大学英语语法课件

1、A New English Grammar CoursebookAug. 27th, 2012 1st ed.CHENG HEAn Introduction to English Grammar 1. What is Grammar?2. Is grammar a set of rules?3. Is grammar changeable?Grammatical or UngrammaticalLabel each of the following sentences as G for grammatical, N for ungrammatical, and ? for “not sure”

2、 or “dont know”.1. The dog are chasing the cat.2. He gave the book me.3. We will went to Beijing tomorrow.4. Green clouds are sleeping furiously. 5. Sincerity shook hands with the black apple. 6. Buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo. Consider the following strings of words. How many sentences can

3、 you come up with using these words and only these words?1. the, came, girl, baskets, home, with2. the, Tom, dog, bitesFrom the linguists point of view, grammar is not a collection of rules that must be taught, but rather a set of blueprints that guide speakers in producing comprehensible and predic

4、table language. Every language, including its dialects or variants, is systematic and orderly. Languages and their variations are rule-governed structures, and are therefore “grammatical.” Sentence Clause NP VP PrepP Det N Aux Adv MV Prep Det N These under-graduate-s are rapid-ly improv-ing in their

5、 writ-ing.Grammatical Hierarchy1. Morphemes 词素 free=free root Morpheme bound root bound prefix affix derivational suffix inflectional Allomorphs(词素变体): the same morpheme in different contexts may take different phonological (语音的) or orthographical(拼写的) forms. The variants of the same morpheme are ca

6、lled “allomorphs”. Example: in- im- il- ir- inactive immature illegal irrational Incoherent immortal illogical irregular2. Words 词The word is composed of one or more than one morpheme. Words can be classified in two ways:1) Classified in terms of word-formation a) simple words(简单词)b) derivatives(派生词

7、)c) compounds(复合词). 2) Classified in terms of grammatical functiona) Closed-class words-refer to those sets of words whose items are “closed” or limited in number and are only exceptionally extended by the creation of additional members, such as prepositions, pronouns, determiners, conjunctions, aux

8、iliaries, etc.b) Open-class words -refer to those sets of words whose items are indefinitely extendable. New items are constantly being created and old items are giving place to new ones, such as nouns, adjectives, adverbs, main verbs(主动词).c) There is another class existing between the two, which in

9、cludes cardinal numeral, ordinal numeral, interjection, etc.the way a word is used in a sentence determines which part of speech it is. For example:Noun: I ate fish for dinner.Verb: We fish in the lake on every Tuesday.Eight parts of speech1. The outside of the boat needs scraping.(a) Noun (b) Adjec

10、tive(c) Adverb (d) Preposition2. You should scrape the boat without outside help.(a) Noun (b) Adjective(c) Adverb (d) PrepositionMultiple-Choice Questions(a) (b)3. Lets sit outside and laugh at you as you work in the blazing sun.(a) Noun (b) Adjective(c) Adverb (d) Preposition4. The ambulance is par

11、ked right outside the yard, next to the beehive.(a) Noun (b) Adjective(c) Adverb (d) Preposition(c)(d)5. The politician repented of his past mistakes.(a) Noun (b) Adjective(c) Adverb (d) Preposition6. Turn right past the store with the neon sign in the window.(a) Noun (b) Adjective(c) Adverb (d) Pre

12、position(b)(d)7. Always follow through with what you start.(a) Interjection (b) Conjunction(c) Adverb (d) Preposition8. The remark went right through one ear and out the other.(a) Noun (b) Adjective(c) Conjunction (d) Preposition(c)(d)3. Phrases 词组The phrase is composed of one or more than one word.

13、 Generally, the phrase is a group of words organized in a specific way with a key word as its head(中心词). The word class of the head determines the class of the phrase and the way in which the words are organized.1) The noun phrase 名词词组The noun phrase is a phrase with a noun as its head. The general

14、pattern of a noun phrase is: (determiner +) (premodifier +) noun(+postmodifier) 限定词 + 前置修饰语+名词 + 后置修饰语the tall boy sitting in the corner2) The verb Phrase 动词词组The verb phrase is a phrase with a main verb（主动词） as its head. A verb phrase can be simple or complex. A simple verb phrase is just a main ve

15、rb or “modifier + main verb”. She looks pale.We utterly detested him. A complex verb phrase is a main verb preceded by an auxiliary (or auxiliaries) (+modifier). She ought to have told him about it.In terms of grammatical form, a verb phrase can be finite（限定动词词组） or nonfinite（非限定动词词组）. A finite verb

16、 phrase is initiated by a finite form, that is, a verb form that changes according to tense or subject.Sue likes black coffee. A nonfinite verb phrase is a phrase initiated by a nonfinite form, that is, a verb form that does not change according to tense or subject. We went there to see a film.3) Th

17、e adjective phrase 形容词词组The adjective phrase is a phrase with an adjective as its head. The general pattern of an adjective phrase is:(modifier+) adjective (+postmodifier/complementation)You are not careful enough.4) The adverb phrase 副词词组The adverb phrase is a phrase with an adverb as its head. The

18、 general pattern of an adverb phrase is: (modifier+) adverb (+postmodifier)He speaks very clearly indeed.5) The prepositional phrase 介词词组The prepositional phrase is a phrase with a preposition as its head. The general pattern of a prepositional phrase is:(modifier+) preposition + complementation （补足

19、成分） They followed close behind me.1. What is the adjective phrase in this sentence? Put that box of heavy books on the counter, please.(a) Of heavy books(b) Put that box(c) Please(d) On the counter(a)Multiple-Choice Questions2. What is the adverbial phrase in this sentence? The hang glider soared ov

20、er the cool green lake.(a) The hang glider(b) Soared(c) Over the cool green lake(d) Cool green lake(c)3. What is the participle phrase in the following sentence? The toast, thoroughly burnt, sent a foul odor through the house, but Skip ate it anyway.(a) The toast(b) Thoroughly burnt(c) Sent a foul o

21、dor through the house(d) But Skip ate it anyway(b)4. What is the italic word group in the following sentence called? Waiting for the train exhausted her patience.(a) Noun clause(b) Gerund phrase(c) Prepositional phrase(d) Independent clause(b)5. What is the italic word group in the following sentenc

22、e called? The visitors forgot to give their address.(a) Prepositional phrase(b) Infinitive clause(c) Infinitive phrase(d) Prepositional clause(c)4. Clause 分句The clause is composed of one or more than one phrase. A full-fledged(完整的) clause is structurally a sequence of phrases and logically a constru

23、ction of “subject + predicate”.The producers are able to supply a small part of our needs. Subject predicate1) Independent and dependent/subordinate clause独立分句和从属分句In terms of grammatical function, a clause can be independent or dependent. An independent clause is a clause that can stand by itself a

24、nd act as a complete utterance, as distinguished from dependent clause that forms only part of another clause or of a phrase.He knows everything about it. （独立分句）I dont think he knows everything about it. （从属分句）2) Main and subordinate clauses主句和从句In a complex clause, the clause that takes another cla

25、use as its element is the main clause, while the clause that forms part of the main clause is a subordinate clause.3) Finite and nonfinite clauses限定分句和非限定分句A clause can be finite or nonfinite. A finite clause is one with a finite verb phrase as its predicate verb or predicator; a nonfinite clause is

26、 a clause with a nonfinite verb phrase as its predicator.I dont remember which of your answers were correct.(限定分句)I signed the paper to get the license.(非限定分句)4) Verbless clauses 无动词分句When a clause is marked by the absence of any form of verb element, it is a verbless clause. A verbless clause is ju

27、st a construction of “subject + predicate” without any form of verb element. Hungry and exhausted, the climbers returned.Christmas then only days away, the family was pent up with excitement.5. Sentence 句子The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit. Based on one or more than one clause, the

28、 sentence is also the basic linguistic unit of connected discourse; it can stand alone and perform a function in social communication. Thus, a sentence can be defined as a grammatical unit that can stand by itself and perform a communicative function.Sentences can be classified in various ways: (1)

29、simple, compound, complex; (2) declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamative; (3) statement, question, directive, exclamative; (4) assertion, request, offer, apology, and other kinds of speech act; (5) positive, negative; (6) active, passive.1) Full and minor sentences 完全句和不完全句A full sentence

30、is a sentence with an expressed subject and predicate. This kind of sentence is mostly used in formal speech and writing. e.g. I signed the paper to get the license.A minor sentence is only a sentence fragment which in specific contexts and situations can stand by itself and perform a communicative

31、function. Minor sentences are extensively used in informational discourses.No smoking!Help!2) Simple, compound, complex and compound-complex sentences简单句、并列句、复杂句和并列复杂句simple sentenceA simple sentence is a sentence that comprises only one independent clause. The students have made better grades in th

32、e past few weeks.The students I teach have made better grades in the past few pound sentence 并列句Two or more coordinated independent clauses make a compound sentence. Miss Linda came to the party, but Mr. And Mrs. Wood did plex sentence 复杂句When an independent clause comprises one or more dependent cl

33、auses as its element(s), this makes a complex sentence.The students would have made better grades if they had studied pound-complex sentence 并列复杂句Two or more coordinated independent clauses with at least one complex clause make a compound-complex sentence.They watched television and enjoyed themselv

34、es immensely, but we couldnt see the program because our television was broken.1. Which of the following sentences is best classified as exclamatory?(a) People in Bali remove the wings from dragonflies and boil the bodies in coconut milk and garlic.(b) The birds in my yard help keep the insect popul

35、ation under control.(c) Look at that gorgeous insect on the fence!(d) Would you eat insects?(c)2. Which of the following sentences is interrogative?(a) A new language can come into being as a pidgin.(b) A pidgin is a makeshift jargon containing words of various languages and little in the way of gra

36、mmar.(c) The leap into a “true” language is made when the pidgin speakers have children!(d) Is language innate in humans?(d)3. Which of the following is NOT a declarative sentence?(a) Venezuelans like to feast on fresh fire-roasted tarantulas.(b) Eating insects is disgusting!(c) In Japan, gourmets r

37、elish aquatic fly larvae sauted in sugar and soy sauce.(d) Many South Africans adore fried termites with cornmeal porridge.(b)4. Which of the following is a compound sentence?(a) Sirimauo Bandranaike of Sri Lanka became the worlds first popularly elected female head of state in 1960.(b) Andrew Jacks

38、on was the only U.S. president who believed that the world was flat.(c) Six-time Socialist party candidate for President of the United States Norman Thomas never polled more than 884,000 popular votes in one election, but his influence on American political and social thought was very effective.(d)

39、The first U.S. president to ride in an automobile was William McKinley.(c)5. Which of the following is a complex sentence?(a) George Washingtons false teeth were made of whale bone.(b) George Washington was deathly afraid of being buried alive.(c) Washingtons second inaugural address was 138 words l

40、ong.(d) If children are capable of creating grammar without any instruction, then such grammar must preexist in their brains.(d)6. Which of the following is a compound-complex sentence?(a) When President Franklin Pierce ran down an elderly woman, the charges against him could not be proven, and the

41、case was dismissed.(b) When George Washington was elected president, there was a king in France, a czarina in Russia, an emperor in China, and a shogun in Japan.(c) George Washington had to borrow money to go to his own inauguration.(d) James K. Polk was the only president to have been Speaker of th

42、e House.(a) Lecture 1Sentence StructureThere two main points in this lecture:1.1 Clause Elements1.2 Basic Clause Types and Their Transformation and Expansion1.1 Clause elementsThe basic clause elements：subject (主语); predicate (谓语); predicative(表语); object(宾语); attribute(定语); adverbial(状语); independe

43、nt element of the sentence(句子独立成分)1) Subject and predicate2) Two Ways of Sentence Analysis1) Subject and predicateA full-fledged clause can generally be divided into two parts: the subject and the predicate. Henry is the most studious (diligent) in the class.SubjectPredicate All the men have done th

44、eir best.Mr. Carter will investigate further.HenryAll the menMr. Carterhave done their bestwill investigate furtheris the most studious(diligent)in the classThe subject:the topic or theme of the sentence, tells of what the sentence is about (known information). The subject is generally realized by a

45、 noun phrase or an equivalent of noun phraseThe Predicate:says something about the subject and bears the new information (the speaker or writer wants to transmit to the listener or reader). The construction of the predicate, which is more complicated, generally consists of a verb phrase with or with

46、out complementation.Compound subjects and PredicatesCompound subject, e.g.,The boys and the girls are planning a dance.Fruit flies and ladybugs are insects.Compound Predicate, e.g.,My friend lives in a green house and rides a red bicycle.I opened the magazine and began to read it quietly.Double Pred

47、icatesDouble Predicates: those transformed through complicated deep structures, e.g.,He left home a mere child and returned quite a different man. = He was a mere child when he left home, and he became quite a different man when he returned.A bird fell dead to the ground.The doctor sat reading a new

48、spaper in the shade.The difference between compound predicate and double predicate. Compare:A bird fell dead to the ground.A bird fell to ground and died. A bird died and fell to the ground.A bird fell to the ground and it was dead.* A bird fell died to the ground.Double predicatecompound predicatec

49、ompound predicateCompoundsentence2) Two Ways of Sentence Analysis1. To divide the predicate into predicate verb, object, complement and adverbial. These elements together with the subject make the five clause elements. PredicatePredicate VerbObjectComplementAdverbialSubjectFive Clause Elements12345S

50、ubject+ Predicate Verb + (complementation): A verb-centered analysis 2) Two Ways of Sentence Analysis2. To divide the predicate into two parts: the operator and the predication. The operator the auxiliary or the first auxiliary in a complex verb phraseThe predication the main verb with its complemen

51、tationObject / Complement / Adverbial1.2 Basic Clause Types and Their Transformation and Expansion In terms of the different combinations of clause elements, English clauses can be classified into seven basic types.Innumerable authentic sentences are structured on the basis of these clause types.1)

52、Basic Clause TypesThe seven basic clause types are:SVCSV SVASVOSVOASVoOSVOCThese seven combinations of clause elements are wholly or largely determined by the Main Verb in the clause.SVC:The main verb in an SVC pattern is a Linking / Copula Verb which must be followed by a Subject Complement. That c

53、ar is mine. She is in good health.SV / SVA :The main verb in an SV pattern is an Intransitive Verb which is not to be followed by any obligatory element except for a limited number of intransitive verbs which require an obligatory Adverbial, thus constituting the pattern SVA. Every body laughed.The

54、children are sleeping. I live in Beijing. The train leaves at six.SVO / SVOA :The main verb in an SVO pattern is a Monotransitive which must be followed by an object, and with some monotransitives the object must be followed by an obligatory adverbial, thus constituting the pattern SVOA.Nobody could

55、 answer the question. Liverpool won the game. I put the material evidence in front of her. He treated her vilely.SVoO:The main verb in an SVoO pattern is a Ditransitive Verb which is to be followed by two objects: Indirect and Direct Object.Mary lent me her car. I made myself a cup of tea.SVOC:The m

56、ain verb in an SVOC pattern is a complex transitive verb which must be followed by an object + object complement. We made him our spokesman.They elected him president.Discussion: identify the following sentence patternTheyre out of breath. Theyre out of town.She is young and in good health.Randolph

57、is paying for the meal.It turned out a huge success.We are putting up at a motel.SVCSVC/SVA?SVCSVO/SVA?SVCSVAThey looked on me as their role model. Slowly is exactly how he speaks.Out on the lake will be splendid.Because Sally wants to leave doesnt mean that we have to.SVOCSVACSVCSVOThe realization

58、of these major clause elementsClENPVPAPAdvPPPFCl-ing ClInf. ClEd ClSVCsOdOiCoA2) Transformation and Expansion of Basic Clause Types Ways of Transformation: The basic clause types areall affirmative statements with verbs in the active voice. NegativeQuestionPassive VoiceAffirmativeStatementActive Voi

59、ceWays of Expansion:adding modifiers at various levelsby coordination and subordination1. adding modifiers at various levelsmodifiersclausephraseswordsmodifiersmodifiers2. by coordination and subordinationclauseclausecoordinationsubordinationclauseclausesubordinationcompound sentencecomplex sentence

60、compound complex sentenceExample: How many clauses? When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously, but, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions gi