医学英语呼吸系统教学课件

1、Medical Terminology（3）The Respiratory System呼吸系统 刘帅研究生英语教研室（综合楼110） 第1页，共19页。Introduction of the Respiratory system The main function of the respiratory system is to provide oxygen to body cells for energy metabolism and to eliminate carbon dioxide, a byproduct of metabolism. Because these gases mus

2、t be carried to and from the cells in the blood, the respiratory system works closely with the cardiovascular system to accomplish gas exchange.第2页，共19页。The Lung:Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood takes place in the lungs, two cone-shaped organs located in the thoracic cavity. A

3、double membrane, the pleura(胸膜), covers the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity. The outer layer that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity is the parietal pleura(胸膜壁层); the inner layer that is attached to the surface of the lungs is the visceral pleura(胸膜脏层). The very thin, fluid-filled sp

4、ace between the two layers of the pleura is the pleural space(胸膜腔).第3页，共19页。Upper Respiratory Passageway： Air enters through the nose, where it is warmed, filtered, and moistened as it passes over the hair-covered mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. Cilia(纤毛), microscopic hair-like projections fro

5、m the cells that line the nose, sweep dirt and foreign material toward the throat for elimination. Material that is eliminated from the respiratory tract by coughing or clearing the throat is called sputum(痰).第4页，共19页。 Inhaled air passes into the throat, or pharynx(咽), where it mixes with air that e

6、nters through the mouth and also with food destined for the digestive tract. The pharynx is divided into three regions: (1) an upper portion, the nasopharynx(鼻咽), behind the nasal cavity;(2) a middle portion, the oropharynx(口咽), behind the mouth; and (3) a lower portion, the laryngeal pharynx(喉咽), b

7、ehind the larynx. The palatine tonsils(腭扁桃体) are on either side of the soft palate(软腭) in the oropharynx; the pharyngeal tonsils, or adenoids(咽扁桃体), are in the nasopharynx.第5页，共19页。Lower Respiratory Passageways and Lungs The pharynx conducts air into the trachea, a tube reinforced with C-shaped ring

8、s of cartilage(软骨) to prevent its collapse. Cilia in the lining of the trachea move impurities up toward the throat, where they can be eliminated by swallowing or by expectoration(咳痰). The larynx is shaped by nine cartilages, the most prominent of which is the thyroid cartilage at the front that for

9、ms the “Adams apple.” The opening between the vocal cords is the glottis(声门). The small leaf-shaped cartilage at the top of the larynx is called the epiglottis(会厌). When one swallows, the epiglottis covers the opening of the larynx and helps to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract.第6页，共1

10、9页。At its lower end, the trachea divides into a right and a left main stem bronchus(支气管干) that enter the lungs. The right bronchus is shorter and wider; it divides into three secondary bronchi that enter the three lobes(肺叶) of the right lung. The left bronchus divides into two branches that supply t

11、he two lobes of the left lung. The smallest of the conducting tubes, the bronchioles(细支气管), carry air into the microscopic air sacs, the aveoli(肺泡), whrough which gases are exchanged between the lungs and the blood.第7页，共19页。The Process of Breathing:Air is moved into and out of the lungs by the proce

12、ss of breathing, technically called ventilation. This consists of a steady cycle of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation), separated by a period of rest. The cycle begins when the phrenic nerve(膈神经) stimulates the diaphragm(隔膜) to contract and flatten, thus enlarging the chest cavity.

13、第8页，共19页。I Suffix for RespirationROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITION OF EXAMPLE-pneabreathingorthopneaDifficulty in breathing except in an upright position(端坐呼吸)-oxiaLevel of oxygenhypoxiaDecreased amount of oxygen in the tissues(缺/低氧)-capniaLevel of carbon dioxidehypercapniaIncreased carbon dioxide in the

14、 tissues(高碳酸血症)-phoniavoicedysphoniaDifficulty in speaking(发音困难)第9页，共19页。Exercise 1: Use the suffix -pnea to build a word with each of the following meanings:1. painful or difficult breathing dyspnea2. easy, normal (eu-) breathing 3. lack of (a-) of breathing 4. rapid rate(tachy-) of breathingDyspne

15、a(呼吸困难) Eupnea(平静呼吸) Apnea(呼吸暂停) Tachypnea(呼吸急促)第10页，共19页。II Roots for the Respiration PassagewaysROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITION OF EXAMPLENas/o(拉丁词源)noseNasalPertaining to the noseRhin/o(希腊词源)noserhinorrheaDischarge from the nose(鼻漏)Pharyng/opharynxpharyngealPertaining to the pharynx(咽的)Laryng/olaryn

16、xlaryngoscopyEndoscopic exam of the larynx(喉镜检查)Trache/otracheatracheotomeInstrument used to incise the trachea(气管刀)第11页，共19页。II Roots for the Respiration PassagewaysROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITION OF EXAMPLEBronch/o, bronch/ibronchusbronchogenicOriginating in a bronchus(支气管源的)bronchiolbronchiolebronch

17、iolectasisDilatation of the bronchioles(细支气管扩张)第12页，共19页。Exercise 2 :Write a word for each of the following definitions:1. near the nose paranasal 2. inflammation of the pharynx 3. pertaining to the larynx 4. endoscopic examination of a bronchus 5. inflammation of the bronchioles6. narrowing(-stenos

18、is) of a bronchus7. plastic repair of the larynx8. surgical incision of the tracheaParanasal (鼻侧的) pharyngitis(咽炎) laryngeal bronchoscopy (支气管镜检) bronchiolitis(毛细支气管炎) bronchostenosis (支气管狭窄) laryngoplasty(喉成形术) tracheotomy (气管切开术)第13页，共19页。 Define the following words (note the adjectival endings):9

19、. intranasal within the nose10. bronchiolar 11. bronchiectasis 12. peribronchial 13. endotracheal 14. nasopharyngeal9. within the nose10.pertaining to a bronchiole11. dilatation of the bronchi12. around the bronchi13. within the trachea14. pertaining to the nose and pharynx第14页，共19页。III Roots for th

20、e Lungs and BreathingROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITION OF EXAMPLEPhren/oDiaphragmphrenicPertaining to the diaphragmPhrenic/oPhrenic nervephrenicotripsyCrushing of the phrenic nerve(膈神经压扎术)Pleur/oPleurapleurodesisFusion of the pleura(胸膜固定术)Pulm/o, pulmon/o(拉丁语源)LungsintrapulmonaryWithin the lungsPneumon/o

21、(希腊语源)lungpneumonectomySurgical removal of a lung or lung tissue(肺切除术)第15页，共19页。III Roots for the Lungs and BreathingROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITION OF EXAMPLESpir/oBreathing spirometerInstrument for measuring breathing volumes(肺活量计)Pneum/o, pneumat/oAir, gas; also respiration, lungpneumatocardiaPresence of air in the heart (心腔积气)第16页，共19页。Exercise 3： Write a word