专八辅导——翻译(共31页)

1、英语专业八级考试(kosh)辅导(fdo)三、翻 译3.1 专八英汉互译评分标准汉译英 1意思表达不清，语法错误严重，拼写(pnxi)和用词错误多，只有个别句子译对。02 2基本意思能够表达，但语法和拼写错误较多，用词不够确切。 34 3基本意思清楚，语法和拼写错误较少，用词基本正确。 56 4意思流畅，一般无语法和用词错误，句子衔接紧凑，偶有个别拼写错误。78英译汉 1未传达原意，文字不通顺，只译对个别句子。 02 2能够表达基本意思，但有误译和漏译。 34 3意思通顺，无重大理解错误。 564意思流畅，文字简练，措辞准确。 78阅卷过程：抽取样卷组长预评确定样档分组布置小组试评统一标准个人

2、初评小组抽查小组互换大组平衡通报信息正式开评复核签名随机抽查3.2. 翻译的过程翻译的过程(guchng)是正确理解原文和创造性地用另一种语言再现原文的过程，它由三个相互关联的环节组成，即理解、表达和校改。理解是基础（苦思冥想），表达要地道（一气呵成），校改要精心（前后照应）。3.2.1. 理 解 如：I know he meant business.误译(w y)：我知道他的用意在生意。正译：我知道(zh do)他不是开玩笑的。如：科学知识和科学技术，误译：scienceandknowledge和scientifictechnology如：我的导师是亚裔人（1998年八级考试）误译：Mytu

3、torisanAsian正译：MytutorisanAsianAmerican. 如：1999年八级考试 现今80万温哥华居民中，有一半不是本地出生的，每4个居民中就有一个是亚洲人。25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性的作用 也应该根据以上的理由翻译为： “Of the present 1.8 million residents in Vancouver, half are not native, and one in every four is of Asian origin. The 250,000 Chinese Canadians, half of whom immigrated h

4、ere only within the recent five years, have been playing a decisive role in the economic transformation of Vancouver.” 如：“振兴中华”、“统一祖国”正译：revitalization或rejuvenation和reunification 骨肉、长短、是非、水土、心肠、3.2.2. 表 达 在表达时可以使用多种具体方法和技巧。这里只介绍几种基本的翻译(fny)策略：直译、释译、增译、直译加注。 直译(zhy)就是指译文不但表达原文的内容，而且还保持原文形式上的特点，如比喻、形象

5、、民族特色等。但直译(zhy)不是死译或硬译，不能把Thank you very much译成“谢谢你非常多”，也不能把Nothing could be done译成“无事可以被做”。下面举一个应用直译法的译例：如：Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War，but in a few years，he was completely defeated.希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到了牙齿的，可是不过几年，就被彻底击败了。如：break the record 打破记录 life line 生命线 se

6、cond-hand goods 二手货 chain reaction 连锁反应 to shed crocodile tears 掉鳄鱼眼泪 to kill two birds with one stone 一石双鸟释译是指对原语进行解释性翻译，目的在于帮助读者正确理解原语作者或文本的意图。归根结底，翻译是译意，不是译字，是传神，不是变形。如：He has an axe to grind. 他别有用心。One boy is a boy，two boys half a boy，three boys no boy. 一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。 at a stones throw

7、 一箭之遥(y jin zh yo) cry up wine and sell vinegar 挂羊头卖狗肉。 live a dogs life 过牛马(nim)一样的生活 seek a hare in hens nest 缘木求鱼(yun m qi y) 无论直译还是释译，哪一种方法最能再现原作内容和形式，就应当采用哪一种方法。如果两种方法兼可采用，就应兼顾上下文。 例如：In the kingdom of blind men，the one-eyed is king. 可直译为“盲人国里，独眼称王”。也可释译为，“山中无老虎，猴于称大王。”究竟采用哪种译法，要由译文的整体风格来定。增译法是

8、介于直译和释义之间的一种翻译方法。所谓增译是指翻译中保留原语词汇的字面意义，同时根据上下文适当增加一些词语以帮助译入语读者正确理解。增译法有时只是增加少数的词语，而有时则不得不增加很多。例如：It was Friday and soon theyd go out and get drunk(J.Braine: Room at the Top)星期五发薪日到了，他们马上就要上街喝个酩酊大醉。While it may seem to be painting the lily. I should like to add somewhat to Mr. Alistair Cookes excellen

9、t article. (March: Guakdian Weekly，19 Feb1953)我想给阿利斯太尔库克先生的杰作加几笔，尽管这也许是为百合上色，费力不讨好。增译的另一个目的是为了使译文更加符合译入语的规范。例如：Chinas modern humiliation began with the early nineteenth century, with the Opium Wars. 中国近代的耻辱历程始于19世纪早期的鸦片战争。翻译(fny)humiliation时，加上“历程(lchng)”二字的目的(md)，主要是觉得“耻辱始于19世纪早期”的说法不符合汉语的习惯。3.2.3.

10、 校 改 校改也是使译文符合忠实，通顺的翻译标准所不可少的一个阶段。它包括校改内容和文字两个环节。 (1) 北京大学现有学生30,000人，其中本科、专科生19,000人。原译：At present, the total enrolment of students of Beijing University is about 30,000, which can be broken down into about nineteen thousand undergraduates.改译：At present, the total enrolment of students of BeijingUn

11、iversity is about 30,000, including nineteen thousand undergraduates and non-degree professional students. (2)The true civilization is where every man gives to every other man every right that he claims for himself. 原译：真正的文明表现在每人都给予别人为自己要求的每一项权利的地方。改译：真正的文明在于人人都把自己要求有的每一项权利给予别人。3.3. 英汉语言对比与翻译3.3.1.

12、英汉词汇对比3.3.1.1 词 义对应（偶合）错位 如：酒（上义词）下义词有：白酒、葡萄酒、啤酒(pji)、威士忌等。但英语中没有和汉语”酒”对应的词。同样，汉语中也没有(mi yu)和英语中的brother, sister, uncle对应的词。又如：杯子(bi zi)：glass, cup, tumbler(平底大玻璃杯) 羊： sheep, goat, lamb rice：水稻、大米、米饭 carry：挑、运、背、扛、抱等等缺省如： 还愿、太极、惊蛰、三九、老乡、马褂、知青、红卫兵、三角债(chain debts)、安局工程(housing project for low-income

13、urban families)、豆腐渣工程(jerry-built project) vicar, churchman, clergy, blackcoat, chaplain, minister, pastor (牧师)；sherrif冲突龙古代传说中一种有鳞有须能兴云作雨的神异动物; 封建时代皇帝的象征; 喻不凡之士, 豪杰之士dragon: A mythical monster traditionally represented as a gigantic reptile having a lions claws, the tail of a serpent, wings, and a

14、scaly skin. Something very formidable or dangerous.喜鹊magpie西风东风 west windeast wind古道西风瘦马，小桥流水人家(rnji)，断肠人在天涯。马致远天净沙秋思(qi s)闲愁万种，无语(w y)怨东风。 关汉卿西厢记Its warm wind, the west wind, full of birds cries. John MansfieldA sort of spiritual east wind was at that time blowing; neither Butler nor Gray could flo

15、wer. Matthew Arnold.3.3.1.2. 词的搭配(1) 主语与谓语动词的搭配 有些动词，在汉语里只能用于人，英语中可用于人，也可用于物。例如汉语的“目睹”，只说人目睹，而英语的see，witness，escape既可用于人，也可用于物。例如： 罗马遭遇了历史上的大事件。Rome witnessed great historic events. 我没注意到这个错误。 The mistake escaped me (or my notice).我记不起他的名字。 His name escapes me (or my memory)for the moment.(2) 定语和中心词

16、的搭配浓茶：strong tea 浓墨：thick (or dark ) ink 浓烟：dense smoke青山：green hill 青天：blue sky 青布：blackcloth(3) 动词和宾语的搭配上自行车：to get on a bike 上飞机；to board a plane上 山：to go upmount a hill 上子弹(zdn)：to load a gunto cut wheat 割麦子(mi zi) to cut cake 切蛋糕 to cut finger-nails 剪修指甲3.3.1.3. 词 序(1) 定语(dngy) 英语中单词作定语与汉语相似，通常

17、放在它所修饰的名词前面。但有时英语中某些固定词组或习惯用法中单个形容词也有放在中心词后面的，而汉语里一般都前置。 a research-oriented hospital (前置) 一所以搞科研为重点的医院the students concerned (后置) 相关的学生 the ancient Chinese alchemist (前置，两个以上的单词作定语)中国古代的炼金术士如果原文中名词前的定语过多，译成汉语则不完全前置，因为汉语不习惯在名词前面用过多的定语，尤其在口语里。例如；a little, yellow, ragged, unshaven beggar 一个要饭的，身材矮小，面黄

18、肌瘦，衣衫槛楼，满脸短髭。 a small round wooden table 一张木制小园桌 或：一张小园木桌a new international economic order 国际经济新秩序 或：新的国际经济秩序glazed colored pottery 彩釉陶英语中修饰名词的短语作定语时一般放在名词之后，汉语里则放在名词之前，间或也有例外，视汉语习惯而定。a building project of high-rise apartment houses (后置(hu zh) 一个多层公寓大楼的建筑工程 a candidate with little chance of success

19、 (后置(hu zh) 一个当选希望极微的候选人(2) 并列(bngli)成分冷热 hot and cold 左右 right and left 水陆 land and water强弱 weak and strong 沉浮 ups and downs 新旧 old and new悲欢 joy and sorrow 贫富 rich and poor 好坏 bad or good迟早 sooner or later 视听 audio-visual 田径 track and field图文 textual and visual 公私 private and public我你他 you, he and

20、 I捉迷藏 hide-and-seek 大中小学 elementary, secondary and tertiary schools又快又多 thick and fast 新郎新娘 bride and bridegroom血肉相连 as close as flesh and blood 水火不容 as incompatible as fire and water无论晴雨 rain or shine 手疾眼快 quick of eye and deft of hand饥寒交迫 suffer from cold and hunger 男女老少 men and women, young and o

21、ld钢铁工业 the iron and steel industry 救死扶伤 heal the wounded, rescue the dying文学艺术 art and literature 团结(tunji)统一 unity and solidarity新老干部 cadres old and new 中小企业 small and medium-sized enterprises东西南北(dng x nn bi) north, south, east and west 衣食住行food，clothing，shelter and transpotation3.3.2 英汉句法现象(xinxi

22、ng)的对比3.3.2.1. 形合 (hypotaxis)、意合（parataxis） (a) 老鼠过街，人人喊打。When a rat is seen to run across the street, everyone yells “Kill it.”(b) 留得青山在，不怕无柴烧。As long as the greenmountain is there, one should not worry about firewood.汉语中广泛使用无主句和无谓语动词句(描写句)，但在英语中，一个句子通常至少有一个主语和一个谓语。英汉句子在这一点存在很大差异，翻译时应注意。 (a) 下雨了。It

23、 is raining. (b) 开学了。School has begun. (c) 1949年成立了中华人民共和国。The Peoples Republic Of China was founded in l949. (d) 山高月小。The mountain is high while the moon is small.花红柳绿。Flowers are red and willows are green.在盼中，日子真的流得飞快，转眼上了小学，继而初中，然后高中，最后大学；盼的欲望更加(gnji)强烈，盼的内容也逐渐丰富了：盼好成绩毕业，盼有一份好工作，盼事业有成，盼挣钱替父母分忧，盼有

24、一个好爱人不知不觉，天天踩着盼的石阶而上，自己竞成了一个大男人，一个挣钱(zhn qin)养家糊口的忙碌人。Days spent in expectation come and go really very fast. Very soon I finished primary school, went to junior and senior school, and finally to college; with greater desire for more varied things: for graduation with honors, for an ideal job, for a

25、 successful career, for more earnings to share my parents burden, for a satisfactory wife Climbing the upward steps of hope I had become a fully grown man before I was aware of it, a busy breadwinner with a family to support.3.3.2.2. 主动(zhdng)（active）、被动 (passive)They will be reminded that peace is

26、the highest aspiration of our people. 我们要提醒他们，和平是我国人民的最高愿望。中国大多数学校教英语。English is being taught in most schools in China.Clinton is expected to give his testimony by videotape.克林顿将会以录象带的形式提供证词。 （d）Passengers are requested to fill in the customs declaration form here. 请旅客(lk)在此填写报关表。(e) It is said (rep

27、orted, estimated, confirmed) that 当然(dngrn)，英语中的被动句也可以译成汉语被动句，往往使用“被、“挨、“叫”、“让”、“给”、“受”、“遭”和 “为所”等形式(xngsh)。如：They have been profoundly stirred by the Chinese Revolution. 他们都深深地为中国革命所鼓舞。3.3.2.3. 句 序 We ate to our hearts content at her home last Sunday. 我们上星期天在她家饱餐了一顿。Many elderly men like to fish or

28、 play Chinese chess in the fresh morning air in Beihai Park every day. 很多老人都喜欢每天上午在北海公园清新的空气中钓鱼，下棋。He had flown in just the day before from Georgiawhere he had spent his vacation basking in the Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction jobhe had been engaged in in the South. 他本来在南方从事一项建

29、筑工程；任务完成后，他就上格鲁吉亚去度假，享受高加索的阳光，昨天才坐飞机回来。3.4. 怎样使译文生动3.4.1. 句子的平衡与对称 （a）他没敢多说话，悄悄吃了点冷食，挑了两担水，又回到饲养室去了。 He did not dare to say anymore, in silence, he ate some cold food, fetched some bucketfuls of water, and returned to the stockmans hut. in silence与句子的其他(qt)部分在字数上不相称，念起来不顺耳，可改为，Not daring to say anym

30、ore，he ate some cold food in silence，fatched four bucketfuls of water，then returned to the stock mans hut. (b) 我们不应互相(h xing)疏远，相反，我们应紧密团结 We should not be estranged from each other; we should be friends. (not so logical) We should not be estranged from each other; we should be united as one.(logica

31、l)3.4.2. 时态(sh ti)比较：（a）他经常丢三拉四的。He often leaves things about. 如果改为进行时就更加生动地表现出说话人的不满情绪： He is constantly leaving his things about. (b) 夜幕已经降临，淡淡的月光照在婉蜒的道路上，静悄悄的，一点声音也没有，一个人影也没有。Dusk had fallen. The moon was shining faintly on the winding path. Silence reigned. Not a person to be seen. (c) 我已在这里等你很久

32、很久了。 I have been waiting (have waited) for you for ages.3.4.3. 用词要多样化，不要太单调。如：天漆黑，部队踏着泥泞的小路前进。大约走了十多里，便靠近安顺场了。我命令一营分成三路前进。We walked along muddy paths in pitchdarkness，made about a dozen li till and Anshunchang was made near. Then I made the First Battalion separate and took three different routes.评：

33、在两句话中用了三个made，欠妥(qin tu)，可改为：We advanced along muddy paths in pitchdarkness for about a dozen li till we were near Anshunchang. Then I made the First Battalion divide into three groups to march by different routes.3.4.4. 译文的用词范围要放在同一水平上，在文体(wn t)上要保持前后一致。例如(lr)： (a) 哎呀，他说那是对的。 Alas！He said that was

34、all right. Alas属于古语，a11 right属于现代口语，一般不放在一块。这里可用Oh代替Alas。(b) 清了清喉咙，他说：“你犯了个错误。”Clearing his larynx, he said, “you made a mistake.” larynx属于医学用语，用在这里不合适，可改用throat代之。3.4.5. 句子的声音要与其内容结合起来 (a) 水结冰后，这瓦罐就劈啦裂开了。When the water froze, the crock cracked and fell apart. (b) 他跌跌撞撞地朝前走啊，走啊，两腿无力，好象骨头都软了。 He stum

35、bled and struggled ahead. His legs felt boneless. (c) 他呻吟着，疲倦地往山上爬呀爬。 With many weary steps and with many groans, he went up the mountain. (在这句话里用了三个w和三个m) (d) 那些情侣携手漫步，并不理睬那三五成群的小孩子。 The lovers wandered hand in hand, paying no attention to the packs of children.(音节、重读、辅音与元音交替)3.4.6. 汉语词语的双声、叠韵、四字成语

36、Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer.有些(yuxi)老年

37、人惧怕(jp)死亡，因而(yn r)郁郁寡欢。年轻人怕死尚情有可原，他们有理由担心会死在沙场，想到生活中许多美好的东西，都被骗走，自然会倍感痛心。Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the dee

38、p springs of life.青春不是年华，而是心境；青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝，而是深沉的意志，恢宏的想象，炙热的恋情；青春是生命的深泉在涌流。Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We

39、grow old by deserting our ideals.青春气贯长虹，勇锐盖过怯弱，进取压倒苟安。如此锐气，二十后生而有之，六旬男子则更多见。年岁有加，并非垂老，理想丢弃，方堕暮年。Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spring back to dust.岁月悠悠，衰微只及肌肤；热忱抛却，颓废必致灵魂(ln hn)。忧烦，惶恐，丧失自信，定使心灵扭曲，意气如灰。W

40、hether 60 or 16, there is in every human beings heart the lure of wonder, the unfailing childlike appetite of whats next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power

41、from men and from the Infinite, so long are you young.无论年届花甲，拟或二八芳龄，心中皆有生命之欢乐(hunl)，奇迹之诱惑，孩童般天真久盛不衰。人人心中皆有一台天线，只要你从天上人间接受美好、希望、欢乐、勇气和力量的信号，你就青春永驻，风华常存。When the aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you are grown old, even at 20, but as lon

42、g as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimism, there is hope you may die young at 80.一旦天线下降，锐气便被冰雪覆盖，玩世不恭(wn sh b gng)、自暴自弃油然而生，即使年方二十，实已垂垂老矣；然则只要树起天线，捕捉乐观信号，你就有望在八十高龄告别尘寰时仍觉年轻。3.5. 英译汉常用的方法与技巧（具体内容略）词义选择 词类转译 增词减词 反复重叠 正译反译分句合句 名词从句 定语从句 状语从句 长句处理3.6. 练习2000年全真(qun zhn)题SECTION A: Translate

43、the following underlined part of the Chinese text into English.中国科技馆的诞生来之不易。与国际著名科技馆和其他博物馆相比，它先天有些不足，后天也常缺乏营养，但是它成长的步伐却是坚实而有力的。它在国际上已被公认(gngrn)为后起之秀。世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆，它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史。第二代属于工业技术(jsh)博物馆，它所展示的是工业文明带来的各种阶段性结果。这两代博物馆虽然起到了传播科学知识的作用，但是，它们把参观者当成了被动的旁观者。世界上第三代博物馆是充满全新理念的博物馆。在这里，观众

44、可以自己去动手操作，自己细心体察。这样，他们可以更贴近先进的科学技术，去探索科学技术的奥妙。中国科技馆正是这样的博物馆！它汲取了国际上一些著名博物馆的长处，设计制作了力学、光学、电学、热学、声学、生物学等展品，展示了科学的原理和先进的科技成果。（参考译文）The first generation of museums are what might be called natural museums which, by means of fossils, specimens and other objects, introduced to people the evolutionary hist

45、ory of the Earth and various kinds of organisms. The second generation are those of industrial technologies which presented the fruits achieved by industrial civilization at different stages of industrialization. Despite the fact that those two generations of museums helped to disseminate / propagat

46、e / spread scientific knowledge, they nevertheless treated visitors merely as passive viewers.The third generation of museums in the world are those replete with / full of wholly novel concepts / notions / ideas. In those museums, visitors are allowed to operate the exhibits with their own hands, to

47、 observe and to experience carefully. By getting closer to the advanced science and technologies in this way, people can probe into their secret mysteries.The China Museum of Science and Technology is precisely one of such museums. It has incorporated some of the most fascinating features of those m

48、useums with international reputation. Having designed and created exhibits in mechanics, optics, electrical science, thermology, acoustics, and biology. Those exhibits demonstrate scientific principles and present the most advanced scientific and technological achievements.SECTION B：Translate the fo

49、llowing underlined part of the English text into ChineseIf people mean anything at all by the expression untimely death, they must believe that some deaths run on a better schedule than others. Death in old age is rarely called untimelya long life is thought to be a full one. But with the passing of

50、 a young person, one assumes that the best years lay ahead and the measure of that life was still to be taken.History denies this, of course. Among prominent summer deaths, one recalls those of Marilyn Monroe and James Deans, whose lives seemed equally brief and complete. Writers cannot bear the fac

51、t that poet John Keats died at 26, and only half playfully judge their own lives as failures when they pass that year. The idea that the life cut short is unfilled is illogical because lives are measured by the impressions they leave on the world and by their intensity and virtue.（参考(cnko)译文）如果人们藉英年

52、早逝这一字眼真的意欲表达什么含义的话，他们必然相信某些人的辞世可以算是寿终正寝(shu zhng zhng qn)，而另一些人则死不逢时 。死于年迈很少被冠以死不逢时之名，因为能度过漫长的一生被认为是甚为圆满的。反之，如果所碰到的是一位年轻人之死，人们会以为这位年轻人风华正茂，前途无可限量，生命的倒计时尚未真正开始。当然，历史否定这一切。在诸多较为著名的英年早逝的情形中，我们会忆起玛丽莲.梦露与詹姆斯.迪恩斯之死，其生命并不因其短暂而有损其圆满。对于约翰.济慈年方26便溘然长逝这一事实，文人墨客们皆痛不欲生，但他们中仅有半数人诙谐地认为，设若他们也死于这一年龄，其一生可视为失败。视英年早逝为不

53、圆满，这一观念有悖于逻辑(lu j)，因为衡量生命的尺度乃是留给世界的印记，是生命的力度及其美德。2001年全真(qun zhn)题SECTION A: Translate the following underlined part of the Chinese text into English.乔羽的歌大家都熟悉(shx)。但他另外两大爱好却鲜为人知，那就是钓鱼和喝酒。晚年的乔羽喜爱垂钓，他说，有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的，好环境便会给人好心情。我认为最好的钓鱼场所不是舒适的、给你准备好饿鱼的垂钓园，而是那极其有吸引力的大自然野外天成的场所。 钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情的运动，有益于身心健康

54、。乔羽说：钓鱼可分三个阶段：第一阶段是吃鱼；第二阶段是吃鱼和情趣兼而有之(jin r yu zh)；第三阶段主要是钓趣，面对一池碧水，将忧心烦恼全都抛在一边，使自己的身心得到充分休息。（参考译文）The general public might be well-acquainted with the songs composed by Qiao Yu, but they might actually know very little about his two major hobbies-fishing and wine-drinking.In his later years (Late in

55、 his life), Qiao Yu has become enamored of fishing (developed a penchant / special fondness for fishing). He asserts: Mostly speaking, a place with water and fish must necessarily be blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people in good mood. I believe that the optimum fishing places are

56、 not those commercial fishing centers/resorts which provide the fishermen with all the conveniences and where fish are kept hungry for ready capture, but those naturally-formed places in the wilderness which exert a special appeal. According to him, fishing can constitute an activity conducive to th

57、e cultivation of ones temperament and to ones health, at once physical and psychological. Qiao Yu claims: Fishing can be divided into three stages. The first stage consists of mere fish-eating; the second a combination of fish-eating and the pleasure (enjoyment) of fishing; the third primarily the p

58、leasure of fishing when, confronted with a pond of clear water, one puts aside all his troubling vexations and annoyances and enjoys the total relaxation both mentally and physically.SECTION B：Translate the following underlined part of the English text into ChinesePossession for its own sake or in c

59、ompetition with the rest of the neighborhood would have been Thoreaus idea of the low levels. The active discipline of heightening ones perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high. What he saved from the low was time and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau ce

60、rtainly disapproved of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for more important efforts.Effort is the gist of it. There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfa