自上而下的阅读模式在初中英语阅读教学中的应用

1、自上而下的阅读模式在初中英语阅读教学中的应用独创性声明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果， 尽我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写 过的研究成蠢果，也不包含本人为获得内蒙古师范大学或其它教育机构的学位，1或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中 作了明确的说明并表示感谢。签名：献。娼辄日期：/。1年月 7日关于论文使用授权的说明本学位论文作者完全了解内蒙古师范大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定：内蒙古师 范大学有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘，允许论文被查阅和借 阅

2、，可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或 扫描等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文，并且本人电子文档的内容和纸质论文的内容相一致。保密的学位论文在解密后也遵守此规定。签名：氓韵歹峙师签名：彳岛矽日期：矿，年厂月f 7日内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文中文摘要随着现代社会的发展，英语作为一门语言己成为一种工具。为了能与人更好的相处， 我们应该得到更多的信息，而阅读是一个最好的方法。它能给学习者提供重要和足够的语 言输入。“自上而下u的阅读模式可以有效的帮助大学的学生在课堂中轻松的完成与读训 练，但在初中英语中的应用研究还比较少。本篇论文是为了研究中国初中学生使用“自上 而下

3、”的阅读策略的情况和训练效果而构思的，文中的实验也是为了了解初中生使用“自 上而下”阅读模式而进行的尝试研究。1 976年Goodman （古德曼）提出了 “自上而下的阅读理论。他认为阅读 是“心里猜测游戏”，就是主动的“猜测一证实U的活动。它是一种阅读对象与阅读者之间相互作用的过程。英语课程标准指出：阅读教学的目的是培养学生阅读策略，培养 语感，特别强调培养学生在阅读过程中获取和处理信息的能力。如何有效地提高学生的英 语阅读理解能力、提高阅读技巧是摆在每位英晤教师面前的一项重要任务。阅读理解是中 学英语教学的侧重点，是各单元教学的核心。中学英语阅读课程应当有意识地运用与阅读 相关的理论来指导

4、学生的阅读模式，帮助学生建立正确的阅读模式，以提高学生对阅读材 料的正确理解。本文将“自上而下”阅读模式运用到了初中英语阅读教学中并通过实验进行了英语阅 读教学的研究：实验对象为吗海市普通中学初中二年级两个班的学生，其中一个为实验班 另一个为普通班。实验将分别对这两个班的学生采用自上而下的英语阅读模式和传统的阅 渎训练方式，进行对比研究。实验时间为个完整的教学年，在实验中主要采用阅读测,可行性AB S TRACTWi ththedeve 1 opmento fmodemsoc i e ty, Engli shasafor r d e r t o g e t t m o r e i n f .

5、ebestmeth portantan n reading itystuden but i n j u n i cationres dyChinese e t o p d o w p e r i m e n t i choolstud g e ign1ana 1ongweo rmatioo d.Itcad enoughm ode1cat sinareo rhi曲sce archa1j uniormn r e a d i s a 1 s o t 拶 e n t s u s egu ageha11 withpn, whi1eng iVe1e1a nguagne ff色ct1a xedc1ho o1

6、reaso 1ess.id d1escng stratin gtountopdosbecomea e o p 1 e , w e readingi amerstop e input.i ve1yhe1a sswithtd ingEng1T hispapeh o o 1 stud e g i e s , t h derstand w n mo de ItOOl. Ino s h o u 1 d g e soneofth r o v i d e i m Top d o w pun i V e r s raining, i s h a p p 1 i r i s t o s t u entstous

7、 e p a p e rex mi d d 1 eo s o f r e a d i n1 976Goodman (Go o dma n) put forwardthetheoo n n r m e t a n d t h s . T h e e d o u t : t i V a t e n i c u 1 ap d ownc t u r d t h e i n i ereader Engl i s t h e p u 叩 o s t u d e n t r e m p h a sr e a d i ng. H e t h i n k sedthatgame, name 1 ythcurrs

8、eoftsreaisonta d i ng u e s s c j e cc e s i n tc u 1 h p a n g usakindofobloreadthe interacti c u 1 u m s t r d i n g s t r a r a i n i n g sa n d a e a d i t e g i t u d eag e inthis i tionti V e1yipr e hensasks for em p hasihe m idd1dc o nscide t hesteprocesso andproces m p r o V e s t u ionandre

9、a eachteach sisthecor e s c h o o 1 E n ous 1 y a n d r udents r ef r e a d i n g s i n g c a p a dents E n d i n g s k 1 e r i n t h e m eofteach g 1 i s h r e a e a d i n g r e a d i n g p a tinf. o m a t city. How g I i s h r e a 1 s a r e i m p i d d 1 e s c h i n g a n d 1 e d i n g c o u r 1 a

10、 t e d t h e t e m , helpi o n a c q u t o e f fee d i n g c o m o r t a n t I 001. The ami ng. T s e s h o u 1 0 9 t o g u i s t u d e n tA B S TRACTWi ththedeve 1 opmento fmodemsoc i e ty, Engli s h a s a f o r d e r t o g e t m o r e i n f ebestmet portanta n r e a d i n i t y s t u d e but i n j

11、 u n c a t i o n r e d y C h i n e s e t o p d o p e r i m e n t c h o o 1 s t ur e i g n 1 a n t a 1 o n g w e .o r m a t i o hod. I t c a ndenough g m o d e 1 c a n t s i n a r e i o r h i 曲 s c s e a r c h a 1 e j u n i o r m w n r e a d i i s a 1 s o t 拶 dentsusegu ageha11 withpn, whi1eng iVe1e1

12、a nguagne ff色ct1a xedc1ho o1reaso 1ess.id d1escng stratin gtountopdosbecomea e o p 1 e , w e readingi amerstop e input.i ve1yhe1a sswithtd ingEng1T hispapeh o o 1 stud e g i e s , t h derstand w n mo de ItOOl. Ino s h o u 1 d g e soneofth r o v i d e i m Top d o w pun i V e r s raining, i s h a p p

13、1 i r i s t o s t u entstous e p a p e rex mi d d 1 eo s o f r e a d i n1 976Goodman (Go o dma n) put forwardthetheop d owne a d i ng. H ethinkserea t gamedfeetiV e1yipre hensasks for emp hasihem idd1dco nscidet hestsm p r o V e s t u ionandrea eachteach sisthecor e s c h o o 1 E n ous 1 y a n d r u

14、dents r edents E n d i n g s k 1 e r i n t h e m eofteach g 1 i s h r e a e a d i n g r e a d i n g p a tgIishrea1sareimpidd1eschingand1edingcour1atedthet e m , helpd i n g c o m o r t a n t I 001. The ami ng. T s e s h o u 1 0 9 t o g u i s t u d e n t内蒙吉师范大学硕士学位论文establ i shcorrect readingschema,

15、toimpro Vethes tudent So readingspeed, andtostrengt henthecoITectunderstandingofthereadingm a t e r i a 1 s .T h i sar o rmidd1en gofEng1s ubjectsw oinWuHai m e n t a 1 c s .Theexpc 1assofsd ingmodescompara e w i 1 1 t a k epretest 11ectresnt,thestheirscorngmotiVa1f二conndningintet i c 1 e w i 1 scho

16、o 1 b y i s h r e a d i a r e t w o c 1 i o r d i n a 叫 lass, and e r i m e n t w tudentsu a n d o r d i n t i V e s t u d eawholet i n g a n d a R earchres u d e n t s i n eshasbee t i o n h a s b encehasb resthasb1 u s e t o reading n g r e s e a a s s e s o f middles t h e o t h e i 1 1 r e s p s

17、 i n g a t o a 叫 r e a d i y . E x p e r e a c h i n g e r t e s t a u 1 t s . T h e x p e r i m n r i s e n b e e n i n s p e e n s t r e e e n i n c rp d own v throught r c h . E x p e students ch001 .0nrisre gu1ectiV e1ypdow nEnngtra inii m e n t tea term, and smeasure roughthe entc1assuta1sothir

18、ed,stungthened e a s e d s i ga y t o j u n i h e t e a c h i r i m e n t a 1 o f G r a d e T e i s e x p e r a r c 1 a s onthetwo g 1 i s h r e a ngformsa c h i n g t i m i t w i 1 1 u s m e n t toco e x p e r i m e n o t o n 1 y t e i r 1 e a m i dents s e ,a n d 1 e a r n i n c a n t 1T h i spape

19、rexploredt o p down read i n g p a tt e m o f the rmedthet i o r h i g h s n g 1 i s h r eoretica1eachingochoo1,anadingc1ar e s e a r c f “top d d a 1 s o c r s s r o o m 1h , a n d 向 r t ownread e a t e d e f .e a m i ng. Th e r c o n f i i n g i n j u n feet i V e E h e B e n e f it s f . o r j un

20、iormiddleschooIEngl i shteaching ref. ormproVi desanewi dea.KEYWORDS: JuniorEngl ishreading, top do wn reading, efnciency, feasibility?CONT ENT SI. Introductio n . o .* * * . O O . O00.0o* * * . o oo o 1 1 . IResearchbackgroun d2Briefintroductionofthestud y 1 1 . 3 T h e n e e d f o r t h e pr e s e

21、 n t s t u d y 2II . L i t e ratureRevie TOC o 1-5 h z W . o . O0.0. o * * * . o . o * * * . o . o .o oo. o . . . . 4 2 . IDef ini t ionsof reading 4 2 . 2 R e 1 a t e d r e se a r c h e s o n r e a d i n g m o d e 1 s . 5. 2 . IRelatedstudiesbyforeignresearcher s .7 2 . 2 . 2 R e 1 a t e d s t u d

22、i e s b y d om e s t i c r e s e a r c h e r s .7 2 . 3 T h e s tudyonTbp - down r e a d i n g t eachi ngatHo me8 in . T h e o r e t i c aIfou ndatio no nTbp . downreadingteaching.。.。.103.1Th eD e f 1 n i t ionofTIop - downreading 1O 3 . 2 T h e a d v a n t a g e s o f T bp d own r e a d i n g1 O 3

23、. 3 M a j o r Me t h o d s o f T o p d own r e a d i n g ?1 1.3 . lAct ivat ingbackgroundknowledge ? 1 1 3 . 3 . 2 B e f o r e r e a d i n g s tr a t e g i e s 1 1 3 . 3 . 3 C u 1 ti v a tin g a bi1ity11 3 . 3 . 4Remainac tiveclassroomatmosphe re 12 IV . M e t h o d o I o gy” 1 3 4 . 1 R e s e a r c

24、 hQue s t i on s ?1 3内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文 TOC o 1-5 h z . 2 Hy p o t h e s i s 134 . 3 Sub j e c t s1 3 4 . 4Ins t rumen ts . 1 3 4 . 5 P r oc e d u r e s144 . 5 . 1 P r o c e ss14 4. 5 . 2 E xamp 1 e s o f t e a c h i n g t r a i n i n g144 . 5 . 3Symbol icDescription : 18 4 . 5 . 4 E x p e r i m e nt 1 8

25、 4 . 5 . 5 D a t a A n a 1 y s is 2 0 4 . 5 . 6 F i n d i n gs 2 2 V. Con c I u s i oH o o o . o . o . o . o o * * * o . oo* * . o .o o . ooooo . 24Refe rences : 2 6 A p p e n d ix1.0. . OO. O O0.0.0000o . ooo.o.o. . o . o . o o , , , 2 8 A p p e n d i x2.0. . . 00.0. . O OO . O * * * O. . . O. 0 .

26、0 0 0 .oo ooo.o. 30Appendix3 00.0 . o . o ooo.o. .o.o.o. .o.3 lAppendix 4 .o . o . o .o . o . o o o o . o o o o. oooooo o . . . 32Appendix5.OOO O .oo . . o . oo . . . o . o . . o34Ach 1 owl edgementso . 3 8I. Introduction1. IResearchbackgroundLe锄i ngfore i g n 1 anguagethrough 1 anguageV ehicleismai

27、nlyabouttogainandexchangeinf o 月中 ation. Nowadays sc i encetechno 1 ogy i swe 1 1 deVe 1 oped; r e a d i n g i sobvi 叫 s lythechiefwayf r o m w h i c h w e g a i nandexchangeme s sage s . R e a d i n g i soneof the imponant 1 inks inteachingofaf ore ign language. W i ththedeVe 1 opmento f themaSa1an

28、guacOmmun1ca11knownfrtionofwhimersimpor guageinpu estudents t r a n s 1 a t i,Engl i s h e o p 1 e c a n rtogetwe reinfo月中agives1ea1sfor1antoimproVitingandodemsociety atoolwhichp t h e r . I n o r d e shouldgetmo abe s tway. I t ientmateria efoundation speaking, w rgehasbecome t e w i t h e a c h o

29、omothe rs, w e chreadingi s tantandsumc t,anditisth1istening,onabi1ities.a I s o b e 1 i e p 1 . o c e s s , presentat meanlngwh e n n i t i o n s atreaders e t e x t . I n t m i 1 1 r 1 9 6 1 9 8 3; D L 1 b d e v e 1 o p e d m oOntheoth esoftextsio nr e a d i n g p orescores. gpanandthe sgradesofE

30、etopofthew rsandscho 1 methodsofE students r t i snecessa ayofreadln1 2 B r j e f iThede6ne w r i t t e n t e xprocesso(1996, p. V e “reading Inthatitst i onencoded ichtheread hows a n i m p o playduring helast40ye 7 ; S 1 n i t 1 1 , i n , E s k e y & G artsisnoto Studentsmu ycangethig nglishtest o

31、 r 1 d . B e c a u arsbeginto n g 1 i s h r e a d eadingcomp ryforteach g t o t h e i r s tn t r o d u c t i odas const t ,，f reading, i14 1) . Carre i sarecept 1 a n s w i t h a 1 i b y a w r i t e r a erconstruc rtantandac theinterac a r s , r e s e a r 1 9 7 1 ; W i d d o r a b e e t a 1dentsmust

32、f w h i c h t h enlyimporta stdoexcell herscore. S s , readings s e o f t h i s , s researchne inginorder rehens ionl erstogiVet u d e n t s .nofthestud r u c t i n g m e a s1 landEsday V e 1 a n g u a g e nguisticre n d e n d s w 1 t h t s , . S u c h d tiVeroIeth t j o n w i t h t h chersfGood w s

33、 o n , 1 9 7 8, ? 1 9 8 4 ) have ntbuthasm ent r e a d i n o i n V a r i o u tandsatth ometeache wteaching toimproVe e v e I , a n d i heproperwningfromaribewhath bottom, u p rethethre n d F i e I d ( 1 i 1 1 g c o n t e thetypeof g e , t h e i r 1 TOC o 1-5 h z delstodesc am ongw h1cniV emod e1saAe

34、 bers o1daI ea1teachedependson u n d k n o w 1 e d appenswhenp ,top. d o w n a n emostimpona 997, p. 18) a s x t , w h i c h m o d text, readera n g u a g eeopleread, dinteract ntmodelss e r t i n t h ee 1 t o c h o o s sbackgro内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文p rone i ency 1 eVe 1 andeVen the i rcul turalbe 1 iefSabou

35、tEngl i shreading.Basedontheb r i e f comment s a b o u t r e a d i n g a thomeanda t o p d o w n d o a rough ity.Inthydif1/ering;onefoughtopn . The r e a Specia1tdingcompi m p rove t h e r w o u 1 d ghthetea f !terasef midtermormofthe y twoc1asd ifrerena 1studenorthepreb road, a n m o d e 1 o f E a

36、nalysis i s p a p e r , entwayso .o r r e g u 1 d o w n a p p r d i n g m a t e r a i n i n g o r e h e n s i o h e i r E n 9 1 t r a i n t h e c h i n g o f E mesterof a n d 6 n a 1 e r e s u 1 t s w sesofhor t 1 e V e 1 s o t a c h i e V e sentstudd a 1 s o b a s n g 1 i s h r e ontheEng students

37、f theEng1a rreadinoachtore r ia1is”Pf newjuninofthede .s h r e a d i 60studenng 1ishretraining xa mswi11i1 1showtiz onta1cfC omparimentoutcedontheading,t1ishreahadbeenishreadg,theotadinginent i u m E o r h i g h s sign . I n g 1 e V e 1 t s read a d i n g e V ,t h e t e s beana1yheresu1ontrastsonof1

38、oome.1.3t he o 巧 and h e t h e s i s d i n g a b i 1 t r a i n e d b i n g t e a c h h e r i s t h r s t r u c t i o n g 1 i s hc h o o 1 r e a norderto ,t h e t e a c i n g t h r o u e r y d a y . A tscoreso zed, t h e f t s w h i c h b ,a s w e a s n g i t u d i n TheneedfAccordingtothesyl 1 abus

39、in2000, t h e g o a 1 of E n g 1 i s h t e o d e V e 1 ops t king, r e a d i s , readingi stimportana c h i n g a t j udents s k ng,andwristhemajort1anguageuniormiddle i 1 1 s o f 1 i s t e ting. A m o n g t one. I t i s n o t s k i 1 1 s b u t a 1school i s t n i n g , s p e a h e s e s k i 1 1 onl

40、ythemo sotheleami n g s k i 1 1 s t h a t1 e a m e r s s h o u 1 d m a s t eEngl i sh i s 1 e a m o u g h i t i f i t s t i m o t b e e n s c h o o 1 s tedasafore sgiVenomc econsuno1 V ed.Espud e nts,thi gn1angi a1prio1 ingande cia11ye y1ack1u a g e i n C hr i t y , the1 owe f n c if o r j u n i oan

41、guageki n a . A 1 t h p r o b 1 e m o encyhasn r m i d d 1 e s n o w 1 edge,mot i V a ts t r u g g 1ion, a n d r ei n g i n 1 e a rostofthemh p u p i I s i n p r d i n g a b i 1 i t f f a i lure, t ownwo r d s, a n t f i n i s h t all. T h e s e p a b i 1 i t y . T haVestudie ima巧schoo y i s V e r y

42、 1 o heysaytha ndthattim hereading rob 1 e m s h a e r e f o r e , wd E n g 1 i s h s 1 , b u t t h e i w. W h e n a s k tthereare e i s s o s h o r comp r e h e n v e c o 1 1 e c t hetherintincetheyare r E n g 1 i s h r e a e d t h e c a seo toomanyunkn tthattheyca sionpantsat w i threading heoryor

43、inpri g n i n c cat i o nanttoseeka 1 s u d e n Ltheappros r e a d i nThispaperdoesnotVenturetoshowaf. u 1 1 p ictureofthe t o a r g u e , a s s i o n s k i 1 1 s strategies lanthebott choolstude dersinEng t h r e e m o d e farasteac i sconceme training! o m u p m o d e n t s b e c o m e s h. This1

44、s , t h e a u t h hingreadin d , t h e t o p d sill ) reef 1 i n h e 1 p i n g t luentandeorattempts g c o m p r e h e n ownreading f . e c t i V e t 1 t h e j u n i o r s fbcientreaI . Inn oductionpaperf. ocusesontheanalys i sofus ingthet o p down r e a d i n g m o d e 1 c a n h e 1 p s t u d e n t

45、 s 1 e 锄 En g 1 i shreadingbetter.内蒙古师范大学硕士学位论文I I . Li teratureReview 2 . lDe6ni t ionsof readingAuthori t iesandexpertsonthedenni t i o n s odi 妇erentviews. Sei i g e rthought t h a t comp rehens i o n i s a n i n V a r iding. Read ( 1 9 7 0 ) , h o w e V e a d i n g i n d i spensablystanding, C a

46、r r o 1 1 ( 1 9 7 0 ) e x p re n h e i dentsenfirlew,t representadingasgettenmessdenthem,neesystemofprdue i ngtheconVent i o n a 1 s i i n g u i s t i c fo rmi nsomeothe rO n t h e o enceofco ( 1 9 6 6 ) b e yofthere ytheproc act i c e t h a n d a f . e e i s t i c p e r ressedth s s i n w h i c t t

47、hrough dgeofthe rediff.e TOC o 1-5 h z ionofreathreepoiF i r s t , ia11ydeceadingteoundsorigwords.Teandwhicehensionoagreeonthe r h a n d g n i t i V e e 1 i e V e d t h a d i n gtessofrea eaccurac 1 i n g o f V a s p e c t i V e a t r e a d i n htheread theuseof linguist r e n t o p i n ding, m o s

48、n t s a b o u treadingi o d i n g p u t n d s t o b e m t i s r e g a r h i s k i n d o h a f o n m o f sis. Anda b e g i n n i n,reading Vent s . F o a t r e a d i n h i n k i n g r d i n g r e a d yofthoug lues. Fro ,m o s t p s y gwasacom e r i n t e r a pas t e x p e i c s y s t e m i o n s a b

49、o u tofthere r e a d i n g :s a d e c o d i i n t o s o u n adeasdec dedasata f r e a d i n g wordgett Iso, this g i n s t rue TOC o 1-5 h z i s d e n n e d r examp1eg isthecoe 1ationse rscan1eh t,goodjmthepsyc c ho1ingum unicatic tedwithr iencean.Al t h o u g t a p r e c i s searcher ngproces d .In

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