生物专业英语

1、Biochemistry生物化学essential element 必需元素trace elements 微量元素proteoglycan蛋白聚糖amino acid氨基酸primary structure 一级结构random coil无规卷曲structural domain 结构域subunit 亚基degeneration 变性adenine腺喋吟guanine鸟喋吟cytosine胞口密咤thymine胸腺口密咤uracil尿口密咤nucleoside 核昔nucleotide 核甘酸base pairing碱基配对base pair碱基对数base碱基数gyrase旋转酶nucle

2、osome 核小体complementary DNA 互补DNA plasmid 质粒transposons 转座子repetitive sequence 重复序歹Uexon外显子intron内含子variable loop 可变环ribonuclease核糖核酸酶renaturation 复性hyperchromic effect 增色效应base stacking force 碱基堆积力annealing 退火melting-out temperature 熔解温度hypochromic effect 减色效应maltose 麦芽糖sucrose 蔗糖lactose 孚L糖starch淀粉

3、glycogen 糖原cellulose纤维素cellulase纤维素酶selectivity 选择性substrate 底物holoenzyme 全酶cofactor辅因子coenzyme 辅酶oxidase氧化酶 metabolism新陈代谢assimilation同化作用catabolism异化作用metabolite代谢产物biological oxidation 生物氧化cytochrome细胞色素rotenone鱼藤酮amytal阿密妥antimycin A 抗霉素A cyanide氧化物glycolysis 糖酵解ethanol 乙醇citrate柠檬酸cis-aconitate

4、 顺乌头酸succinic acid 琥珀酸oxaloacetic acid 草酰乙酸 acetyl-coenzyme 乙酰辅酶fumarate延胡索酸glyoxylate cycle乙醛酸循环malate苹果酸fatty acid脂肪酸carbon unit 一碳单位metabolic regulation 代谢调feedback regulation 反馈调节regulator gene 调节基因termination factor 终止因子triplet code三联体密码initiator codon 起始密码 termination codon 终止密码replicon复制子core

5、 enzyme 核心酶primosome 引发体Okazaki fragment 冈崎片段leading chain 前导链lagging strand 后随链terminator 终止子telomere 端粒telomerase 端粒酶replication fork 复制叉vector载体promoter启动子terminator 终止子operon操纵子codon密码子degeneracy 简并性hormone 激素citric acid cycle柠檬酸循环structural gene结构基因Deamination脱氨基作用promoter gene启动基因urea cycle 尿素

6、循环operator gene 操纵基因、euchromatin 常染色质messenger RNA 信使 RNAtransfer RNA 转移 RNAribosome RNA 核糖体 RNAsecondary structure 二级结构 super-secondary structure 超二级结构tertiary structure 三级结构 quaternary structure 四级结构semiconservative replication 半保留复制ornithine cycle 鸟氨酸循环negative supercoil DNA 负超螺旋 DNApositive supe

7、rcoil DNA 正超螺旋 DNA restriction endonuclease 限制性内切酶 polymerase chain reaction 聚合酶链反应 oxidative deamination氧化脱氨作用transamination 转氨基作用reverse transcription 逆转录 decarboxylation脱竣作用semidiscontinuous replication 半不连续复制 reverse transcriptase逆转录酶missense mutation 错义突变 synonymous mutation 同义突变 neutral mutati

8、on 中性突变 nonsense mutation 无义突变double-strand circular DNA 双链环形 DNAphosphatidic acid 磷月旨酸essential amino acids必需氨基酸dihydrouracil loop 二氢尿口密咤环 anticodon loop 反密码子环superhelical DNA 超螺旋 DNAopen circular DNA 开环 DNAlinear DNA 线形 DNAbase stacking force 碱基堆积力glucogenic and ketogenic amino acid 生糖兼生酮氨基酸ketoge

9、nic amino acid 生酮氨基酸glucogenic amino acid 生糖氨基酸Genetics遗传学heredity 遗传variation 变异pisum sativum 豌豆segregation 分离gamete生殖细胞zygote合子allele等位基因genotype基因型phenotype表现型test cross 测交oryza sativa 水稻diploid 二倍体haploid单倍体centromere 着丝粒satellite 随体linker连丝mitosis有丝分裂mesoblast中胚层spindle纺锤体interphase 间期spindle f

10、iber 纺锤丝vicia faba 蚕豆nucleoplasm 核质spermatogenous 精原细胞oogonium卵原细胞spermatid 精细胞Phenocopy拟表型epistasis上位效应mutant突变型gametic lethal 配子致死zygotic lethal 合子致死autosome 常染色体dominant lethal 显性致死carrier携带者homozygote 纯合体 heterozygote 杂合体genotype基因型phenotype 表现型linkage group 连锁群interference 干涉coincidence 并发率gene

11、tic map 遗传学图mutation 突变induction 诱导strain菌株recipient 受体donor供体fragment 片段heterokaryon 异核体auxotroph营养缺陷型prophage原噬菌体transduction 转导Mendel s laws孟德尔定律 law of segregation 分离定律first filial generation 子代 parental generation 亲代dominant character 显性性状 recessive character 隐性性状hereditary determinant 遗传因子pare

12、ntal combination 亲组合recombination 重组合 punnett square 棋盘法Mendelian character 孟德尔性状primary constriction 初级缢痕secondary constriction 次级缢痕 nucleolar organizer 核仁形成区first polar body 第一极体sister chromatids姐妹染色单体 female gametic nucleus 卵核wild type野生型multiple alleles复等位基因 sex-chromosome 性染色体sex-linked inherit

13、ance 伴性遗传primary constriction 初级缢痕secondary constriction 次级缢痕complementary gene 互补基因homologous chromosome 同源染色体 sister chromatids姐妹染色单体yeast酵母菌 plasmolysis质壁分离Escherichia Coli 大肠杆菌murein胞壁质peptidoglycan 肽聚糖mucopeptide 黏肽outer membrane 夕卜膜chromosome 染色体nucleolus 核仁nucleoid 拟核chromatin 染色质 centromere

14、着丝粒telomere 端粒protoplast原生质体 mycoplasma 支原体 glycoprotein 糖蛋白 mesosome 间体 cytoplasm细胞质megnetosome 磁小体 nucleoid 拟核glycocalyx 糖被capsule 荚膜flagellum 鞭毛lysosome溶酶体chloroplast 叶绿体secondary oocyte次级卵母细胞three-point testcross 三点测交primary spermatocyte 初级精母细胞 secondary spermatocyte 次级精母细胞first division segrega

15、tion 第一次分裂分离second division segregation 第二次分裂分离law of independent assortment 自 由组合定律Microbiology微生物学living creatures 生物culture medium 培养基lawn菌苔culture plate 培养平板bacteria 细菌archaea 古生菌eukaryote真核生物prokaryote原核生物protozoan原生动物hypha菌丝mycoplasma 支原体thylakoid类囊体transformation 转化genome基因组plasmid 质粒transfor

16、ming factor 转化因子diploid 二倍体haploid单倍体transposable element 转座因子conjugation接合作用transposon 转座子phenotype 表型genotype基因型auxotroph营养缺陷型wild-type野生型transition 转换transversion 颠换spontaneous mutation 自发突变reverse mutation 回复突变sexduction 性导transduction 转导promoter 启动子operon操纵子recombination repair 重组修复repressor阻遏蛋

17、白corepressor辅阻遏物clone克隆denaturation 变性annealing 退火inorganic salt 无机盐peptone蛋白月东sulfur bacteria 硫细菌beef extract 牛肉膏vitamin 维生素inclusion body 内含物lithotroph 无机营养型medium 培养基agar琼月旨organotroph 有机营养型antiport 逆向运输active transport 主动运输pinocytosis胞饮作用catabolism分解代谢passive transport 被动运输uniport单向运输anabolism合成

18、代谢fermentation 发酵batch culture 分批培养log phase对数生长期stationary phase稳定生长期lag phase迟缓期decline phase 衰亡期aerobe 好氧菌antibiotic抗生素antigenome 反基因组extension 延伸cloning vector 克隆载体replicon 复制子telomere 端粒cohesive end黏性末端promoter 启动子terminator 终止子gene therapy 基因治疗phylogeny系统发育ammonification 氨化作用nitrification 硝化作用

19、denitrification 反硝化作用 expression vector 表达载体aerobic respiration 有氧呼吸 anaerobic respiration 无氧呼吸origin of replication 复制起始点 incompatibility不亲和性gene mutation 基因突变 synonymous mutation 同义突变 chromosomal aberration 染色体畸变 missense mutation 错义突变frame-shift mutation 移码突变 lactose operon 孚1糖操纵子negative transcr

20、iption control负转录调控tryptophan operon 色氨酸操纵子 cytoplasmic inheritance Z田胞质遗传 genetic engineering 基因工程recombinant DNA technology 重组 DNA技术 palindromic structure 回文结构spread plate method 涂布平板法 pour plate method 倾注培养法streak plate method 平板划线法 shake tube method 稀释摇管法 continuous culture 连续培养It was not eviden

21、t, for example, whether or not a particular kind of protein has a consistent sequence of amino acids that would be the same in one individual molecule as it would be in another of that same kind of protein.例如，一类特定的蛋白质是否具有一致的氨基酸序列还是不明白的，同类蛋白质的单独一 个分子与另一个分子的氨基酸序列也许是相同。Messenger RNA(mRNA)carries from D

22、NA the information , or message ,for manufacturing proteins during the translation phase ,while both ribosomal RNA(rRNA) and transfer RNA(tRNA) assist in the translation of mRNAs to protein.信使RNA(mRNA庇翻译阶段期间从 DNA那里携带为制造蛋白质的信息，与此同时，核糖体 RNA(rRNA沐口传递RNA(tRNA)也帮助mRNA翻译给蛋白质。Both replication and transcription result in a new nucleic acid molecule with a base sequence specified by the old molecule, but in DNA replication, the new strand