商务英语阅读(上册)unit9课件

1、Unit NineTeaching Objectives了解环境和贸易的关系了解贸易自由化对环境的影响了解世贸、欧盟等国际组织对环境和贸易的相关规定Teaching Emphasescomply withpreliminarymandate preliminarysustainable decreaseContentText Fast Reading IFast Reading II TEXT Environment, Trade, and InvestmentPre-reading questions1.What do you know about environment, trade an

2、d investment? 2.Can you give some examples to illustrate their relationships?UPPREV.NEXTEnvironment, trade, and investment are fundamentally linked as the environment provides many basic inputs of economic activity forests, fisheries, metals, minerals as well as the energy used to process those mate

3、rials. Trade and investment, in turn, are affected by environmental concerns, as producers and investors must comply with environmental regulations and markets must address the consumer demand for greener goods. Aside from these physical and economic connections, there are legal institutions governi

4、ng trade, investment and the environment. Institutions such as the World Trade Organization and regional and bilateral trade agreements include trade and investment rules. Multilateral Environmental Agreements, regional agreements, and national and sub-national regulations encompass environmental la

5、w. Lets take the United Stats as an example to see how the legal institutions work. The United States is a member of the WTO, which incorporated and extended the GATT in 2019 and sets trade rules for goods for over 130 participating countries. Similarly, the WTO sets rules for trade in services, inc

6、luding environmental services, with the General Agreement on Trade in Services, or GATS. The WTO Preamble affirms the guiding principle of sustainable development: “Relations in the field of trade and economic endeavor should be conducted with a view to raising standards of living.seeking both to pr

7、otect and preserve the environment and to enhance the means for doing so”. Countries can enter into Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) whether or not they are WTO members. These agreements with one other country (bilateral), or with several other countries (multilateral), contain obligations governing tar

8、iffs and non-tariff barriers to trade. In cases where both countries are WTO members, they often undertake obligations that go beyond those undertaken in the WTO. These bilateral and multilateral agreements are reviewed for consistency with WTO rules by the WTO Committee on Regional Trade Agreements

9、. Agreements are also reviewed by the WTO Committee on Trade and Environment (CTE). The purpose of the CTE is to bring environmental and sustainable development issues into the mainstream of the WTOs work, and part of its mandate is to identify the relationship between trade measures and environment

10、al measures in order to promote sustainable development. At the 4th WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar, the role of the CTE was strengthened as member countries succeeded in securing a package of environmental elements that demonstrates the WTOs commitment to sustainable development and to si

11、multaneously advancing trade, environment, and development interests. The Doha mandates will allow U.S. negotiators to pursue an affirmative agenda focusing on reducing various environmentally harmful subsidies, improving market access for environmental goods and services, encouraging capacity build

12、ing for developing members, and promoting environmental reviews of trade agreements. In addition, the CTE will enhance cooperation between the Secretariats of the WTO and Multilateral Environmental Agreements, and further explore the relationship between the agreements.As participation in the WTO wa

13、s just beginning, the United States became a party to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), a multilateral preferential trading and investment arrangement with Canada and Mexico, in 1994. The NAFTA package includes the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) side agr

14、eement. In 2019, the U.S. Government charted further progress in incorporating environmental concerns into U.S. trade policy. The U.S.-Jordan Free Trade Agreement is the first free trade accord to include enforceable environmental obligations in the body of the agreement. The WTO, the NAFTA, and oth

15、er FTAs also include dispute settlement provisions that permit member governments to challenge measures by members that they believe violate trade rules. In addition to being party to the WTO, NAFTA, and the U.S.-Jordan FTA, the United States also entered into a bilateral agreement with Israel in 19

16、85, an Agreement on Trade in Agricultural Products with Israel in 2019, and an agreement with Vietnam in 2019, and is engaged in negotiations and preliminary discussions for other trade and investment agreements. The United States is also a party to over 30 Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) that

17、govern the treatment of foreign investors and their investments in the United States, as well as the treatment of U.S. investments and investors in other countries. As global commerce expands and national economies become more interdependent, international trade institutions and activities continue

18、to evolve. In a path parallel to the trade developments, over 200 Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) have been concluded globally, some of which are global treaties to which any country may become a party. The United States is a party to a number of these agreements, such as the Convention

19、 on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). These MEAs, along with numerous bilateral agreements and national and local environmental regulations form a structure for environmental management that responds to an extraordinary array of interests and issues. As both positive and negative en

20、vironmental effects can result from increased trade liberalization, environmental agreements and national environmental regulations are especially important to ensure that international trade and investment rules support high levels of environmental protection. Environmental agreements and effective

21、 national environmental policies help to decrease the possibility that economic integration could lead countries to relax their health, safety and environmental standards in order to attract international investment or gain a competitive advantage in the market place. Environmental agreements also h

22、elp address the concern that increased global trade and investment could lead to patterns of unsustainable economic growth and development if not accompanied by appropriate environmental policies. These environmental agreements are designed to help slow or reverse environmental degradation and are i

23、n various states of negotiation and implementation. Language points fishery-n. 渔业, 水产业comply with-act in accordance with someones rules, commands, or wishes e.g. 1. She must be made to comply with the rules. 必须强迫她遵守这些规则。 2.Everyone should comply with the law. 每个人都应该遵守法律。UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points Tr

24、ade and investment, in turn, are affected by environmental concerns, as producers and investors must comply with environmental regulations and markets must address the consumer demand for greener goods. 本句中，in turn 承接上句的内容，意为“反之，反过来”；as此处为表示因果关系的连词，意为“因为”。 UPNEXTPREV.Language points Aside from these

25、 physical and economic connections, there are legal institutions governing trade, investment and the environment. aside from 意为“除了之外”，governing 为现在分词短语作定语，相当于定语从句 “which govern ”。 UPNEXTPREV.Language points GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade关税及贸易总协定 GATS General Agreement on Trade in Servic

26、es 服务贸易总协定UPNEXTPREV.Language points preamble-n. a preliminary introduction to a statute or constitution (usually explaining its purpose)前文,序文,前言e.g. He launched into his statement without any preamble. 他开门见山地发表言论.UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points go beyond-vt. be or do something to a greater degree超过(胜过)e

27、.g. 1.The price went beyond their means. 这个价格超过了他们的财力。 2.Go beyond ones duty in doing sth. 超越职权范围做某事UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points Committee on Trade and Environment (CTE)即世界贸易组织的贸易与环境委员会 sustainable-a. capable of being sustained 足可支撑的,养得起的,可以忍受的 UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points mandate-n. a document giving a

28、n official instruction or command 命令,指令,要求 e.g. Our election victory has given us a mandate to reform the economy. 我们在选举获胜, 这就使我们有权进行经济改革.UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points Doha 多哈，也叫贝达，是卡塔尔国首都，位于阿拉伯半岛东北面一个小半岛的东部沿海，波斯湾著名的海港，是卡塔尔政治、经济、文化、交通的中心，全国最大城市和第一大港，也是全国人口最集中的地区。 UPNEXTPREV. Language points NAAEC the N

29、orth American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation, 即北美环境合作协定。北美自由贸易区于1994年启动，计划15年内建成北美自由贸易区，北美环境合作协定作为NAFTA 的附属协定同时运作。NAFTA和NAAEC都有相关条款对贸易中的环境问题作了规定，形成了独特的贸易环境模式。UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points FTA Free Trade Agreement, 自由贸易协定。自由贸易协定是两个或以上的国家所签订的具法律效益的协议，旨在让参与的国家在进入协议国的市场时，享有更优惠待遇。签订自由贸易协定的其中一个目的是消除贸

30、易壁垒，并允许国与国之间的商品和服务自由流通。这些贸易壁垒包括了关税 (税收)、繁复的条规等。 UPPREV.NEXT Language points MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreements即多边环境协议,根据UNEP（联合国环境规划署）的统计，目前全球约有200多项有关环境问题的协议，其中有二十多个协议含有贸易条款。这些MEAs大致可以分为三类：（1）控制跨边界污染转移或保护全球生态环境利益方面的MEAs；2）保护濒危物种、候鸟、动物、鱼类和其他海洋动物方面的MEAs；（3）控制危险物品、物质生产和贸易方面的MEAs。UPPREV.NEXTLang

31、uage points in addition to 除.之外(还) e.g. In addition to giving a general introduction to computer, the course also provides practical experience. 课程除了一般介绍电脑知识外，还提供实际操作的机会。UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points preliminary-a. designed to orient or acquaint with a situation before proceeding 初步的,开始的,预备的e.g. A prel

32、iminary draft or plan, as of a project or proposal. 草案初步的草案或计划，如工程或建议的草案UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points respond to-vt. 响应(对.起反应)e.g. 1. They were prompt to respond to our call for help. 他们对我们的求助迅即回应。 2. The patient did not respond to treatment. 病人经治疗後未见起色.UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points Environmental agreemen

33、ts and effective national environmental policies help to decrease the possibility that economic integration could lead countries to relax their health, safety and environmental standards in order to attract international investment or gain a competitive advantage in the market place. 该句中连词that 引导的是p

34、ossibility的同位语从句，进一步解释说明其内容。在该同位语从句中还包含由in order to 引导的目的状语短语。UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points decrease-v. make smaller in size, extent, or range减少e.g. His interest in this subject gradually decreases. 他对这门学科的兴趣逐渐减退。UPPREV.NEXTLanguage points degradation-n. changing to a lower state (a less respected stat

35、e) 降格,堕落,退化e.g. Being sent to prison was the final degradation. 堕落到最后地步就是被关进监狱。UPPREV.NEXT1. How are trade, investment and environment fundamentally linked? The environment provides many basic inputs of economic activity forests, fisheries, metals, minerals as well as the energy used to process thos

36、e materials. Trade and investment, in turn, are affected by environmental concerns, as producers and investors must comply with environmental regulations and markets must address the consumer demand for greener goods. ReferenceI. Answer the following questions based on the text.2. What are included

37、in legal institutions governing trade, investment and the environment?trade and investment rulesReferenceI. Answer the following questions based on the text.3. Whats the guiding principle of sustainable development that the WTO Preamble affirms? “Relations in the field of trade and economic endeavor

38、 should be conducted with a view to raising standards of living.seeking both to protect and preserve the environment and to enhance the means for doing so”.ReferenceI. Answer the following questions based on the text.4. Which is Americans first free trade accord to include enforceable environmental

39、obligations in the body of the agreement? U.S.-Jordan Free TradeReferenceI. Answer the following questions based on the text.5. What do the environmental agreements and effective national environmental policies help?Environmental agreements and effective national environmental policies help to decre

40、ase the possibility that economic integration could lead countries to relax their health, safety and environmental standards in order to attract international investment or gain a competitive advantage in the market place.ReferenceI. Answer the following questions based on the text.II. Read the foll

41、owing terms and match each with its proper hibit7.Noteworthy8.Undertake 9.Affirmative10.obligationa. to act in accordance with anothers command, request, rule, or wish b. to forbid by authorityc. of or relating to the foundatio

42、n or base; elementaryd. the act of binding oneself by a social, legal, or moral tiee. decide or agree to dof. asserting that something is true or correctg. prior to or preparing for the main matter, action, or businessh. deserving notice or attentioni. determined by chance, whim, or impulse, and not

43、 by necessity, reason, or principlej. mutually dependent 1. c 2. j 3. g 4. a 5. i 6. b 7.h 8. e 9.f 10. d III. Translate the following passage into Chinese.Environmental agreements and effective national environmental policies help to decrease the possibility that economic integration could lead cou

44、ntries to relax their health, safety and environmental standards in order to attract international investment or gain a competitive advantage in the market place. Environmental agreements also help address the concern that increased global trade and investment could lead to patterns of unsustainable

45、 economic growth and development if not accompanied by appropriate environmental policies. These environmental agreements are designed to help slow or reverse environmental degradation and are in various states of negotiation and implementation世界经济一体化有可能导致一些国家为了吸引外资或为了在市场经济中获得一席之地而放松健康、安全和环境方面的标准。世贸

46、环境协议以及有效的国家性环境政策降低了这种可能性。如果没有适当的经济政策 日益发展的全球化经济及全球化投资也许不能持续发展下去， 世贸环境协议也重申了这一点。这些协议正是为了减慢或阻止环境的进一步恶化而签署的，目前这些协议有的仍处于谈判状态，有的已经开始实施。ReferenceIV. Please put the following sentences into English.1. 必须强迫这些企业遵守环境保护法规， 否则，后果会很严重的。2. 除了汽车之外，这家工厂还生产自行车。3. 让我们以这家公司为例来看一下他们是如何做出口贸易的。4. 过量的工作和过少的休息会引起疾病。5. 气候的变

47、化是由于环境遭到了破坏。1. These enterprises must be made to comply with the environmental regulations, otherwise, the consequences will be quiet serious. 2. Aside from motorcars, the factory turns out bicycles. 3. Lets take the company as an example to see how they do their export trade. 4. Too much work and t

48、oo little rest often lead to illness. 5. Climate change results from the destruction of the environment. ReferenceFast Reading IThe Effects of Trade Liberalization on the EnvironmentUPPREV.NEXTIn 2019, the WTO Secretariat prepared a study on the effects of services trade liberalization on the enviro

49、nment. This paper looks at three selected areas (tourism, land freight transport and environmental services) and briefly considers the horizontal issue of how to assess environmental effects of services trade liberalization. Members have agreed that the direction of the ongoing negotiations is one o

50、f progressive liberalization. These negotiations are taking place within the existing structure of the General Agreements on Trade in Service (GATS) and with the existing schedules as the starting point. It is recalled that the existing structure of the GATS allows countries flexibility in terms of

51、the scheduling of commitments, as well as with respect to the conditions that governments choose to impose on foreign suppliers of services. Services trade liberalization is to take place with due respect for national policy objectives, the level of development and the size of economies of individua

52、l Members. While liberalization involves the progressive removal of barriers to service supply, this does not necessarily diminish the role of government. On the contrary, liberalization might even sharpen the need for appropriate regulation to achieve certain policy objectives. Environmental policy

53、, for instance, might strive to ease negative environmental effects of services trade liberalization or enhance such positive effects, or both. In this sense, the environmental impact of liberalization in any individual sector may ultimately depend on whether or not liberalization proceeds under cur

54、rent regulatory conditions or with regulatory adjustments. If appropriate regulation is in place, and prices reflect the full cost of production (including environmental cost), liberalization should benefit the environment because it leads to more efficient resource use. Ultimately, positive environ

55、mental impact will depend on the availability of resources a society is able to invest to protect the environment. In turn, resource availability is determined by the level of development. In other words, there is a positive link between freer trade and economic growth which can lead to reduced pove

56、rty and higher standards of living, including a better environment，liberalization, irrespective of its origin, which is of interest. While a supplied service is generally invisible, its direct environmental impact could be measured by the effect it has on the consumption of associated goods. In cons

57、idering the environmental effects of services trade liberalization, effects that arise from the supply and consumption of associated goods need to be kept in mind. As of April 2019, some 47 Members had undertaken specific commitments in at least one sub-sector of the environmental services sector. M

58、ost of them, however, have undertaken specific commitments in several, and for some Members, in all sub-sectors. The number of commitments across sub-sectors is roughly equal. As compared to other sectors, such as tourism, financial services or telecommunications, liberalization bound under the GATS

59、 in environmental services appears rather limited. However, one should remember that Members policies may be more liberal in practice than is reflected in their schedules. An environmental service is a sector where most trade takes place through commercial presence with the accompanying presence of

60、natural persons. Cross-border trade and consumption abroad are of limited relevance; they may offer an avenue for some supporting services, but appear to be technically unfeasible for a number of relevant activities. These patterns are reflected in specific commitments undertaken by Members. I. Dete