了解岳麓书院(中英文对照)

1、 岳麓书院历史沿革岳麓书院是中国最古老的书院之一,北宋开宝九年(公元976年)创办，历经宋、元、明、清各个朝代，迨及晚清(1903年)改为湖南高等学堂，相继改为湖南高等师范学校，1926年定名湖南大学，历史已逾千年。由古老的书院到湖南大学，一脉相承，弦歌不绝，被当世学者誉为罕见的“千年学府”。Asoneofthefourmostprestigiousacademiesoverthelast1000yearsinChina,YueluAcademyhasbeenafamousinstitutionofhigherlearningaswellasacentreofacademicactivitie

2、sandculturessinceitwasformallysetupintheninthyearoftheKaiBaoReignoftheNorthernSongDynasty(976).YueluAcademy,survivingtheSong,Yuan,MingandQingdynasties,wasconvertedintoHunanInstituteofHigherLearningin1903,andHunanNormalCollege,HunanPublicPolytechnicSchoolinsuccession,andwasfinallynamedHunanUniversity

3、in1926.TheAcademyhaswitnessedahistoryofmorethanonethousandyearswithoutabreak,soitiscalleda“one-thousand-year-oldacademy”.ThehistoricaltransformationfromYueluAcademytoHunanUniversityisanepitomeofthedevelopmentofChinashighereducation,whichmirrorsthevicissitudesofChinaseducationstyesm.岳麓书院开放时间：7:3018:0

4、0(5月1日至10月31日)8:0017:30(11月1日至4月30日)门票：30元义务讲解时间：9:0010:0015:0016:00义务讲解每天3场编钟免费演奏时间：9:009:2015:0015:20院内还设有书店、纪念品商店、茶座等。OpenHours:7:30-18:00(May1-October31)8:00-17:30(November1-April30)Cost:30Guide:9:00-10:00&15:00-16:00(3timeseveryday)CarillonShow(FREE)：!9:00-9:20&15:00-15:20岳麓书院是中国古代四大书院之一，历史上著名的

5、高等学府及学术文化中心。岳麓书院自北宋开宝九年(976)正式创立以来，历经宋、元、明、清各代，至清光绪二十九年(公元1903年)改为湖南高等学堂，尔后相继改为湖南高等师范学校、湖南公立工业专门学校，1926年正式定名湖南大学。历时千年，弦歌不绝，故世称“千年学府”。从岳麓书院至湖南大学的千年办学历史，反映了中国教育制度的变迁，是我国高等教育发展史的一个缩影。Asoneofthefourmostprestigiousacademiesoverthelast1000yearsinChina,YueluAcademyhasbeenafamousinstitutionofhigherlearninga

6、swellasacentreofacademicactivitiesandculturessinceitwasformallysetupintheninthyearoftheKaiBaoReignoftheNorthernSongDynasty(976).YueluAcademy,survivingtheSong,Yuan,MingandQingdynasties,wasconvertedintoHunanInstituteofHigherLearningin1903,andHunanNormalCollege,HunanPublicPolytechnicSchoolinsuccession,

7、andwasfinallynamedHunanUniversityin1926.TheAcademyhaswitnessedahistoryofmorethanonethousandyearswithoutabreak,soitiscalleda“one-thousand-year-oldacademy”.ThehistoricaltransformationfromYueluAcademytoHunanUniversityisanepitomeofthedevelopmentofChinashighereducation,whichmirrorsthevicissitudesofChinas

8、educationsystem.岳麓书院创立伊始，即以其办学和传播学术文化而闻名于世。北宋真宗皇帝召见山长周式，颁书赐额，岳麓之名始闻于天下，有“潇湘洙泗”之誉。南宋张栻主教，理学史上颇负盛名的“湖湘学派”即发展于此；朱熹两度讲学，书院盛极一时，出现了“座不能容”、“饮马池水立涸”的盛况。其后，明代中叶的阳明学、明末的东林学、清乾嘉时期的汉学及晚清的新学，都曾在此得以传习和交流。岳麓书院的学术与教育，对湖湘文化传统的形成和发展产生了深刻的影响。Shortlyafteritsestablishment,YueluAcademywasknownthroughoutthewholeofChinafo

9、ritsstyleofschoolmanagementanditsroleinthedisseminationofacademiclearning.WhenEmperorZhenzongoftheNorthernSongDynastysummonedthedean,ZhouShi,toaninterview,andconferredupontheAcademyhisMajestysinscription,YueluAcademyvaultedintogreatfame,andenjoyedthereputation“xiaoxiangzhusi”,meaningitwasaplaceinHun

10、anwheregreatscholarsassembled.ItisrightherethattherenownedH“uxiangSchoolofLearning”inthehistoryoftheliphilosophy（thephilosophyofprinciple）begantogaincurrencywhenZhangShilecturedintheAcademyintheNorthernSongDynasty.AndwhenZhuXicameheretwicetogivelectures,sopopularwerethelecturesthat?thereweretoomanyv

11、isitorsfortheAcademytoseat,andthewaterintheYinmaPond（theHorse-WateringPond）wasdrainedbytheirhorses.Lateron,theAcademysawotherlearningandideaspromulgatedandexchangedsuchastheYangmingSchoolinthemidstoftheMingDynasty,theDonglinSchoolinthelastyearsoftheMingdynasty,theHanSchooloftheQianLongandtheJiaQingR

12、eigns（1736-1821）andtheNewLearningofthelastyearsoftheQingDynasty.TheacademiclearningandeducationsystemofYueluAcademyhavehadafar-reachingimpactontheformationanddevelopmentofHunansculturaltradition.今日的湖南大学已发展成为一所理、工、农、商的多学科协调发展的综合性大学。修复后的岳麓书院，被列为全国重点文物保护单位，仍担负着学术研究和培养人才的重任。千年学府正在续写新的历史篇章。Today,HunanUni

13、versityhasgrownintoacomprehensiveuniversitywithabalanceddevelopmentofvariousdisciplines.Itfocusesonengineeringsubjects,butalsohasasolidfoundationinsciencesubjects.Itsliberalartsaregroundedinauniqueculture,andtheeconomicscourseshavecharacteristicsoftheirown,too.YueluAcademy,whichhasundergonerestorati

14、ons,hasbeenlistedasakeyhistoricalsiteunderthestateprotection.Itstillshoulderstheresponsibilityofconductingacademicresearchesandtrainingprofessionals.Anewchapterofthehistoryoftheone-thousand-year-oldacademyisbeingwritten.岳麓自古就是文化名山。西晋以前为道士活动据点。曾建万寿宫、崇真观等。西晋泰始四年（268年）麓山寺创立。东晋陶侃曾建杉庵读书于此。六朝建道林寺。唐代马燧建“道林

15、精舍”。唐末五代智璇等二僧建屋办学，形成书院的雏形。北宋开宝九年（公元976年），潭州太守朱洞因袭扩建，创立岳麓书院；大中祥符八年（公元1015年），宋真宗召见山长周式，赐“岳麓书院”额，岳麓书院遂为全国四大书院之一。南宋时期张栻主教，湖湘学派发展到最盛；乾道三年（公元1167年），朱熹来访，与张栻论学，开书院会讲之先河，由此形成以朱张之学为正宗的学术传统。元承宋制，书院办学继续发展，规制日趋完备。但因元末战乱，书院毁于战火。YueluHillhasbeenafamedculturalhillfromtimeimmemorial.ItwasfrequentedbyTaoistsbeforeth

16、eWesternJinDynasty(265-317).Atonetime,theWanshouTempleandtheChongzhenTemplewerebuilthereonthehill.TheLushanTemplewassetupin268.IntheEasternJinDynasty(317-420),TaoKanbuiltahut,namedShananCottage,andstudiedhere.IntheSixDynastiesperiod(the3rd-6thCenturyAD),theDaolinTemplewasbuiltup,andintheTangDynasty(

17、618-907),MaSuihadhisstudy,DaolinCottage,builthere.WhenZhiandRui,twomonks,builthousesandranaschoolhereintheFiveDynastiesperiod(907-960)attheendoftheTangDynasty,YueluAcademybegantotakeshape.In976,ZhuDong,PrefectofTanzhou,expandedthehousesintheoriginalplaceandsetupYueluAcademy.In1015,EmperorZhenzongsum

18、monedthethendeanofYueluAcademy,ZhouShi,toaninterview,andawardedhimaplaquebearinghisMajestyswritingYueluAcademy.ThenYueluAcademymadeitsmarkasoneofthefourmostprestigiousacademiesinChina.BythetimeintheSouthernSongDynastywhenZhangShilecturedintheAcademy,theHuxiangSchoolwasinitsheyday.In1167,ZhuXipaidavi

19、sittotheAcademy,wherehediscussedthescholarlyquestionstogetherwithZhangShi.Thisinauguratedthepracticeofco-lecturingintheacademy.AndtheorthodoxyacademictraditionofZhuandZhangslearningthusformed.TheYuanDynastyinheritedtheeducationsystemoftheSongDynastyandtheAcademycontinuedtogrowwhilefurtherperfectingi

20、tsinstitutionalarrangements.However,theAcademywasburntdowninthewarsattheendoftheYuanDynasty.自明宣德始，经地方官员陈钢、杨茂元、王韬、吴世忠等多次修复扩建，岳麓书院主体建筑第一次集中在中轴线上，主轴线前延至湘江西岸，后延至岳麓山巅，配以亭台牌坊，于轴线一侧建立文庙，形成了书院历史上亭台相济、楼阁相望、山水相融的壮丽景观。书院的讲学、藏书、祭祀三大功能得到了全面的恢复和发展，奠定了现存建筑基本格局。明代岳麓学术仍以朱张之学为正宗。正德以后，王阳明及其弟子先后至此讲学，传播心学。明末，东林学派高世泰讲学书院

21、，岳麓学术传统重新得以发展。自明宣德始，经地方官员陈钢、杨茂元、王韬、吴世忠等多次修复扩建，岳麓书院主体建筑第一次集中在中轴线上，主轴线前延至湘江西岸，后延至岳麓山巅，配以亭台牌坊，于轴线一侧建立文庙，形成了书院历史上亭台相济、楼阁相望、山水相融的壮丽景观。书院的讲学、藏书、祭祀三大功能得到了全面的恢复和发展，奠定了现存建筑基本格局。明代岳麓学术仍以朱张之学为正宗。正德以后，王阳明及其弟子先后至此讲学，传播心学。明末，东林学派高世泰讲学书院，岳麓学术传统重新得以发展。SincetheXuanDeReignoftheMingDynasty(1426-1436),YueluAcademyunder

22、wentrepeatedrenovationsandextensionsbysuchlocalofficialsasChenGang,YangMaoyuan,WangTaoandWuShizhong.Aftertheseoverhauls,themainbuildingsoftheAcademywasforthefirsttimealignedalongthecentralaxis,whichstretchesforwardtothewesternbankoftheXiangjiangRiver,andbackwardtothetopofYueluHill.Pavilionsanddecora

23、tivearchwaysscatteralongsidetheaxis.Totopitoff,ononesideoftheaxisstandstheConfucianTemple.Theoveralllayoutformsaspectacularsight,whichfusesthebeautyofpavilionsandhouses,andalsoborrowsthevivacityandbrisknessoftheHillandtheRiver.TheAcademyresumedandfurtherdevelopeditsthreemainfunctions-teaching,mainta

24、iningthelibraryandofferingsacrifice.Fromthenon,thebasicarchitecturalandlandscapedesignthatweobservetodaywasestablished.ZhuandZhangstheorieswerestillesteemedastheorthodoxintheAcademyintheMingDynasty.AftertheZhengDeReign(1506-1521),WangShourenandhisdisciplescameheretolectureonthexinphilosophy(thephilo

25、sophyofmind)insuccession.AttheendoftheMingDynastywhenGaoShitai,ascholaroftheDonglinSchool,cametogivelectureshere,theacademictraditionofYueluAcademyreneweditslife.清朝廷为褒扬岳麓办学之功，先后颁赐“学达性天”、“道南正脉”额，并赐帑赐书，将岳麓书院列为省城大书院，在官府的大力扶持下，书院办学规模进一步扩大。同时，大批有名望的学者被聘任山长。书院办学呈蓬勃发展的景象。清代岳麓书院主要传授理学和汉学，道光年间，吴荣光于书院内创立湘水校经堂

26、，使其成为汉学研究的重镇。清末，维新变法思潮的兴起，书院也开始了新学的传播，并产生了较大的影响。Tocredititscontributiontotheeducationalcause,theQingcourtgrantedtotheAcademytheplaques-XueDaXingTian(thefulfilmentoftheonenessoftheHeavenandthemanbygreatscholarlyattainments)andDaoNanZhengMai(theorthodoxylearningofConfucianisminsouthChina),moneyandbook

27、s,andlisteditasanimportantAcademyoftheProvince.Undertheauspicesofthegovernment,thescaleoftheAcademywasfurtherenlarged.Meanwhile,largenumbersofhigh-profilescholarswereappointedasthedean.Theacademytookonaprosperousnewlook.IntheQingDynasty,theliphilosophyandtheHanSchooloflearningwerethemajorconcernofth

28、eteachinginYueluAcademy.IntheDaoGuangReign(1821-1851),WuRongguangfoundedXiangshuiClassicsRevisionSchoolwithintheAcademy,thusmakingitaresearchcentreofgreatmagnitudeontheHanSchooloflearning.AsthereformistideasloomedlargeattheendoftheQingDynasty,theAcademybegantodisseminatethenewlearningtoo,whichhadqui

29、teanimpact.。中日甲午战争以后，维新变法运动兴起，要求废科举、兴学堂。光绪二十三年(公元1897年)湖南时务学堂创办，后相继改名求实书院、湖南大学堂。光绪二十九年(公元1903年)与岳麓书院合并改为湖南高等学堂。辛亥革命后，改学堂为学校，拟办湖南大学，期间先后迁入湖南高等师范学校、湖南公立工业专门学校。至1926年湖南大学正式成立。学校虽几经变革，多次易名，但始终为湖南最高学府，原书院院舍始终保持未变。TheReformistmovementsflaredupafterthe1894-1895Sino-JapaneseWar,callingfortheabolitionoftheke

30、jusystem(thecivilserviceexaminationsystem)andtheestablishmentofschools.In1897,ShiwuSchool(theSchooloftheCurrentAffairs)ofHunanwassetup.Lateron,itwasrenamedQiushiAcademy,andthen,HunanGrandSchool.In1903,itmergedwithYueluAcademy,andwasconvertedtoHunanInstituteofHigherLearning.AftertheRevolutionof1911,t

31、heinstitutewasconvertedtoaschoolagainandtheestablishmentofHunanUniversitywasontheagenda.WithHunanNormalCollegeandHunanPublicPolytechnicSchooljoiningin,HunanUniversitywasofficiallyfoundedatlastin1926.Despiteallthechangesofitsinstitutionalsetupanditsname,ithadallthetimebeenthehighestlevelintuitionofle

32、arninginHunanProvince.Thestatusofitsforerunner,YueluAcademy,remainedunchallenged.光绪二十三年(公元1897年)时务学堂成立，聘梁启超为中文总教习，兴民权、倡平等、促变法。戊戌变法失败后，改为求实书院，1902年改为湖南大学堂，次年并入岳麓书院。时务学堂培养了不少革新人士。ThisSchoolwasfoundedin1897.LiangQichaowasretainedasthechiefinstructorofChineseliterature.TheSchooldidalottoencouragecivilri

33、ghts,advocatingequalityandpromotingreforms.WhentheHundred-DayReformof1898failed,theSchoolwasconvertedtoQiushiAcademy,andthen,HunanGrandSchoolin1902.ItwasmergedintoYueluAcademythenextyear.LotsoftheReformistswerebroughtupinthisschool.(LEFT:theinscriptionthehistoricalsiteofShiwuSchool,byLiangQichao)光绪二

34、十七年(公元1901年)，清政府下诏改学制。二十九年，湖南巡抚赵尔巽奏请改岳麓书院为湖南高等学堂，并将原湖南大学堂并入其中。In1901,theQingcourtorderedachangeoftheschoolsystem.Andin1903,GovernorofHunanProvince,ZhaoErxun,proposedtoconvertYueluAcademytoHunanInstituteofHigherLearning,andtomergeHunanGrandSchool.D(OWN:thestaffofHunanInstituteofHigherLearningandthefa

35、mousstudentsofHunanInstituteofHigherLearnin)gIn1901,theQingcourtorderedachangeoftheschoolsystem.Andin1903,GovernorofHunanProvince,ZhaoErxun,proposedtoconvertYueluAcademytoHunanInstituteofHigherLearning,andtomergeHunanGrandSchool.(DOWN:thestaffofHunanInstituteofHigherLearningandthefamousstudentsofHun

36、anInstituteofHigherLearning)湖南优级师范学堂创建于1907年，以造就初级和中学堂教职员为宗旨。1912年，湖南优级师范学堂迁入岳麓书院，改名为湖南高等师范学校。HunanPremiumNormalSchoolwasfoundedin1907,withtheaimtotrainstafffortheprimaryandsecondaryschools.In1912,HunanPremiumNormalSchoolmovedintoYueluAcademyandwasrenamedHunanNormalCollege.(RIGHT:thelandmarkofHunanN

37、ormalCollege)1903年，湖南高等实业学堂创办，1912年改名湖南公立工业专门学校。1916年迁入岳麓书院。HunanIndustrialCollegewasfoundedin1903,andwasrenamedHunanPublicPolytechnicSchoolin1912.ItwasmovedintoYueluAcademyin1916L.E(FT:thefactoryrunbyHunanPublicPolytechnicSchool)1926年2月1日，湖南工专、法专、商专三个专门学校合并成立省立湖南大学，校名匾额悬于岳麓书院大门，并以岳麓书院校舍为第一院。1937年，教

38、育部改省立为国立，下设文、法、理、工、商五个学院。其后，经历了抗日战争的迁校复校。中华人民共和国成立以后，办学规模扩大，1953年院系调整，改为中南土木建筑学院，1958年改为湖南工学院，1959年复名湖南大学。今日湖南大学是一所理、工、文、商多学科协调发展的综合性大学。岳麓书院1956年被列为省级文物保护单，位1988年列为全国重点文物保护单位。On1stFebruary1926,thethreespecialisedschools-HunanPublicPolytechnicSchool,theCollegeofPoliticsandLawofHunan,andtheBusinessSch

39、oolofHunan-werecombinedintoHunanUniversity,whichwasfinancedbyandundertheleadershipofHunanProvince.TheplaquebearingtheUniversitysnamewashungontopoftheentranceofYueluAcademy.AndYueluAcademybecamethefirstcollegeofHunanUniversity.In1937,HunanUniversitywastransformedfromaprovinciallysponsoreduniversityin

40、toanationalone,whichwassubdividedintofivecolleges:literature,law,science,engineeringandbusiness.LaterintheSino-JapaneseWar,HunanUniversitymovedtootherplacesforatime,butlaterreturned.AfterthefoundingofthePeoplesRepublicofChinain1949,thescaleoftheschoolexpanded.Inthenationwidereadjustmentofcollegesand

41、universitiesin1953,itwasrenamedCentralSouthCollegeofCivilEngineeringandArchitecture,andthenHunanPolytechnicUniversityin1958,andfinallyin1959,itwasnamedHunanUniversityagain.Today,HunanUniversityhasgrownintoacomprehensiveuniversitywithabalanceddevelopmentofvariousdisciplines.Itfocusesonengineeringsubj

42、ects,butalsohasasolidfoundationinsciencesubjects.Itsliberalartsaregroundedinauniqueculture,andtheeconomicscourseshavecharacteristicsoftheirown,too.YueluAcademywaslistedin1956asaprotectedhistoricalsiteattheprovinciallevel,andin1988,asiteatthestatelevel.“惟楚有材，于斯为盛”，悬挂在书院大门两旁的这副对联，的确道出了岳麓书院人才辈出的事实。纵观历史

43、，早在北宋，山长周式便“教授数百人”。南宋著名理学家张栻主教，岳麓书院成为湖湘学派的基地，培养出了一批“岳麓巨子”。著名思想家、教育家朱熹不以千里为遥，专程至此论学，此后又为官长沙，整顿书院，士子纷纷返归岳麓，“方其盛也，学徒千余人”。故谚云：“道林三百众，书院一千徒。”明清至民国初期是岳麓书院培养人才的黄金时期，杰出的思想家王夫之、魏源，叱咤历史的风云人物曾国藩、左宗棠、郭嵩焘、胡林翼、曾国荃、刘长佑，革命志士和先驱唐才常、沈荩、杨昌济等纷纷从岳麓书院走向社会，为中国历史写下了可歌可泣的壮丽篇章。“TheKingdomofChu,theuniquehomeoftalents;theAcade

44、myofYuelu,theverycradleofall”,aquotationwhichacknowledgesthegreatnessofYueluAcademy,andpointstothehistoricalfactthatYueluAcademyhasbeenconsideredbymanythecradleofthegreatpeopleofHunanprovince.EarlyintheNorthernSongDynasty(960-1127),withhundredsofpeoplecomingtopursuetheirstudy,YueluAcademygaineditsfa

45、methroughoutthecountry.BytheSouthernSongDynasty(1127-1279),YueluAcademywasthehomeoftheHuixangschool,themostinfluentialschoolinthehistoryoftheliphilosophy(aneo-Confucianphilosophy;li,isaprincipleoranetworkofprinciplesthatissupremenaturallawandthatdeterminesthepatternsofallcreatedthings).InMing(1368-1

46、644)andQing(1644-1911)Dynasties,YueluAcademyboastedofalargegatheringofgreatpeople,andconstellationsoftalentedpeoplecametothefore.InthemodernhistoryofChina(from1840onward),YueluAcademywitnessedtheappearanceofmanyimportantfigures,whomadeacriticaldifferenceintheadvancementofChinesehistory.Theseincluded

47、politicalreformerswithTaoShu,HeChanglingandWeiYuanasrepresentatives,“GeneralsandCouncillorsofNationalResurgence”likeZengGuofanandZuoZongtang,bourgeoismoderniserslikeTanSitongandTangCaichang,democraticrevolutionarieslikeCaiEandChenTianhua,aswellasneo-democraticrevolutionariesandpoliticalguruslikeCaiHesenandDengZhongxia.EversincethefoundingofHunanUniversity,studentshavescatteredalloverChinaandtheworld.Amongthesehavebeenmanyrenownedscholars,professorsandacademicians.HerearesomeoftheimportantgraduatesofYueluAcademywhohavemadegreatcontri