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1、By seven_teen开头实验结论his argument, the arguer concludest ngwill lead to To support the, the arguos outtIn addition, the arguer reasonstThe argument suffers from several critical fallacies.自己应该干吗 根据观察和现象自己改正 根据因果his argument, the arguermendst should advise to To justify thist Thus should follow the stu

2、dysclaim, the arguer provides the evidencemendation and in order to 自己尝试新方法 根据和 假想Thehis argument ist can expect to byng In support ofthis prediction, the arguer claims attempt has benefits:1) to; 2)to;oversimplified, and unwarranted at Moreover, the arguer amest this3)to; This argument is fraught w

3、ith vague,mptions.换一个供应商his argument, the arguer advocatest should Thismendation isbased on the observationt Meanwhile, the arguer ames to be a betterchoice because This argument is problematic for reasons.自己应该干吗 根据其他州的情况histhe exysis, the arguer claimst should To substantiate the, the arguer citesl

4、e of where In addition, the arguer amest This argument is unconvincingfor several critical flaws.正文：The major problem with this argument ist Another flawt weakens this argument ist. In addition, the arguer ignores several factorst might undermine the argument. the arguer fails to consider several ot

5、her relevant factorst mightinfluence For instance since whats more etc.样本When s：les are used to make general claims about a particular group, thesles should be close enoughime to teration they are used to support,eralizationsot historical changes will not invalidate tsurvey：The sle of the survey con

6、ducted by the is vague.But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well itrepresented the public opinions.（测验）How many people participated?The sle of the survey is not represenive.数据：（ 平均值） The study revealed, on average, only a small sistical correlationbetn（实验的数据不可靠）the da

7、ta of the research is unconvincing（样本太小）the sle is too small to.（光数字没比例）the ratio of four to sixthere is only figures but no proportion of the survey 还是 ratio?Insufficient SleIf the respondents only stand for a tiny proportion of the whole group, weshould not be so sure about thet the whole groupThe

8、 arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization.It was only carried out in Sun City, but the arguer apps its result to all thecompanys markets while doesnt show us whether Sun City is a represenivemarket of the whole markets.实验组的人：副作用 有的，生理特征会对抗生素过敏错误的类比：But the problem is ogical deduction.t the t

9、wo situations are not similar enough to justify the错误的比较：The comparisont his argument isplete and selective. The arguer discoversHowever, the arguer fails to provide any information regarding respectively 别的：Furthermore the arguer ignores thesibilityt may Unless the arguer alsotakes this factoro con

10、sideration, the comparison is unconvincing.It is very likelyt and hence varies significantly.没有因果：Confusing causal relation with correlationthe arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if themaenance of the airline has been improved as a result of sendingits mechanics to the Seminar, w

11、hich is, of course, an unwarrantedamption, it does not followt 就算怎样，也不怎样Finally, the arguer hbecause ?st but he fails toyze the causes. Is it because or其他：The factt does not nesarily implyt of all, the argument is based on a hasty generalization. According to the citedstudies which is understandable

12、.It is very likelyt and hence varies significantly.分析常用：the actual amount of time forng respectively The survey is based on two isolated ex types.les. The arguer should survey more hospitals of bothHow large was the sleHow many people participated?What extent do this participators improve their spee

13、d?The arguer fails to indicate the attitude of the residents to theABCs performance.循环假设The arguer commits a fallacy of begging the question in amingt 结尾：To sum up, thelacks credibility because the evidence citedheysisdoes not lend strong support to what the arguer maains. To strengthen the argument

14、, the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning thepercentage of the affected famis and their geographical distribution.In summary, thereachedhis argument is invalid and misleading.In, the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship betn Tot Tostrengthen the argument, the arguer woul

15、d have to provide evidencebetter evaluate the argument, we would need more information about As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, thearguer would have to demonstratet is the only conditiont Additionally,the arguer must provide evidence to rule out othossi

16、ble causes of the To conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands.范文观摩呀！Argument 37 The following is a memorandum from thedirector ofnel to theof Get-Away Airlines.Since our mechanics are responsible for inspecting and maaining our aircraft, Get-Away Airlines should pay to sendthem to the

17、Quality-Care Seminar, a two-k seminar onproper maenance procedures. Imend this seminarbecause it is likely to be a wise investment, given automobileracingindustryrecentlyreportedt the ttheperformance of its maenance crews improved markedlyaftertheircrewshadattendedtheseminar.Thesemaenance crews perf

18、orm many of the same functions as doour mechanics, including refueling and repairing engines. The money we spend on sending our staff to the seminar willinevitably lead to improved maenance and thus to greatercustomer satisfaction along with greater profits for our airline.建议，看别人好自己也要In this argumen

19、t, the arguer concludest sending themechanics of Get-Away Airlines to a two-k Quality-Care Seminar onpropermaenanceprocedureswill automaticallyleadtoimproved maenance and to greater customer satisfaction alongwith greatrofits for the airline. To support the, theenance crewsarguos outt the performanc

20、e of the mahe automobile racing industry improved markedly after their crewshad attended the seminar. In addition, the arguer reasonstsince the maenance crews of the automobile racing industry and the mechanics of Get-Away Airlines perform many of the samefunctions, the airlines will gain similar be

21、nefits from the training program. This argument suffers from several critical fallacies., the argument is based on a falseogy. The arguersimply amest airplane mechanics and automobile maenance crews perform many similar functions, but he does not provide anyevidencet their functions arecomparable. A

22、s we know, thestructure,operationandfunctionofairplanesandthoseofautomobiles differ conspicuously. It is true t both the airplane and the automobile need refueling and engine ma enance, but even here there exist fundamental differen : the structure and the building materials of each others engines a

23、re different, so is the oil they use. Therefore, even though the two- k Quality-Care Seminarproved effective in improving the performance of the maenancecrewshe automobile racing industry, there is no guarantee will work just as well for airplane mechanics.t itSecond,thearguercommitsafallacyofhastyg

24、eneralization. Even if the maenance of the airline has beenimproved as a result of sending its mechanics to the Seminar, which is, of course, an unwarranted amption, it does not followt therewill be greatrofits as well as greater customer satisfaction for theairline. As we know, customer satisfactio

25、n depends on several majorfactors othern good maenance of the airplane. For instance,customers are generally concerned about thepunctuality, theon-board service, the ticket price, the luggage handling procedure and even the discount, all of which are ignored by the arguer. Besides, the arguer does n

26、ot provide any solid information concerning how the airplane can improve its profits. Unless Get-Away Airlines can significantly increase its customers or passengers and at the same time cut down its costs, both of which are unknown from thisargument, there is no guaranteet it will inevitably harves

27、tgreatrofits. Actually, the arguersmendation of investing inthistrainingprogram astheonlyway toincreasecustomersatisfaction and profits would most probably turn out to be ineffective and misleading.In, the arguer fails toestablish a causalrelationshipbetn sending Get-A ways mechanics tothe Quality-C

28、are Seminar and improved maenance, greater customersatisfaction and greater profits for the airline. To strengthen theargument, the arguer would have to provide evidencetautomobile maenance and airplane maenance are similar inevery aspect. To better evaluate the argument, we would need moreinformati

29、onabouttherelationshipbetnimprovedmaenance and greater customer satisfaction along with greaterprofits.Argument 47: The nation of Claria covers a vast physical area. But despite wide geographic differen, many citizens are experiencing rising costs of electricity. A recent study ofhousehold electric

30、costs in Claria foundt famis whocooled their houses with fans alone spent more on electricityn did famis using air conditioners alone for cooling.However, those householdst reported using both fans andairconditionersspentlessonelectricitynthosehouseholdst used either fans or air conditioners alone.T

31、hus,thecitizensofClariashouldfollowthestudys mendation and use both air conditioners and fans inorder to save money on electricity.建议，根据不科学his argument, the arguermendst Claria shouldadvise its citizens to install boir conditioners and fans for cooling inorder to reduce the cost of electricity. To j

32、ustify this claim, theargurovides the evidencet many citizens of Claria sufferfrom the rising costs of electricity. In addition, he cites the resultof a recent studyt using fans alone costs moren using airconditioners alone, andt using boir conditioners and fans costslessn either using fans or air c

33、onditionersalone. A careful how groundlessexamination of this argument would revealtheis.place, the arguer fails to takeheo account thegeographical factorsheysis. While we are informedtthere are wide geographical differenhe nation of Claria, andt many citizens are experiencing rising costs of electr

34、icity, thearguer fails to make clear the exact number of those citizens or their percentage in the national population, as well as the geographical distribution of these citizens. If only a small portion of the whole population are experiencing the rising costs of electricitywhile most famis do nove

35、 similar experience, then the reasonmight bet the former do not use electricity sparingly.his case,the rising costs of those famis have nothing to do with what kind ofelectric appliance they use to cool their houses. Or if only fami s living in hot areas are spending more money on cooling, then it i

36、s unwise to require citizens living emperate and frigid zones to installboth fans and air conditioners.he absence of all this information,it is imsible for us to evaluate themended policyt isended tohelpevery household nationwide toreduce theirelectricity cost.In the second place, the comparison in

37、this argument isplete and selective. The arguer discoverst using fansalone is more cost effectiven using air conditioners alone, andtusing both fans and air conditioners are the least expensive way of cooling. However, the arguer fails to provide any information regarding the actual amount of time f

38、or using, respectively, fans alone, air conditioners alone, and both fans and air conditioners inthose three groups of surveyed fami three groups omis are locateds. It is very likelyt these hree very different climaticregions of Claria, and hence the amount of days of the year duringwhich they need

39、to cool their houses varies significantly. Famis living in cooler areas of the nation certainly cool their houses for fewerhours and hence use leectricityn famis living in hot areas,no matter what cooling appliance they use. Unless we are certahat theythe surveyed famis livehe same climatic region,

40、ortneed to cool their houses for the same amount of hourshe sameyear although they live in different regions, which is very unlikely, we have every reason to doubt the trustworthiness of this comparativestudy. Furthermore, the arguer ignores thesibilityt thefamis who are spending more on electricity

41、 may be using moreelectricity for pures other-n cooling. Unless the arguer alsotakes this factoro consideration, the comparison is unconvincing.To sum up, thelacks credibility because theevidence citedheysis does not lend strong support towhat the arguer maains. To strengthen the argument, the provi

42、de more evidence concerning thearguer would have topercentage of the affected famis and their geographical distribution.To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information regarding the electric expense relevant to the actual amount of time for cooling among, respectively, the three grou

43、ps ofhouseholds and the amount of electricity used for othures in all three groups omis under survey.Argument 57:The following appeared in a letter from adepartment chairto theof Pierce University.Some studies conducted by Bronston College, which is alsolocated in a small town, revealt both mate and

44、 femaleprofessors are happier living in small towns when theirspouses are also employed in the same geographic area.Therefore,intheerestofattractingthe mostgiftedteachers and researchers to our faculty and improving the morale of our entire staff, we at Pierce University should offer employment to t

45、he spouse of each new faculty member wehire. Although we cannot expect all offers to be accepted or to be viewed as an ideal job offer, the money invested in this effort will clearly be well spent because, if their spouses have a chance of employment, new professors will be more likely to accept our

46、 offers.建议，看人家好自己也要In thisysis, the arguer claimst Pierce Universityshould offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty membert they hire. To substantiate the, the arguer citesthe exle of Bronston College where professors prefer to have theirspouse employedhe same geographical area. In additio

47、n, thearguer amest this offer of asible job for their spouse onthe cus, no matter whether it will be accepted, is the only factort new professors consider in deciding whether to accept auniversityition. This argument is unconvincing for severalcritical flaws.of all, the argument is based on a hasty

48、generalization.According to the cited studies, professors at Bronston College are happier living in small towns when their spouses are also employed inthe local arean when their spouses work in distant areas, which isunderstandable. This factls very little about whtual conditionsthe professors often

49、 consider as important when they choose where towork. Even if we accept the arguers amptiont whether theirspouse can find a jobhe local area is the only important questiont new professors consider when they decide whether to accept an offerinauniversitysituatedinasmalltown,thearguers mendation is st

50、ill unconvincing. Only when the offer of employment to the spouse is regarded as an ideal one and thereforeaccepted is it likelyt the professor will consider accepting theuniversitys offer. Consequently, it is unwarranted to amet newprofessors will accept Pier satisfactory employmentoffer whether th

51、eir spouse can findhe local area.In addition, the arguer fails to consider several otherrelevant factorst may influence new professors deci.For instance, since Pierlocation is not ideal, the pay it offersshould be high enough to be attractive. New gifted professors are also concerned about theition

52、they can have and the courses they aresuped to teach in the new university. Whats more, whatresearchers care most about might be the universitys researchconditionch as laboratory equipments, adequate research funds, etc.Finally, the arguer hst the morale of Pierentirestaff is low, but he fails toyze

53、 the causes. Is it because themanagement of the university is poor, or because the pay is too low,or because the local area suffers from economic depres, orbecause the local environment is severely damaged by industrialpollution? Under these circumstan , offering employment to the spouse would be in

54、effective at all for the pur e of attracting more new professors. Furthermore, if these problems do exist, even if Pierce succeeds in hiring many of the most gifted teachers andresearchers of the country, t would remain low.eral morale of the whole facultyAs it stands, the argument is not well reaso

55、ned. To make itlogically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstratet an offer of employment to the spouse is the only conditiontnew professors consider on accepting Pieroffer. Additionally,the arguer must provide evidence to rule out othersiblecauses of the low staff morale at the university.A

56、rgument 67: The following is a memorandum written by thedirectorofneltotheoftheCedarCorporation.It would be a mistake to rehire the Good-Taste Company to supply the food in our employee cafeteria next year. It is the second most expensive caterer in the city. In addition, itsprihave risen in each of

57、 the last three years, and it refusesto provide meals for people on spel diets. Just last monththree employees complained to met they no longer eat inthe cafeteria because they find the experience unbearable.Our company should instead hire Discount Foods. Discount is afamily-owned local company and

58、it offers a variedof fishand poultry. I recently tasted a slech at one of themany companiest Discount serves and it was deliciousanindication satisfaction.t hiring Discount will lead to improved employee建议，更换供应商In this argument, the arguer advocatest the CedarCorporation shouldhireDiscount Foods, a

59、family-owned localcompanyt offers a variedof fish and poultry, instead of theGood-Taste Company, the presentr of food in Cedarsemployee cafeteria. Thismendation is based on theobservationkept rising,t the Good-Taste is expensive,t its prihave t threemesch oft it does not serve spel diets, andemploye

60、es complained about it. Meanwhile, the arguer aDiscount to be a better choice for Cedar because a slethis companyt the arguer happened to taste was delicious. This argument is problematic for two reasons.The major problem with this argument ist the arguerrthefailstoconvinceustCedarspresentGood-Taste