayear.IntheUnitedStatesalongitkillsanaverageofoneper

9、soneveryday. Thesafestplacetobeincaseofanelectricalstormisinaclosedcar.Outside,oneshouldgotolowgroundandnotgetundertrees.Also,oneshouldstayoutofwaterandawayfrommetalfences.Insideahouse,peopleshouldavoidopendoorwaysandwindowsandnottouchwiresormetalthings. Withlightning,itisbettertobesafethansorry! 6.

10、Lightningisreally_. A.weapon B.electricity C.light D.mystery 7.Peopleoncethoughthatlightningcamefrom_. A.scientists B.ground C.lightningrod D.gods 8.Oduceenoughelectricityfor_bulbs. A.10,000 B.1,000 C.1,000,000 D.100 9.BenjaminFranklin_. A.madethefirstlightningrod B.inventedelectricity C.builttheEmp

11、ireStateBuilding D.preventedLightningfromhittingcars 10._isthebestplacetobeduringanelectricalstorm. A.Swimmingpool B.ahighground C.Underatree D.Acar Passage3 Becauseoftheenergycrisis,erestedinthepotential(潜在旳)ofsolarenergy.Someexpertsestimatethatthepresentsupplyoffossil(化石)fuelwillnotlastuntiltheend

12、ofthetwentiethcentury.Tblemthatsolarenergyresearchersfaceishowtoharness(运用)thesunsenergyeffectivelyandinexpensively.Oneofthemostpopularmethodscurrentlybeingtestedusesrooftopsolarcollectorsandundergroundstoragetanks.Aperlyworkingsystemofthistypeisthatitwillnotcreateanyenvironmentalpollution.Anotherad

13、vantageofusingsolarenergyisthatthecostofthefuel-thesunsrays-iszero.Whenasolarheatingsystemisworkingatmaximum(最大旳)efficiency,videupto80percentofwinterheatingneeds. 11.Themaintopicofthispassageis_. A.theshortageoffossilfuel B.blemsthatenergyresearchersface C.blem D.aninexpensiveenergysource 12.Onepopu

14、larsolarheatingsystemmakesuseof_. A.roofcollectorsandundergroundstorage B.fossilfuelconversion C.undergroundoiltanks D.watercollectionandevaporation 13.Thecostofusingthesunsraysforheatingis_. A.aboutthesameasthecostoffossilfuels B.severalhundreddollarsperyear C.paredwithotherenergysources D.determin

15、edbytheseverityofthewinter 14.Whichofthefollowingdescribesanadvantageofusingsolarenergy? A.Thereislittleornoenvironmentalpollution. B.Alargepercentageoffuelcostscanbesaved. C.Fossilfuelswillbecomemoreplentiful. D.Theoil-consumingnationswillnothavetoimportoil. 15.Accordingtosomeexperts,thesupplyoffos

16、silfuelwillnotlast_. A.onemorecentury B.anindeterminabletime C.untiltheendofthiscentury D.indefinitely 第二部分完毕句子(25分) 根据短文内容完毕句子，每个空格只能填一种单词。有旳单词第一种字母已经给出，请将其他字母补全。 Notlongago,anairplanewasflyingoverNewZealand.Therewasatelevisioncameracrewonboard.Suddenly,outinthenightsky,abrightsphere(球体)oview.Every

17、oneonboardsawitandeveryonethough,UFO-UnidentifiedFlyingObject.Toactionandstartedfilming.Thatweekpeopleallovertheworldsawthefilmofthismysteriouslightontheirtelevisionscreens.Whatwasit?Wasitaspaceshipfullofvisitorsfromanotherplanet?Tplaneandthefilmcrewbelieveditwas.Otherobservershadmanydifferentexplan

18、ations.SomesaiditwasVenus(金星).Otherssaiditwasjustatrickoflight. Anairtrafficcontrolleralsosawitonhisradarscreen.HethoughtthataflockofbirdswascausingdotsonhisradarscreenwhentheUFOappeared. MostastronomersnowbelievethatwhatthesepeoplesawwasalmostcertainlytheplanetVenus.Atthattimeofyearitisverybrightan

19、deasytosee.Aplaneitcanappeartobemovingfast.SofthatUFOsorspaceshipsfromotherplanetsdoexist.TheseyearsinvestigatorsofUFOshaveinvestigatedthousandsofsighting-oroccasionswhenpeoplesaidtheysawaUFO.Ninetypercentoftheseturnedouttohaveasimpleexplanation. However,itsgoodideatokeepanopenmind.Sernmentstohelpth

20、emstudyUFOs.Aer-nationallyonreportingandinvestigatingsightingsofUFOs. Afterall,itisquitepossiblethatthereislifeoutthereintheuniverse.Andifsomethingisalive,etovisitus. 16.ThecaptainandthecameracrewbelievedthatUFOwasavspaceshipfromanotherplanet. 17.ManyobelievedthattheUFOwasVenus. 18.SofthatUFOsarespf

21、romouterspace. 19.SomescientistsintheworldareplanningtodosomeronUFOs. 20.Plifeintheuniversemaytrytomakeavisittous. 第三部分阅读理解(80分) Passage1 Inrecentyears,scientificandtechnologicaldevelopmentshavedrasticallychangedhumanlifeonourplanet,aswellasourviewsbothofourselvesasindividualsinsocietyandoftheuniver

22、seasawhole.MfounddevelopmentsofthelastdecadeisthediscoveryofrecombinantDNAtechnology,roducegenetic(遗传学旳)material(orgenes)oanother.Initssimplestform,thetechnologyrequirestheisolationofapieceofDNA,eitherdirectlyfromtheDNAanismunderstudy,orartificiallysynthesizedfromanDNA.ThispieceofDNAisthenligated(结扎

23、)toafragmentofbacterialDNAwhichhasthecapacitytoreplicate(复制)itselfindependently.Testinal(内部旳)bacteriumEscherishchiacoli,whichcanbegrowninverylargeamountsinsyntheticmedia.Uperconditions,theforeigngenewillnotonlyreplicateinthebacteria,butalsoexpressitself,cessoftranscriptionandtranslation,teincodedbyt

24、heforeigngene. Tductionofseveraltherapeutically(疗法旳)importantbiomolecules,suchas,growthhormones,interferon,insulin. Manyotherimportantapplicationsareunderdetailedinvestigationinlaboratoriesthroughouttheworld. 21.RecombinantDNAtechnologyconsistsprimarilyof_. A.producingseveraltherapeuticallyimportant

25、biomolecules B.tein C.oanother D.usingaviralenzymecalledreversetranscriptase 22.RecombinantDNAductionofallofthefollowingbiomoleculesexcept_. A.growthhormones B.Escherishchiacoli C.interferon D.insulin 23.Whichofthefollowingisnottrue? A.Theforeigngenewillreplicateinthebacteria,butitwillnotexpressitse

26、lfthroughtranscriptionandtranslation. B.ThebacteriumEscherishchiacolicanbegrowninlargeamountsinsyntheticmedia. C.Researchcontinuesinanefforttofindotherusesforthistechnology. D.RecombinantDNAtechnologyisarecentdevelopment. 24.ExpressionofageneinEscherishchiacolirequires_. A.theviralenzymereversetrans

27、criptase B.cessesoftranscriptionandtranslation C.productionofinsulinandotherbiomolecules D.thatthebacteriabegrowninasyntheticmedia 25.Thetermrecombinantisusedbecause_. A.byligation,duced,whichhasthecapacityofreplication B.binationofseveraltypesoftechnology C.byligation,duced,anism D.Eanism Passage2

28、Watchababybetweensixandninemonthsold,andyouwillobservethebasicconceptsofgeometrybeinglearned.Oncethebabyhasmasteredtheideathatspaceisthree-dimensional,itreachesoutandbeginsgraspingvariouskindsofobjects.Itisthen,fromperhapsninetofifteenmonths,thattheconceptsofsetsandnumbersareformed.Sofar,sogood.Butn

29、owominous(不祥旳)developmenttakesplace.Thenervefibersinthebraininsulate(使隔离)themselvesinsuchawaythatthebabybeginstohearsoundsveryprecisely.Soonitpicksuplanguage,municationwithadults.Fromthispointon,itisusuallydownhillallthewayformathematics,owhichithasbeensounfortunateastohavebeenborn.Naturehavingdonev

30、erywellbythechildnowbecomesexposedtoallthenonsensewordsandbeliefsoftothispoint,havingpermittedittheluxuryofthinkingforitselfforeighteenmonths,nowabandonsittothearbitraryconventionsandbeliefsofsociety.Butatleastthechildknowssomethingofgeometryandnumbers,anditwillalwaysretainsomememoryoftheearlyhalcyo

31、n(安静旳)daysnomatterwhatvicissitudes(变化)itmaysufferlateron.Themainreservoirofmathematicaltalentinanysocietyisthuspossessedbychildrenwhoareabouttwoyearsold.Childrenwhohavejustlearnedtospeakfluently. 26.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss? A.Theimpactoflanguageonmathematics. B.Childrensabilitytolearnlanguag

32、es. C.Howbasicconceptsofphysicsarelearned. D.Math-learningstrategiesforbabies. 27.Accordingtothepassage,whichoffollowingactivitieswouldteachababygeometry? A.Pickingupawoodenblock. B.Recognizingthenumber2. C.Utteringanonsenseword. D.Lookingatdistantobjects. 28.Accordingtotheauthor,bablybegintolearnab

33、outsetsandnumbers? A.Sixmonths. B.Ninemonths. C.Fifteenmonths. D.Eighteenmonths. 29.Theuseofthewordominousshowsthattheauthorbelievethechilds_. A.linguisticfutureisthreatened B.nerveswilldeteriorate C.hearingwillsuffer D.mathematicalabilityalldecline 30.Thepassagesupportwhichofthefollowingconclusions

34、? A.Terferewithmathematicalreasoning. B.Itishopelesstotrytoteachchildrenmathematicsaftertheageoftwo. C.Languageteachingshouldincorporatesomemathematicalformulas. D.Pcationshouldstresssocietysbeliefsandconventions 第四部分概括大意(20分) 给下面一篇文章旳每一段概括大意。每一段旳主题用一种或几种单词表达，空出旳词已给出了第一种字母，请把其他字母补全。 31.TheSolarE The

35、sunisthesourceofmostoftheheatknowntous.Asadirectsourceofheat,thesunmaintainslifeuponthisplanet,150000000kilometersdistant.Itisalsoanindirectsourceofheat.Sincetheearthisderivedfromthesun,itisthelatterthatwemusttracesomeoftheearthernalheatthatrevealsitselfthroughvolcanoes,geysers(喷泉),andhotsprings. 32

36、.InsectsandSurfaceT Aninsectisnotafraidofgravity,butitisindeadlyfearofanotherforceofnature.Thisforceiscalledsurfacetension(张力).Aingoutofabathcarrieswithhimafilmofwateraboutonefiftiethofaninchinthickness.Thisweightsaboutapound.Awetmousehastocarryitsownweightinwater.Awetflyhastoliftmanytimesitsownweig

37、ht,and,aseveryoneknows,aflyoncewettedbywateroranyotherliquidisinaveryseriouspositionindeed.Aninsectgoingforadrinkisinasgreatdangerasamanleaningovertheedgeofacliffinsearchoffood.Iothegripofthesurfacetensionofthewater-thatistosay,getswetitislikelytoremainsountilitdrowns.Afewinsectscontrivetobeunwettab

38、le;boscis(喙). 33.TofBoilingPointofLiquids Whenthetemperatureofaliquidisraisedenough,theliquidboils.Thismeansthatbubblesofvapor,lionsofmoleculesformbelowthesurface.Iduced,thepressureofthevaporinsidethemmustbeequaltothepressureoftheairuponthesurfaceoftheliquid.Iftheairpressureisgreater,thebubblewillco

39、llapse.Theboilingpointofaliquid,then,isthetemperatureatwhichthevaporpressureoftheliquidisequaltotheatmosphericpressureupontheliquidatthesurface. 34.EandContraction Solidsalsoexpandwithincreaseintemperatureandcontractwhencooled.Buttheydonotbehavequitesouniformly(相似地)inthisrespectasliquidsandgasesdo,p

40、articularlyinthecaseofwidevariations,intemperature.Mostsolidsexpendorcontractbyadefiniteamountforeverydegreeofthetemperaturethatrisesorfalls.Theamountbywhichonsubstanceexpandsandcontractsforonedegreeisnotusuallythesameasthatforadifferentsubstance.Thus,foragivenriseintemperature,apieceofbrassexpandsa

41、tlittlemorethanapieceofcopperandmuchmorethanapieceofsteelofthesamesize. 35.AofElectricTrains Electrictrainshavemanyadvantagesoverthosedrawnbysteamengines.Thereisnosmoketosoilthepassengersclothesandthecushionsinthetrain.Becausetheycarrynoheavyloadsofcoalandwater,thesetrainscanstartandstopwithlesswast

42、eofpower.Inastationtheyaresilent:thereducenoisetodeafenthepassengers. 第五部分阅读理解(120分) Passage1 Intheatmosphere,carbondioxideactsratherlikeaone-waymirrortheglassintheroofagreenhousewhichallowsthesunsraystoenterbutpreventstheheatfromescaping. Accordingtoaweatherexpertsprediction,theatmospherewillbe7oCw

43、armerintheyear2050thanitistoday,ifmancontinuestoburnfuelsatthepresentrate.Ifthiswarminguptookplace,theicecapesinthepoleswouldbegintomelt,thusraisingsealevelseveralmetresandseverelyfloodingcoastalcities.Also,theincreaseinatmospherictemperaturewouldleadtogreatchangesintheclimateofthenorthernhemisphere

44、,possiblyresultinginanalterationoftheearthschieffood-growingzones. Inthepast,concernaboutaman-madewarmingoftheearthhasconcentratedontheArcticbecausetheAntarcticismuchcolderandhasamuchthickericesheet.ButtheweatherexpertsarenowpayingmoreattentiontoWestAntarctic,whichmaybeaffectedbyonlyafewdegreesofwar

45、ming:inotherwords,byawarmingonthescalethatwillpossiblytakeplaceinthenextfiftyyearsfromtheburningoffuels. SatellitepicturesshowthatlargeareasofAntarcticicearealreadydisappearing.Theevidenceavailablesuggeststhatawarminghastakenplace.ThisfitsthetheorythatcarbonDioxidewarmstheearth. However,mostofthefue

46、lisburntinthenorthernhemisphere,wheretemperaturesseemtobefalling.Scientistsconclude,therefore,thatuptonownaturalinfluencesontheweatherhaveexceededthosecausedbyman.Thequestionis.Whichnaturalcausehasthemosteffectontheweather? Onepossibilityisthevariablebehaviorofthesun.Astronomersatoneresearchstationh

47、avestudiedthehotspotsandcoldspots(thatis,therelativelylesshotspots)onthesun.Asthesunrotates,every27.5days,itpresentshotterorcolderfacestotheearth,anddifferentaspectstodifferentpartsoftheearth.Thisseemstohaveaconsiderableaffectonthedistributionoftheearthsatmosphericpressure,andconsequentlyonwindcircu

48、lation.Thesunisalsovariableoveralongterm:itsheatoutputgoesupanddownincycles,thelatesttrendbeingdownward. Seractionsandtheactualclimateovermanythousandsofyears,includingthelastIceAge.TblemisthatthemodelsarepredictingthattheworldshouldbeenteringanewIceAgeanditisnot.Onewayofsolvingthistheoreticaldiffic

49、ultyistoassumeadefaultofthousandsofyeaswhilethesolareffectsovercometheinertia(惯性)oftheearthsclimate.Ifthisisright,thewarmingeffectofcarbondioxidemightthusbeservingasausefulcounter-balancetothesunsdiminishingheat. 36.Itcanconcludedthataconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheatmospherewould_. A.preventthesu

50、nsraysfromreachingtheearthssurface B.meanawarmingupintheArctic C.accountforgreatchangesintheclimateinthenorthernhemisphere D.raisethetemperatureoftheearthssurface 37.Thearticlewaswrittentoexplain_. A.thegreenhouseeffect B.thesolareffectsontheearth C.themodelsofsolar-weatherintractions D.thecausesaff

51、ectingweather 38.Althoughthefuelconsumptionisgreaterinthenorthernhemisphere,temperaturesthereseemtobefalling.Thisis_. A.mainlybecausethelevelsofcarbondioxidearerising B.possiblybecausetheicecapsinthepolesaremelting C.exclusivelyduetotheeffectoftheinertiaoftheearthsclimate D.partlyduetovariationsinth

52、eoutputofsolarenergy 39.Onthebasisoftheirmodels,scientistsareoftheopinionthat_. A.theclimateoftheworldshouldbebecomingcooler B.itwilltakethousandsofyearsfortheinertiaoftheearthsclimatetotakeeffect C.theman-madewarmingeffecthelpstoincreasethesolareffects D.thenewIceAgewillbedelayedbythegreenhouseeffe

53、ct 40.IftheassumptionaboutthedelayofanewIceAgeiscorrect,_. A.thebestwaytoovercomethecoolingeffectwouldbetoburnmorefuels B.icewouldsooncoverthenorthernhemisphere C.theincreasedlevelsofcarbondioxideintheatmospherecouldwarmuptheearthevenmorequickly D.thegreenhouseeffectcouldworktotheadvantageoftheearth

54、 Passage2 Forme,omathematicalsciences,naturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworld(physicalandbiologicalsciences),andsciencesdealingwithmankind(psychology,sociology,allthesciencesofculturalachievements,everykindofhistoricalknowledge).Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophy,aboutwhichwewilltalklate

55、r.Inthefirstplace,allthisispureortheoreticalknowledge,soughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstanding,rinsic(内在旳)andconsubstantial(同体旳)toman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexisted,andthattheworldwasofacertainkind,thathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofac

56、ertainkind,hewouldntbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatimportance,becausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman. Bgress,hemustdefendtheprimacy(第一位)andautonomyofpureknowledge.Knowledgesoughtdirect

57、lyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccess,butnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisinlargepartunforeseen,exceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians(空想家).Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconic(圆椎形旳)sections,zealouslyandwi