天津大学-化工英语(研究生入学考试,专业Top1)(共45页)

1、PAGE PAGE 50化工(hugng)英语备课笔记(bj) 化学(huxu)化工 学院化工 系1、Chemical EngineeringChemical engineers create processes based upon physical and chemical change. The processes may yield marketable items市场(shchng)效益, such as gasoline 汽油(qyu)or penicillin青霉素, or noncommercial items, such as clean air or clean water

2、. The processes are created by integrating整合(zhn h) principles from basic sciences traditionally chemistry, physics, and mathematics with consideration of economics, environmental impact, and employee safety. Several textbooks in chemical engineering have introductory 介绍性的chapters on the chemical en

3、gineering profession. At the end of this chapter we list some of the most frequently used texts. We encourage you to browse through浏览 the introductory chapters of these books. Their subsequent chapters will give you a glimpse of topics in the chemical engineering curriculum. The chemical engineering

4、 profession, barely 100 years old, began as an interface 交叉between chemistry and mechanical engineering. The principal goal in the early days of chemical engineering was to commercialize chemical reactions developed at a chemists bench化学家实验室. In 1983 a list of the top ten achievements of chemical en

5、gineering was compiled on the occasion of the seventy-fifth anniversary of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), a national organization with approximately 60,000 members. The AIChE used two criteria to form this list: first, the degree to which the achievement was an innovative and

6、creative response to a societal need, and second, the historical impact of the process. These achievements are summarized as follows: Synthetic rubber. Elastic弹性(tnxng)的 materials, such as automobile tires and drive belts, are an integral part of everyday life. The annual production of rubber in 198

7、3 was twenty-two billion pounds. Remarkably, this industry was developed in only two years, just in time to replace shortages of natural rubber during World War II.Antibiotics抗生素. In 1918 an influenza epidemic killed twenty million people worldwide, one-half million in the United States alone. Vener

8、eal diseases性病(xngbng) were incurable. Until the 1950s polio 小儿麻痹crippled millions. Discovering medicines was only part of the solution. After it was observed that a mold霉菌(mjn) inhibited阻止 bacterial growth in a Petri dish皮氏培养皿, chemical engineering developed the technology to ultimately produce mil

9、lions of pounds per year of penicillin青霉素. Chemical engineering made possible the mass production of medicines and the subsequent 随后的availability to people worldwide. Polymers聚合物. Plastics such as PVC, nylon, polystyrene聚苯乙烯, and polyethylene聚乙烯 are the predominant materials for consumer products. P

10、lastics have replaced wood, metal, and glass in many applications because of their superior strength/weight ratio强度(qingd)质量比, chemical resistance化学(huxu)惰性, and mechanical properties机械性能.Synthetic fibers纤维(xinwi). Methods to produce fine threads of polymers丝状聚合物 allow us to rely less on exploiting

11、plants and animals for clothing, carpets地毯, and fabrics织物.Cryogenic低温的 separation of air into O2 and N2.The present production is about 1012 cubic feet per year. N2 is a key reagent反应物，试剂 for fertilizer and is used as a cryogen制冷剂. O2 is used in medicine and metals processing金属加工.Separation of nucle

12、ar isotopes同位素分离: 235U/238U; 12C/14C; 16O/18O. Isotopically enriched uranium同位素富集铀 changed the world for better and for worse in 1945. Nuclear energy continues to be a viable可行的 supplement to fossil fuels. Medical research, diagnostics, and treatments require isotopically enriched elements同位素富集元素.Ca

13、talytic cracking催化(cu hu)裂解 of crude oil. Crude oil was once distilled into light and heavy fractions (kerosene煤油(miyu), gasoline, lubricating润滑油 oil); the range of oil products 原油产品(chnpn)的使用范围was limited by the physical mixture of the raw material原材料. Catalytic cracking催化裂解 systematically decompos

14、es分解 oil molecules into molecular building blocks 分子积木that may be used to construct complex chemicals. The ability to make high octane高辛烷值 fuel was a crucial factor in the Battle of Britain and World War II.Pollution control. Chemical engineers can work to design process with minimal offending by-pr

15、oducts 有害副产品and devise strategies to restore polluted sites恢复受污染区域.Fertilizers, especially ammonia氨. New fertilizers have improved agricultural productivity and helped to feed the world.Biomedical engineering生物医学工程(gngchng). Chemical engineering principles have been used to model the processes of th

16、e human body as well as to develop artificial organs, such as the kidney, heart, and lungs. Adapted from T. Michael Dunean and Jeffrey A. Reimers Chemical Engineering Design & Analysis (1998)New words and expressions：penicillin 青霉素，盘尼西林(pnnxln)elastic material 弹性(tnxng)材料antibiotic 抗生素PVC 聚氯乙烯Nylon

17、尼龙Polystyrene 聚苯乙烯Polyethylene 聚乙烯chemical resistance 化学阻力fossil fuel 化石燃料kerosene 煤油high octane fuel 高辛烷值燃料by-product 副产物marketable 有市场效益的gasoline 汽油profession 专业curriculum 课程tire 轮胎influenza epidemic 流行性感冒(gnmo)venereal 性病(xngbng)的polio 脑灰质炎，小儿麻痹症bacterial 细菌(xjn)的Petri dish 皮氏培养皿cryogenic 低温学cryo

18、gen 制冷剂isotope 同位素uranium 铀distill 蒸馏ammonia 氨化学工程化学工程师们在物理和化学变化的基础上创造工艺，这些工艺可以生产具有市场效益的产品如汽油或青霉素；或产生没有经济效益的产品如清洁的空气或水。这些工艺师 通过整合基础科学即传统的化学、物理和数学的基本原理并考虑到经济、环境影响和工人安全而创造产生的。化工专业的几本化学工程教科书中有介绍性的章节，本章的最后我们也列出了其中最常用的课本。希望你们能够浏览一下这些书的介绍性章节，随后的章节将使你们了解化学工程课程的主要内容。仅有100年历史的化学工程专业是作为化学和机械工程的交叉学科出现的。早期化学工程的

19、主要目的是使化学家实验室中开发的化学反应经济化。1983年，美国化学工程学会（AIChE，一个大约有60000成员的国家组织）在成立75周年之际，根据两个标准：第一，成就对社会需求创新和创造性反应的影响程度；第二，工艺的历史影响，评出了化学工程过去的十大成就名单：合成橡胶：弹性材料如汽车轮胎和驱动带已成为日常生活不可缺少的一部分，1983年橡胶的年产量是22亿磅。值得注意的是，橡胶工业的发展仅用了两年时间，及时取代了第二次世界大战期间短缺的天然橡胶。抗生素：1918年流行性感冒使全世界2000万人丧生，仅美国就有500万人；直到50年代，小儿麻痹症使数百万人残废，发现药物是解决问题的唯一方法。

20、当发现皮氏培养皿中的一种霉菌可以阻止细菌生长后，化学工程开发的技术最终每年能够生产数百万磅的青霉素。聚合物：塑料如聚氯乙烯、尼龙、聚苯乙烯和聚乙烯是消费品的主要材料。由于其优越的强度质量比、化学惰性和机械性能，塑料在许多应用中可以替代木材、金属和玻璃。合成纤维(hchngxinwi)：生产丝状聚合物的方法使我们不再依靠剥削动物和植物来生产衣服、地毯和织物。低温(dwn)分离空气产生氧气和氮气：目前的年产量大约1012立方英尺。氮是肥料的主要成份，而且氮气可以用作制冷剂，氧气(yngq)可用于医疗和金属加工方面。元素同位素分离：235U/238U; 12C/14C; 16O/18O，同位素富集铀

21、在1945年改变这个世界，更好和更糟。核能成为化石燃料一个可行的补充；医学研究、诊断和治疗需要同位素富集元素。原油催化裂解：原油可以蒸馏成轻质和重质六分（煤油，汽油，润滑油），油产品的使用范围受到原油物理混合的限制。催化裂化系统将油分子分解成“分子积木”，可以用来构建复杂的化学物质。生产高辛烷值燃料的能力是大不列颠和二战期间的一个关键因素。污染控制：化学工程师可以设计工艺使有害的副产品达到最少限度，并采用方法来恢复受污染的地方。肥料，尤其是氨：新型肥料提高农业生产率和帮助养活全世界。生物医学工程：化学工程原理已用于模拟人体的过程以及开发人工器官，如肾脏、心脏、肺。2、Applied Therm

22、odynamics应用热力学 Thermodynamics, the interaction相互作用 of energy and mass,物质(wzh) receives considerable attention in both the chemistry and chemical engineering curricula课程(kchng). However, the two take different approaches方法(fngf). The thermodynamics of chemistry concerns itself mostly with以什么为对象 close

23、d or control mass systems, which have no movement of mass across the boundary与环境没有物质交换, as well as with ideal gases and solutions.理想气体和理想溶液 In contrast, chemical engineering concerns itself with open systems that have both energy and mass crossing the boundaries, systems that are common in industria

24、l processes. Furthermore, engineers work primarily with real, not ideal, gases and solutions under a wide variety of conditions, including nonideal high pressures and temperatures. Phase equilibrium相平衡 is a significant subject because it is the basis for understanding and designing separation 分离工序pr

25、ocesses that are ubiquitous普遍存在的 in the chemical process industries. For that reason, chemical engineers must have a variety of applied techniques to develop, extend, or estimate thermodynamic data (Table 2.1).TABLE 2.1 Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Curricula Chemical Engineering Topic Chemistr

26、y Curriculum CurriculumSystems Closed(energy flow only ) Closed and open(mass and energy flows)Gases Mainly ideal Ideal and real Entropy and enthalpy Effect of temperature only Effect of temperature and Pressure Solutions Knowledge of nonideal Extensive treatment of nonidealPhase equilibrium Basic u

27、nderstanding Basic understanding; strong emphasis on applications This chapter covers applied thermodynamics from a macroscopic 宏观(hnggun)的viewpoint, which requires many fewer descriptions than the microscopic微观(wigun)的 molecular one. Well start with a review of thermodynamics热力学复习(fx) as found in a

28、 physical chemistry course, adding information as it applies to industrial systems.TERMS 术语 Youll find the following terms helpful in understanding applied thermodynamics:A system is the part of the universe宇宙 or process under study. For example, the gas in a cylinder,气缸 water flowing a turbine,透平 a

29、nd Freon-12氟利昂 in a refrigeration unit冷冻单元 are all systems.A property性质 is any observable可分析测量的 characteristic of a system. Temperature, pressure, volume, and entropy 熵are all properties.An extensive property广度性质 is one that depends on a systems mass and size. Volume, internal energy,内能 and entropy

30、are extensive properties. An intensive property强度(qingd)性质 does not depend on the system mass or size. Pressure, temperature, and molar volume摩尔(m r)容积 are intensive properties.The state of a system refers to the macroscopic properties宏观(hnggun)性质 and is determined by its properties at equilibrium平衡

31、.A process is a change of state determined by a change in properties. If a systems temperature changes, the increase or decrease in temperature is the process.A process is reversible可逆的 if both the system and the surroundings can be restored to their initial state at the end of the process.New words

32、 and expressions：closed system 封闭系统open system 敞开体系cylinder 汽缸freon 氟利昂entropy 熵enthalpy 焓internal energy 内能extensive property 广度性质intensive property 强度性质molar volume 摩尔体积应用热力学 热力学，作为研究物质和能量相互关系的一门科学(kxu)，在化学课程和化学工程课程中都受到了很大的关注。不过，这两门课程采取了不同的研究方法。 化学热力学通常以理想气体(l xin q t)、理想溶液以及与环境没有物质交换的封闭体系为研究对象。 相

33、反，化学工程以与环境之间既有物质交换又有能量交换的敞开体系及化学过程中常见的体系为研究对象。而且，工程师主要处理的是多种多样条件下的真实的而不是理想的气体和溶液，包括高温高压。相平衡是一个非常(fichng)重要的研究主题，因为它是理解和设计化工过程中最常见的分离过程的基础。由于这个原因，化学工程师必须通过各种应用技术去发展，延伸或评估热力学数据（图2.1）。表 2.1 化学和化学工程课程主题 化学 化学工程体系 封闭 （只有能量流） 封闭和敞开(有物质流和能量流)气体 主要是理想的 理想的和真实的熵和焓 只受温度影响 受温度和压力影响溶液 认知非理想的 广泛处理非理想的相平衡 基础理解 基础

34、理解; 重点在应用本章从宏观角度来涵盖应用热力学，不需要知道体系内微观分子的细节。我们将从热力学综述开始，就像物理化学课程中那样，再加上应用于工业体系的知识。术语你将发现下列的术语有助于你对应用热力学的理解：体系是指宇宙或某过程中被划作研究对象的部份物体。比如汽缸中的气体，流过涡轮的水，冷却单元里的氟利昂等都可以作为体系。性质是指一个体系中所有宏观可测的特征。温度、压力、体积和熵都是性质。广度性质是指那些与体系中物质的数量成正比的性质，体积、内能和熵都属于广度性质。强度性质是指那些与体系中物质的数量无关的性质。压力、温度和摩尔体积属于强度性质。状态是指一定平衡条件下某热力学体系所体现的宏观性质

35、。过程是指热力学体系的状态所发生的变化。如果某体系的温度发生变化，则温度的升高或降低就是过程。如果某一过程结束时，体系和环境都能复原到初始状态，则这样的过程是可逆的。3、Flow Through Packed beds填充(tinchng)床层, Porosity孔隙率 and sphericity球形度 Packed beds are used in a wide array of process equipment,工艺设备 including absorption columns吸收塔 and fixed-bed固定床 chemical reactors. Fluid flow thro

36、ugh a packed bed is a complex process that we can visualize as flow through a collection of intermeshed多分支(fnzh)的 tubes管道(gundo) of varying cross section横截面. This collection creates a tortuous曲折的 path for the fluid, which enhances heat and mass transfer. We take a semiempirical半经验的 approach to calcu

37、lations for these flows because of their complexity.The approach uses a hydraulic radius水力半径 to derive推导 appropriate flow equations. For a packed bed, Rh = volume available for flow可利用的流体体积/total wetted surface总润湿表面积 (3.58)R h= (volume of voids空体积/bed volume)/(wetted surface/bed volume) = / (3.59)Wh

38、ere其中(qzhng) is a porosity, and a equals v(1-) where v is the total particle surface粒子(lz)表面积 divided by the volume of the particles.总面积除以总体积(tj)Also useful in packed-bed calculations is the superficial velocity表观速度 (defined as the approach velocity to the bed, or the velocity without the packing pr

39、esent)无填料, the packed bed height L, and particle diameter 粒径D. The Reynolds number 雷诺数for a packed bed is (3.60)For both laminar and turbulent层流和湍流 flow through a bed, (3.61)which is the Ergun equation.欧根方程 The term s 球形度is obtained得到 by the relation s = (6/Dp)(particle surface area表面积/particle volu

40、me ) (3.62)Some typical sphericities for various packings填料 are given in Table3.7.For the laminar range (Re1000), (3.64)For calculations in the transition range过度范围 (1.0Re100), use eq 3.6.1For cases when the packed bed consists of a mixture of different particle sizes不同颗粒(kl)大小, a surface mean diame

41、ter 表观(bio un)平均直径 must be used. This diameter is obtained by using the following equations and the total number of each size particle Ni or the mass fraction质量(zhling)分数 of each particle size xi (3.65)and (3.66)TABLE3.7 Sphericity (s) Values for packing Materials Material sSphere, cube, or cylinder

42、(L=D)Raschig ring, inside diameter L=1/2 outside diameter DRaschig ring拉西环, inside diameter L=3/4 outside diameter DBerl saddles伯尔鞍Sharp-pointed sand particles 有尖角的沙粒Rounded sand Coal dust煤灰Crushed glass碎玻璃Mica flakes 云母片1.00.580.330.30.950.830.730.650.28Adapted from Richard G. Griskys ChemicalEngin

43、eering for chemists(1997)New words and expressions：porosity 空隙(kngx)率absorption column 吸收塔cross section 横截面hydraulic radius 水力(shul)半径wetted surface 润湿(rn sh)表面laminar flow 层流turbulent flow 湍流packing 堆积mass fraction 质量分率Raschig ring 拉希环通过填充床的流体流动、孔隙率和球形度填充床广泛用于吸收塔和固定床反应器等工艺设备。流体流过填充床是一个复杂的过程，我们可以形象化

44、地看作是流体流过多分支的，具有不同界面的管道。这些管路使流体流经曲折的路径，从而增强传热和传质。由于流动过程的复杂性，我们使用半经验的方法对其进行计算。这种方法使用水力半径来推出适当的流动方程式。对于填充床：Rh=可利用的流体体积/总润湿表面积 水力半径=（空体积/床体积）/（润湿表面积/床体积）= /a 表示孔隙率 a=av（1-），其中av是粒子总表面积除以粒子总体积。在填充床计算中同样有用的是表观(bio un)速度（定义为接近床的速度，或没有(mi yu)填料时的速度即空塔速度），填充床的高度L和填料粒径D。填充(tinchng)床雷诺数为：对于平流和湍流，有： （3.61）即Ergu

45、n方程，s为球形度，可由下式计算得： s=（6/D）（粒子表面积/粒子体积）对于平流（Re1000），Ergun方程式变为：对于1.0Re50% for phenolto test in more conventional plug flow reactors平推流反应器. The combinatorial reactor组合(zh)反应器 uses a series of glass plates玻璃(b l)盘 into which a variety of homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst candidates have been placed

46、. A simple color change indicates a successful candidate (see figure below, right).Using this technique we have been able to screen筛选(shixun) an average of 20 catalysts per week. From these screenings, a number of candidates have shown promise for the direct oxidation of benzene to phenol.Testing of

47、 the promising candidates has shown that a catalyst previously used in NOx reduction chemistry has activity and selectivity for phenol production. Cu-ZSM-5 (photo at top of this page) shows selectivity of better than 50% for phenol. The remaining products are mostly organic (not CO2) and hence could

48、 potentially be converted into further phenol with the proper reactor configuration构造(guzo). In particular we are investigating the use of short contact time reactors, which give only primary products while minimizing the amount of unwanted side products. A new technique developed by CMT allows prom

49、ising catalysts for a one-step phenol production method to be identified by a simple color change. Adapted from HYPERLINK /science- technology/basicsci/one-step-phenol.shtml /science- technology/basicsci/one-step-phenol.shtmlNotesArgonne A U.S. Department of Energy laboratory operated by The Univers

50、ity of Chicago. Argonne is one of the U.S. Department of Energys largest research centers. It is also the nations first national laboratory, chartered in 1946.Engelhard Corporation Engelhard Corporation converts base materials into wealth but no alchemy魔力(ml) is involved. The company operates in fou

51、r segments. Its material services segment provides precious and base metals as raw materials for manufacturers. Engelhards environmental technologies segment cells emission-control systems (such as catalytic converters) for automobiles. Other segments produce chemical catalysts and sorbents吸附剂 (used

52、 to make pharmaceuticals医药品 and other chemical) and pigments颜料(ynlio) and performance additive性能(xngnng)增强剂 (used in plastics, coatings, paper, and cosmetics化妆品).ABB Lummus A unit of Swiss behemoth ABB Ltd., ABB Lummus Global provides engineering, procurement,采购 and construction-related services in

53、more than 70 countries. Targeting the petrochemical石化 and refining精炼, oil and gas, and power industries, ABB Lummus Global offers a range of services, including process design, project management, project financing, engineer training, and technical support. Although it does not build the petrochemic

54、al plant工厂 or refinery精炼厂, the company installs 装备有its own processing equipment and technology. ABB Lummus Global was formed in 1995 with the merger of ABB Lummus Crest and ABB Lummus Crest and ABB Global Engineering.Reaction Design Reaction Design of San Diego, California, USA, was founded in 1995

55、to provide software simulation and modeling tools to help process engineers create more efficient and environmentally friendly manufacturing processes.CMT The Chemical Technology Division (CMT) is one of the largest divisions at Argonne National Laboratory, a leading Department of Energy laboratory

56、of research and development related to energy and environmental issues. Since its inception创立(chungl) in 1948, the Division has pioneered in developing separations processes for the nuclear industry. The current scope of activities includes R&D on methods for disposing of radioactive and hazardous 危

57、险(wixin)的wastes and on energy conversion processes with improved efficiencies, lower costs, and reduced environmental impact. In addition, the Division operates laboratories that provide ESH analytical services and analytical chemistry services and research.New words and expressions：aromatic 芳烃pheno

58、l 苯酚(bn fn)intermediate 中间体benzene 苯phenol-formaldehyde resins酚醛树脂cumene 枯烯alkylation 烷基化propene 丙烯phosphoric acid 磷酸aluminum chloride 三氯化铝cumene hydroperoxide 过氧化异丙苯cleavage 分裂(fnli)，裂解acetone 丙酮(bn tn)sulfuric acid 硫酸(li sun)toluene 甲苯heterogeneous 多相的equimolar 等摩尔的plug flow reactor 平推流反应器homogene

59、ous 均相的screening 筛选activity 活动性selectivity 选择性contact time 接触时间primary product 主产物side product 副产物选择性氧化芳烃的新催化技术一步法生产苯酚：现代化工产品的60%和化学工程的90%是通过催化化学过程实现的，由于这种主导地位，催化氧化被美国能源部作为化学工业发展的最重要的领域之一。（能源效率和可再生能源工业技术办公室，展望2020年未来化学工业）催化氧化时化学工业的命脉，其产物是许多工业化学品和有机聚合物生产所必须得中间体。正因为如此，选择氧化是未来化学工业发展的重要组成部分。在过去的三十年里，苯直接

60、氧化制备苯酚是许多研究者工作的重心，但大部分的研究实际上仍是探索性的。据我们所知，目前尚未有使用分子氧一步高产率的选择氧化苯来制备苯酚。目前，美国苯酚产量是45亿磅/年，全世界是110亿磅/年，苯酚主要用来生产酚醛树脂。世界上95%的苯酚是由三步的枯烯法生产，以苯为原料，枯烯法的工艺包括：在磷酸或三氯化铝催化下，苯和丙烯烷基化生成异丙苯；以氧气氧化异丙苯生产过氧化异丙苯；在硫酸催化下，过氧化异丙苯裂解生成苯酚和丙酮。化学技术部门正在进行的一项研究，其目标是寻找(xnzho)一步生成苯酚的方法。研究(ynji)热点：在目前的一个项目中，我们正在研究一种(y zhn)从苯或甲苯出发，通过多相催化以