朱泰祺考研强化班英语讲义

1、前 后本讲义是按照全国硕士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲(非英语专业)所规定的题型和试卷结构编写的。编者 力图把大纲的测试要求具体体现到课堂讲解与练习中去，以帮助广大考生深刻领会考试大纲的精神并进行有的放矢 的考前或习，做到知己知彼、胸有成竹。本讲义分上、下两册，包括20次讲座，共需80学时。此讲义信息量大，既有对近年真题的剖析，又有大量自 编练习供学员操练。本着精讲多练、讲中有练、练中有讲、讲练结合的原则，教师通过讲解和引导使学员在学习和 操练中迅速进入考研切入点，了解考试的要求、重点和难点，理解和把握试题的命题思路，提高英语的语言知识水 平并掌握一整套行之有效的学习方法和应试对策，以便在200

2、6年的考试中取得满意的成绩。此讲义每年按大纲精神和当年考题命题的新动向进行修订并得到历届学员的好评，被誉为“考研品牌大餐”。学员在辅导班上应全神贯注、认真听讲、记笔记，积极参加课堂的操练活动，课下应认真复习、按时完成教师 布置的家庭作业。此外，学员可以阅读朱泰祺教授编著的(2006)硕士研究生英语入学考试复习指导一书作为课 外参考书，以满足不同层次考生的个性化需要。预祝学员们考研成功！北京太奇培训学校教务部提高考研阅读能力的过程和规律考研阅读理解包括三项，即多项选择题、选择搭配题和英译汉，共占60分。所以，阅读理解是考研试题中的重 中之重。学生提而英语阅读理解能力一般要经历四个发展阶段：.字面

3、心译阶段，即在阅读时要通过逐词心译来理解原文。由于两种语言在句子语法结构、词语用法、语言习 惯等方面存在着许多差异，这个阶段对原文的理解常会发生错误.分析性心译阶段，即在对原文的词语和结构进行一些分析以后，再进行心译，或心译过程伴随着词语和结构 的分析。这时理解力比前一阶段有所提高，但阅读速度很慢。.综合性心译阶段。在这个阶段由于语言水平的提高，阅读经验的积累，不经分析而宜接将原文译成汉语。.直接理解原文阶段。在这个阶段由于语言能力的不断提麻，读者的理解已进入英语思维的模式，可以直接理 解原文。以上4个阶段只是大体上的划分，在实际阅读训练中，这4个阶段不是截然分割的。比如，处于第2阶段时， 也

4、不可能对每个句子都分析一遍后再来心译。第4阶段也可能伴随少量的心译，因为本族语毕竟是理解外语的媒介。了解阅读能力提高的过程有利于加速阅读能力的培养。一般来说，我们的考生是处在介乎第2和第3阶段之间。 对所读的材料有时要经过查阅词典，分析心译成汉语才能达到真正的理解。这作为阅读能力提高的一个阶段是不可 避免的。但要努力缩短这一阶段，防止这种阅读方法成为定势。要尽可能减少心译，以提高阅读速度，达到基本上 直接理解原文的阶段。从逻辑和思维的角度看，阅读理解能力的提高是一个由浅入深、由片面到全面、由低层次到高层次的发展过程。 较低层次的理解是字面理解(Read the lines)。考生对所读内容只能

5、理解字面含义。随着理解的不断深化，考生逐渐进 入推断性理解层次。考生慢慢能从语篇结构的高度来审视文章内容的逻辑结构和内在联系，从而进入更深层次的理 解，如从字里行间理解作者要表达的内涵(Read between the lines)。最高层次是评价性阅读理解，即能理解文章内容的 言外之音(Read beyond the lines),能对所读内容进行推理判断、综合归纳和客观评论。研究生英语入学考试中的阅读 理解就属这个层次。这时考生应能凭借自己的阅读经验和分析能力对所读文章和题目选项进行评价，如：选择项 所传递的信息是否确切、事实是否可靠、结论是否正确以及信息的应用价值等。考研学生应具备哪些能

6、力才能应对阅读理解考试的需要呢？1.理解文章的主旨、抓住全文的中心思想和展开中心思想的逻辑结构和逻辑框架；2.理解文章中的具体信息和 细节；3.理解明确或隐含表达的概念性含义；4.进行有关的推理、判断和引申；5.根据上下文推测不熟悉词语的含 义；6.理解作者的写作目的、态度、语气及文章的基调；7.以上各项能力要求必须在规定的时间内完成。滴水穿石，贵在坚持。我相信，通过我们师生的共同努力，学员的阅读理解能力定会不断提高。朱泰祺I. Reading Comprehension2006北京太奇培训学校考研英语强化班授课讲义2006 - KY- 1内部资料翻印必究Text 12005 RC Text

7、1Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all loo human, with the underlying assumption that other animals wou

8、ld not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin m

9、onkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and servicesM than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr.

10、Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could

11、 observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for

12、 a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either lossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without

13、 an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feel

14、s it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and huma

15、ns, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. (426 words)In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic byA posing a contrast.B justifying an assumption.C making a comparison.D explaining a phenomenon.The st

16、atement Hit is all too monkey (Last line. Paragraph-1) implies thatmonkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.resenting unfairness is also monkeys nature.monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen

17、for the research most probably because they are|A more inclined to weigh what they get.|B attentive to researchers1 instructions.C nice in both appearance and temperament.D more generous than their male companions.Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeysA pre

18、fer grapes to cucumbers.|BJ can be taught to exchange things.C will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.D are unhappy when separated from others.What can we infer from the last paragraph?| A| Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.Anim

19、als usually show their feelings openly as humans do.Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.本文重点词汇与短语：slack adj.松的，松驰的，宽松的，松懈的，马虎的，缓慢的。vt.使宽松；使缓慢；马虎。vi.减弱。outrage vt. (=shock or offend sb.; upset greatly)震骇；触犯；使气愤：outrage public opinion 违反民意。They were outraged by the announcement o

20、f massive price increases.(物价大幅上涨的消息,公布，他们气愤填膺。)above all最重要的。exchange A for B 把A换成B。in return for作为的回报。markedly显着地，明显地。toss vt.轻扔，掷。induce vt.引诱，诱发，诱惑。stem from 来自。as yet (=so far)至今。Text 2Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Inte

21、rnet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the sites personal search agent”. Its an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, in

22、tellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. I struck gold. says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising

23、 openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: Every time you answer a question you eliminate

24、 a possibility.* says one expert.For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept - what you think you want to do - then broaden it. None of these programs do that J says another expert. Theres no career counseling implicit in all of this. Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as

25、a kind of tip service to keep abreast ef jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me/* says the author of a job-searching guide.Some sites

26、design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSites agent sends out message to those who have signed ud for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs - those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visi

27、t the site again to find them - and they do. On the day after we send our message, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,M says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.Even those who arenl hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the

28、demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent as CareerBuilder. You always keep your eyes open,“ he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes

29、looking out for you. (428 words)How did Redmon find his job?A. By searching openings in a job database.B. By posting a matching position in a database.C. By using a special service of a database.D. By E-mailing his resume to a database.Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?A.

30、 Lack of counseling.B. Limited number of visits.C. Lower efficiency.D. Fewer successful matches.The expression “tip service” (Paragraph 3) most probably meansA. advisory.B. compensation.C. interaction.D. reminder.Why does CareerSites agent offer each job hunter only three job options?A. To focus on

31、better job matches.B. lb attract more returning visits.C. To reserve space fbr more messages.D. Tb increase the rate of success.Which of the following is true according to the text?Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.Pe

32、rsonal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.本文重点词汇和词组：database数据库，资料库。stumble across(=come across)偶然遇到。feature (电视节目、大减价等)特 别吸引人的东西。key in 用电脑键盘输入。strike gold (=discover a rich source of information, wealth, ha

33、ppiness, elc)掘到金子： 称心如意。work against对不利，妨碍。keep abreast of及时了解。sign up for签约得到( keep a close watch on密切注视。Text 3The war on drugs in the United States is an escalating battle that has, as of recent times, reached unprecedented levels. In every city and state across the nation, law enforcement officia

34、ls are working around the clock to eradicate the illegal use, possession and distribution of controlled substances at all levels of society. The increasing devotion of resources and efforts to the battle has achieved mixed results.A growing amount of money is being devoted to the funding of the war

35、on drugs as time progresses. At last count, 19.2 billion dollars was being spent annually on the ongoing struggle, consisting of pay for law enforcement officials, education, treatment and other uses. This staggering amount translates into a stunning 609 dollars per second.Results are being achieved

36、. An arrest for drug-related offenses occurs every 20 seconds, and 648 people are put in prison every day on drug-related charges. These numbers illustrate the prevailing tactic used by the U.S. government in the war against drugs - going after the people supporting the industry. By removing both th

37、e suppliers and purchasers of illegal drugs, it is hoped that the industry will collapse by itself, through the elimination of supply and demand.Aside from directly arresting those individuals responsible for the selling and purchasing of illegal drugs, the United States has also embarked on a campa

38、ign to take away the tools by which the drugs are used, primarily in the form of needles. To this end, there has been a recent federal ban on needle exchanges intended to restrict access to the tools necessary for the use of some illegal drugs.This program has drawn harsh criticism, however, as it h

39、as resulted in the use and reuse of unsanitary needles, possibly contributing to the number of AIDS infections in drug users who would otherwise have avoided infection by using sterile needles that could have been provided, but for the federal ban. According to a study conducted by the AIDS Preventi

40、on Studies Center of the University of California at San Francisco, 4000 new infections of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, could be avoided per year if the federal ban on needle exchanges was lifted. This translates into more than 10 new cases of HIV avoided per day, a figure that causes one to pau

41、se and consider whether the war on drugs is being fought in the best manner possible. (395 words)本文重点词汇和词组：escalating逐步升级的；as of从起；eradicate根除;杜绝:staggering大得惊人的:stunning令人震惊 的；go after 追捕；sterile 消毒过的：embark on 着手，从事；but for 要不是的话；HIV (=human immunodeficiency virus)人 免疫力缺乏病毒(艾滋病病毒)；liftvt.撤消，解除。It

42、can be learned from the first two paragraphs that.the most effective way is currently utilized in the war on drugsan increasing amount of the money is spent on the battle against drugshuge human and financial resources are being used to fight against drugsevery possible method with which to fight th

43、e war on drugs is suggestedThe author outlines the governments strategy in the war on drugs in paragraph 3 to.support the main view presented in the textexplain why that strategy is the most effectivediscredit later the strategy in subsequent paragraphsexplain why the statistics cited are relevant a

44、nd importantThe author brings up the issue of HIV and AIDS infections in paragraph 5 in order to.illustrate another social issue that is not receiving enough attentionidentify one group of people whom the war on drugs is indirectly affectingillustrate an issue that must be taken seriously while figh

45、ting the war on drugsidentify one of the main motivations for the current strategy in the war on drugsThe authors opinion of the ongoing war on drugs is one of.A. strong disapproval B. critical support C. reluctant opposition D. silent consentThe main point of this text is to.convince the reader tha

46、t the war on drugs is being wonstate the harmfulness of drugs and support the war on themhighlight the importance of launching a battle against drugsinform the reader of the current status of the war on drugsWord Studyprecede vi./ vt.在之前，在前面：The Greek civilization preceded the Roman one.（希腊文明先于罗马文明。

47、）2） They came into the room preceded by a small dog.（一条小狗在前面，他们走进房间。）3） A major precedes a captain.（少校的职位比大尉 injo ） 4） He preceded his speech with a warning against inattention.（他讲话以前先警告听众不要心不在焉。）同根词：precedence n.时间上在前。用于成语：give precedence over 给予优先地位:This task must be given precedence over all othe

48、rs.（这项任务应放在其它所有任务之前。）take precedence over 比重要：Some say Shakespeare takes precedence over all other writers.（有人说，莎士比亚的地位比其他所有作家高。）precedent n.先例：If he is allowed to do this, it will be a precedent for others.（如果允许他这样做，那对于其他人来说是个先例。） 用于成语：set a precedent 开的先例：She set a precedent as the first woman exe

49、cutive in the company.（她开了先例当公司的 首任经理。）without precedent 没有先例：It is something without precedent in history.preceding adj.前面的：I remember the war but nothing of the preceding years.（我记得这场战争,但对战前岁月记忆中荡然无存。） precedented：有先例的；unprecedented史无前例的。Text 4 （课外阅读）2003 RC Text 1Wild Bill Donovan would have love

50、d the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War II and later laid the roots fbr the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game“ of espionage - spying as a “profession. These days the Net

51、, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well.The latest revolution isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four

52、 years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open source intelligence/ and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a

53、 large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making ihn biggesi splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money

54、by selling the results of spying （covering Chile and Russia） to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at HYPERLINK .Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for bot

55、h information collection and distribution, a spymasters dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming ud data bits from the far comers of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. 4iAs soon as that report runs, well suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine,“ says Friedman, a former pol

56、itical science professor. And well hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risk, of course, since it can be difficult to tel） good information from bad. Thats where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have mil

57、itary intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firms outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford briefs dont sound like usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent

58、 voice. （396 words）The emergence of the Net has.A. received support from fans like DonovanB. remolded the intelligence servicesC. restored many common pastimesD. revived spying as a professionDonovans story is mentioned in the text to.A. introduce the topic of online spyingB. show how he fought for

59、the U.S.C. give an episode of the information warD. honor his unique services to the CIAThe phrase * making the biggest splash* （line 1, paragraph 3） most probably means.A. causing the biggest troubleB. exerting the greatest effortC. achieving the greatest successD. enjoying the widest popularityIt

60、can be learned from paragraph 4 that.A. Straitfords prediction about Ukraine has proved trueB. Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its informationC. Straitfords business is characterized by unpredictabilityD. Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable informationStraitford is most proud of