东华大学考博英语

1、东华大学2018年博士研究生入学考试英语（1001）试题Part I Vocabulary (10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: There are 20 sentences in this section. There are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D under each of the following sentences. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the correspond

2、ing letter on your Answer Sheet. 1. Many scientists remain_about the value of this researchprogram.Asceptical B. stationary C. spacious D. specific2. If you want to go to the concert, youll have to make a _, or there will be no tickets.A. conservation B. reservation C. preservation D. observation3.

3、The mother was _ when her son confessed he had robbed a store.A. dismayed B. flattered C. fascinated D. disabled4. The _ judge accepted money to let the prisoner go unpunished.A. committed B. corrupt C. conserved D. confident5. It took them several weeks to _the wild horse.A. cultivate B. civilize C

4、. curb D. tame6. It is a common theme of many science fiction stories that the world may one day be _ by beings from the outer space.A. run over B. filled in C. taken over D. broken in7. It _ that the old woman she had been taking care of was indeed her own mother.A. turned over B. turned in C. turn

5、ed across D. turned out 8. The discovery of new oil fields in various parts of the country filled the government with _hope.A. eternal B. infinite C. ceaseless D. delicate9. We hope there will be a peaceful _ to the new system.A. transmission B. transition C. transaction D. transformation 10.It is _

6、 that women should be paid less than men for doing the samekind of work.A. abrupt B. absurd C. adverseD. addictive11. The young flower girl has been in town for only several months, but she seems to be _with everyone who comes to the store.A. admitted B. accepted C. admired D. acquainted12. When the

7、 wealthy man died his illegitimate son _half of his legacy.A. retreated B. displayed C. declared D. claimed13. I have said nothing like that. He intentionally _ my ideas to achieve his personal ends.A. revised B. distracted C. contradicted D. distorted14. Travelers are advised to use travelers check

8、s, which provide a secure _ to carrying all the money in cash.A. substitute B. alternative C. selection D. displacement15. Most of the nations in the world are working in a collaborative effort to _ hunger from the world.A. abandon B. diminish C. withdraw D. eliminate16. I just cant _ how he managed

9、 to finish his report so soon. He said he was only halfway through it yesterday!A. figure out B. work out C. look out D. draw out17. The mayor was asked to give a rough _ of the cost of the construction of the new bridge.A. assessment B. evaluation C. announcement D. estimate18. At last his firm was

10、 _ up by a multinational corporation.A. swallowed B. devoured C. swigged D. gulped19. When he went to the airport for the ticket, Tom suddenly realized that his passport had _ for half a year.A. abolished B. expired C. amended D. constrained20. According to the report, the _ of the epidemic was frig

11、htening in that country.A. multitude B. altitude C. magnitude D. gratitudePart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each) Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on your Answer Sheet.Popular sci

12、ence books by pioneering scientists come in many varieties, but are almost always 21 waiting for. Such books would certainly be authoritative accounts of the subject matter. What is more important, 22, is that they give the reader a really unique 23. The genre includes straightforward expositions of

13、 a technical topic, an early example 24 the classic little book on relativity by Einstein himself. More 25 - and perhaps 26 greater value, in the long 27 - one has a 28 of essays on widely varying themes. These reflect, directly 29 indirectly, the motivations, the compulsions, the stance, the person

14、al scientific philosophy - 30 short, the credo - of a great scientist, giving the reader 31 insight into the working of a first-rate mind in a manner that even the best of biographies can only 32. Restricting oneself to examples 33 from physics and 34 areas, some wonderful examples of this class are

15、 Wigners Symmetries and Reflections, Chandrasekhars Truth and Beauty, Feynmans The Character of Physical Law, and Dysons 35 the Universe.21.A. differentB. eagerC. worth D. gratitude22.A. howeverB. by the way C. unfortunatelyD. to be exact23.A. characterB. thought C. enjoymentD. perspective24.A. bein

16、g B. has beingC. has beenD. been25.A. importantB. specialC. oftenD. clear26.A. with B. forC. in D. of27.A. agoB. timeC. distanceD. run28.A. electionB. collectionC. deductionD. induction29.A. andB. orC. notD. but30.A. onB. for C. in D. of31.A. valuable B. attractiveC. particularD. mysterious32A. repe

17、atB. approximateC. enhanceD. discover33.A. concernedB. broughtC. takenD. thought34.A. relatingB. relativeC. relateD. related35.A. DisturbingB DisturbC. DisturbedD. DisturbancePart III Reading Comprehension (30 points) Section A (20 points, 1 point each) Directions: In this part of the test, there ar

18、e four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then answer the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. Passage 1 In recent years, there has been a steady assault on salt from the doctors. Politicians

19、 also got on board. There is a direct relationship, US congressman Neal Smith noted, between the amount of sodium a person consumes and heart disease, circulatory disorders, stroke and even early death. Frightening, if true! But many doctors and medical researchers are now beginning to feel the salt

20、 scare has gone too far. All this hue and cry about eating salt is unnecessary, Dr. Dustan insists. For most of us it probably doesnt make much difference how much salt we eat. Dustans most recent short-term study of 150 people showed that those with normal blood pressure experienced no change at al

21、l when placed on an extremely low-salt diet, or later when salt was reintroduced. Of the hypertensive subjects, however, half of those on the low-salt diet did experience a drop in blood pressure, which returned to its previous level when salt was reintroduced. An adequate to somewhat excessive salt

22、 intake has probably saved many more lives than it has cost in the general population, notes Dr. John H. Laragh. So a recommendation that the whole population should avoid salt makes no sense. Medical experts agree that everyone should practice reasonable moderation in salt consumption. For the aver

23、age person, a moderate amount might run from four to ten grams a day, or roughly 1/2 to 1/3 of a teaspoon. The equivalent of one to two grams of this salt allowance would come from the natural sodium in food. The rest would be added in processing, preparation or at the table. Those with kidney, live

24、r or heart problems may have to limit dietary salt, if their doctor advises. But even the very vocal low salt exponent, Dr. Arthur Hull Hayes, Jr. admits that we do not know whether increased sodium consumption causes hypertension. In fact, there is growing scientific evidence that other factors may

25、 be involved: deficiencies in calcium, potassium, perhaps magnesium; obesity (much more dangerous than sodium); genetic predisposition; stress. It is not your enemy, says Dr. Laragh. Salt is the No. 1 natural component of all human tissue, and the idea that you dont need it is wrong. Unless your doc

26、tor has proven that you have a salt-related health problem, there is no reason to give it up.36. According to some doctors and politicians, the amount of salt consumed _exhibits as an aggravating factor to people in poor health. cures diseases such as stroke and circulatory disorders. correlates hig

27、hly with some diseases. is irrelevant to people suffering from heart disease.37. From Dr. Dustans study we can infer that _A. a low-salt diet may be prescribed for some people. B. the amount of salt intake has nothing to do with ones blood pressure. C. the reduction of salt intake can cure a hyperte

28、nsive patient. D. an extremely low-salt diet makes no difference to anyone.38. In the third paragraph, Dr. Laragh implies that _A. people should not be afraid of taking excessive salt. B. doctors should not advise people to avoid salt. C. an adequate to excessive salt intake is recommended for peopl

29、e in disease. D. excessive salt intake has claimed some victims in the general population.39. The phrase vocal exponent (Para. 4) most probably refers to _A. eloquent doctor. B. articulate opponent. C. loud speaker. D. strong advocate.40. What is the main message of this text? A. That the salt scare

30、 is not justified. B. That the cause of hypertension is now understood. C. That the moderate use of salt is recommended. D. That salt consumption is to be promoted.Passage 2 Globalization is not just some passing trend. Today it is an overarching international system shaping the domestic politics an

31、d foreign relations of virtually every country, and we need to understand it as such. As thoughtful people concerned about world affairs, our job is to pick up globalization, examine it from all sides, dissect it, figure out what makes it tick, and then nurture and promote the good parts and mitigat

32、e or slow down the bad parts. Globalization is much like fire. Fire itself is neither good nor bad. Used properly, it can cook food, sterilize equipment, form iron, and heat our homes. Used carelessly, fire can destroy lives, towns and forests in an instant. As Friedman says: Globalization can be in

33、credibly empowering and incredibly coercive. It can democratize opportunity and democratize panic. It makes the whales bigger and the minnows stronger. It leaves you behind faster and faster, and it catches up to you faster and faster. While it is homogenizing cultures, it is also enabling people to

34、 share their unique individuality farther and wider. Globalization has dangers and an ugly dark side. But it can also bring tremendous opportunities and benefits. Just as capitalism requires a network of governing systems to keep it from devouring societies, globalization requires vigilance and the

35、rule of law. Anti-trust laws, the Securities and Exchange Commission, labor unions, charities, the Federal Trade Commission, and countless other agencies and organizations keep American capitalism in check. Similar transparent mechanisms are needed to make sure globalization is a positive force in t

36、he world. Globalization will always have cheerleaders who are blind to the destruction globalization can cause. And it will always have strident opponents blind to the way globalization gives some people their first opportunity to fulfill basic aspirations. As with most issues, the majority of peopl

37、e will be in the middle. They will see globalization not as something to worship or demonize. Instead, they will see it as something to mold, shape and manage for the betterment of everyone.What does the word “mitigate” in paragraph 2 most likely mean?A. To alleviate.To slow down.To omit.To go faste

38、r.Why does the author compare globalization as fire?When used correctly, they both can sterilize equipment.When used improperly, they both can destroy our life.When worshipped, they both improve our life greatly.When demonized, they both can be dangerous.Why is globalization compared as capitalism i

39、n the passage?They both require vigilance to keep them from devouring societies.They both need Federal trade commission and labor unions.They both need transparent mechanisms to operate properly.Both A and B. People who worship globalization usually _ while people who demonize globalization usually

40、_.see it as something to mold for the improvement of everyone; stand in the middle to mold, shape and manage for the betterment of everyonebelieve globalization can be shaped ; believe globalization has dangers and an ugly dark sidebelieve globalization is a positive force in the world; believe glob

41、alization requires vigilance and the rule of laws see no destruction globalization can cause; can not see that globalization gives some people their first opportunity to fulfill basic aspirationWhich of the following is not necessarily required to make positive use of globalization?Tremendous opport

42、unities and benefits.Vigilance and the rule of law.Transparent mechanisms.Molding, shaping and management.Passage 3 A Chinese study found that antibiotics can help prevent stomach cancer in people who carry a common strain of bacteria known to cause ulcers. The study adds to the already strong evide

43、nce that Helicobacter pylori bacteria can cause stomach cancer, a disease especially prevalent in Asia but far less common in the United States. Still, experts said the findings do not solve the dilemma of whether and how to treat carriers of the bacteria.The study involved 1,630 men and women from

44、Fujian Province in southern China. All were carriers of H. pylori; hundreds of them already had precancerous lesions (癌变) at the outset of the study. Patients were randomly assigned to receive two weeks of treatment with antibiotics and an anti-ulcer drug, or a dummy medicine, and were followed for

45、7 years and a half after that. Among the 988 patients without precancerous lesions at the outset, none on the treatment got stomach cancer, compared with six in the placebo group. The findings among those with precancerous lesions were not as clear-cut: Seven in the treatment group developed stomach

46、 cancer, versus 11 in the placebo group. The study appears in Wednesdays Journal of the American Medical Association. H. pylori is estimated to affect as many as 90 percent of people in some developing nations and up to 50 percent of people in some industrialized countries, according to the World He

47、alth Organization. Chronic H. pylori is thought to cause stomach cancer, and doctors have come to believe since the early 1980s that it is the No. 1 cause of ulcers.The findings suggest that doctors should consider routine screening for such lesions in H. pylori patients in high-incidence areas, and

48、 treating the infections in patients with no precancerous lesions, said the authors, led by Benjamin Chun-Yu Wong of the University of Hong Kong.Dr. Michael Brown, a gastroenterologist at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, said routine H. pylori screening would not be cost-effective in the U

49、nited States because the rates of infection and cancer are so low.According to the passage, experts in the Chinese study mentioned in the passage are still not sure _.whether Helicobacter pylori bacteria can cause stomach cancerwhether stomach cancer is more prevalent in Asia whether to treat all ca

50、rriers of Helicobacter pylori bacteriawhether Helicobacter pylori bacteria can cause stomach ulcerAmong people who developed cancer in the study, proportion of patients in the treatment group to patients in the placebo group is_.64%50%90%39%In the study, what medicine did the placebo group take duri

51、ng the two-week treatment?Antibiotics.A dummy medicine. An anti-cancer medicine.Medicine for the precancerous.How many patients in the study already had precancerous lesions at the outset of the study?1467988815642The findings of the study propose that _.H. pylori patients in high-incidence areas sh

52、ould be screened and treated.patients with precancerous lesions are not as easily cured as those without.treatment should be given to H. pylori patients without precancerous lesions.treatment should not be given to H. pylori patients with precancerous lesions.Passage 4NASAs Goddard Space Flight Cent

53、er in Greenbelt, Maryland has been given the nod to lead a robotic lunar mission in 2008- a key step in President George W. Bushs recently announced space vision strategy. The lunar reconnaissance orbiter would likely be geared to investigate the potential for water ice trapped at the Moons poles. T

54、his type of investigation may involve powerful radar to scan the always darkened craters, thought by some scientists to contain bountiful quantities of water ice.Water ice is believed to have been brought to the Moon by impacting comets. Both NASAs Lunar Prospector and the Pentagons Clementine space

55、craft offered tantalizing data interpreted by some experts as indicative of water ice deposits.A number of alterative, fast-track approaches are under review at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to build the lunar orbiter. A newly formed GSFC lunar study team held their first meeting Thursday t

56、o begin scoping out how best to move the project forward.President Bush has directed NASA to undertake lunar exploration activities to enable sustained human and robotic exploration of Mars and more distant destinations in the solar system. Starting no later than 2008, the Bush plan calls for initia

57、ting a series of robotic missions to the Moon to prepare for and support future human exploration activities. A follow-on robotic lunar lander is also slated for 2009. The White House space directive states that the first extended human expedition to the lunar surface could occur as early as 2015, b

58、ut no later than the year 2020.In reestablishing and reenergizing NASAs Moon program, the White House envisions lunar exploration activities to further science, and to develop and test new approaches, technologies, and systems, including use of lunar and other space resources, to support sustained h

59、uman space exploration to Mars and other destinations.On the robotic lunar mission which is to be led by NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center, the lunar orbiter _.would possibly investigate whether there is water ice at the Moons pole.would announce the presidents space vision strategy to the whole wor

60、ld.would likely extend human expedition to the lunar surface for the first time.would offer tantalizing data interpreted by some experts as space resources.On the robotic lunar mission, _ will be explored to search for water ice.impacting comets near the Moonthe darkened craters on the Moon.a roboti