英语国家概况Chapter3分解课件

1、Chapter 3The Shaping of the Nation第1页，共24页。I. Williams Rule 1.feudalism king all the land Barons large estates (tenants-in-chief) lesser nobles less land (knights and freemen) Villeins and serfs 第2页，共24页。2. Replacing the Witan (the council of the Anglo-Saxon Kings) with the Grand Council of his tena

2、nts-in-chief3. Compiling a property record Domesday Book: stating the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. Half a fifth the rest170 tenants-in-chief the king the Churches第3页，共24页。4. Strengthening church and keeping its independence from Roman Catholic churc

3、hes to consolidate his rule (1.1)II. Henry IIs Reforms in the courts and law 1. strengthening the kings Court: making six circuits and appointing traveling judges 2. establishing a common law (an unwritten law common to the whole people) to override local law and private law 第4页，共24页。3. Initiating j

4、ury system to replace old English ways in judging a case4. Wishing to reform abuses in Church but meeting with rejection from Becket, the archbishop of Canterbury, later killed by the king knights and worshipped as a hero in the history as described in Geoffrey Chaucers the Canterbury Tales 第5页，共24页

5、。III. King John and the Great Charter (1215)1. Causes of the Great Charter Norman Conquest Englands possessionof territory in FranceNorman loyalty to Roman CatholismLooking after French territoryEntering holy wars:Three great crusadesEnormous drain upon financial resourcesGrievances from the barons第

6、6页，共24页。2. The Great Charter and its significancea. The barons drew a list of 63 clauses and presented to King John in 1215, known as the Great Charter (Magna Carta) (2.1)b. The significance(1) Laying the foundation of English liberties(2) Limiting the powers of the English king(3) Stating the legal

7、 relationship between the crown and the barons(4) Guaranteeing the freedom of the Church第7页，共24页。IV. Henry III and the beginning of Parliament1. Conflicts between the King and the baronsLoss of the Kings favorLoss of land and moneyRebelling under Simon de Montfort, and taking the King prisoner2. The

8、 beginning of Parliament ? And its development 第8页，共24页。 Witan in Anglo-Saxon time full of wise men The Grand Council since William full of great baronsThe Great Council summoned by the barons barons two knights from each county two citizens from each townHouse of LordsHouse of Commons第9页，共24页。第10页，

9、共24页。V. The Hundred Years War with France (1337-1453) The name was given to the intermittentwars between France and England, lasting for about 100 years. Causes of the war1. Territorial cause: English loss of land in France2. Economical cause: French clothes manufacturers importing wool from England

10、第11页，共24页。3. Political cause: to stop France from aiding the Scots in national consciousness4. Direct cause: claiming the French crown stages of the war and the ending of itThe English won brilliantly and gained a lot of French territoriesThe English won and was crowned French king.Encouraged by the

11、 French heroine Joan of Arc, the French drove the English out.第12页，共24页。亨利五世身为王子时沉湎于声色犬马，不思进取，后来在父亲的病榻前立誓痛改前非，誓要重振祖宗疆业。年轻的亨利五世长于谋略且善于用兵，更能鼓舞士气，赢得部属的爱戴。1415年时，由于英国国王亨利五世受到大臣与主教的鼓动，以及来自法国王子和侮辱，决定出兵法国远征艾吉宫战场。凭着过人的勇气，他率领王公贵族及市井小民勇往直前。其时英国兵力远在法军之下，英军主力为轻装步兵，而且老弱病残、良莠不齐。经过一番远途跋涉后，粮草告罄，士气更是低迷。而对手则重甲骑兵，又有火炮

12、助阵，兵强马壮，粮秣充沛，斗志十足。在天时、地利、人和尽失的恶劣局面下，如何战胜强大的敌人成为亨利五世面临的最大挑战。生死存亡之际，亨利五世积极面对眼前的天大逆境，显示出作为一代雄主的智慧与霸气，以其三寸不烂之舌与气吞天下的领袖魅力，终于一振士气。第13页，共24页。事实证明，他是比爱德华三世更善于发挥英格兰长弓手威力的指挥官。亨利五世首先攻下埃夫勒，继而向沿海重镇加来进军。在这期间，亨利五世宣称他要得到法国的王冠。以少胜多的阿让库尔战役几乎摧毁法国人的斗志。此后英军不断取胜，1419年全部征服诺曼底，随即法国北部第一重镇鲁昂投降。亨利五世赢得胜利与荣获，最后逼得法王签下和约。这份条约对英格兰

13、来说是难以置信的巨大胜利：条约规定，亨利五世与查理六世的女儿凯瑟琳结婚，并且查理六世死后其法国王位由亨利五世继承，亨利五世实际成为法国的摄政。当他和他的战争 新娘同处一室时，两人之间的爱恋、恩怨纠缠在一起。第14页，共24页。第15页，共24页。第16页，共24页。农家姑娘贞德是1429-1431年法国抗英斗争中涌现出来的民族英雄。英军兵临要塞奥尔良城下，她率兵冲破敌军重围，奋力冲杀，击溃英军。她的英雄事迹四传传颂，被称为“奥尔良少女”。但也因此引起法国贵族的妒恨。在贡比涅战役中，她被出卖，落入勃艮第叛军手中。英军企图以重金换取贞德。影片截取贞德在监狱和法庭上面对法官正气凛然、坚贞不屈的历史片

14、断，以信仰问题为主要审讯内容，以正义广场和马尔歇宫为主要场景，把剧情时间压缩在一天之中，表现了贞德的高风亮节和英雄气概。影片随着女英雄肉体上的精神上痛苦的加剧不断展开剧情。最后，贞德被押赴鲁昂市广场，被绑在火刑柱上活活烧死。 第17页，共24页。第18页，共24页。 significance of the war It was a blessing to both countries: France and Britain could be more concentrating on their own interior affairs and make more development in

15、dependently.第19页，共24页。VI. The Black Death and the peasant Uprising 1. Black Death The deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas, swept through England in 1348. 第20页，共24页。第21页，共24页。捷克人骨饰教堂建于14世纪，这里的天花板、墙壁上尽是人骨串成的装饰品，据统计，这些饰品大约用掉一万具尸体。在1369年，一次瘟疫使3万人丧生，尸骨遍地，因此教堂当局决定用未葬的尸骨装饰教堂。神学家表

16、示，天主教视死亡为神圣的事，死后将尸身献给上帝，象征无上的赞美故“人骨装饰品”不值得大惊小怪。这座教堂平常并不对外开放，只在每年11月20日（相当中国的鬼节），才让一般民众入内祈福。第22页，共24页。2. The consequences reducing the population from 4 mil. to 2 shortage of labor rise of labor price government intervention (Statute of Laborers) conflict between the classes the Lollards preaching on equalit