四同位语从句译法

1、-. z四、同位语从句的译法同位语是用来进一步解释名词或代词的，同位语可以是单词、短语也可以是从句。科技英语中，同位语从句也是常见的一种从句。同位语从句一般由that引导，但也可以用关系代词what, which, who, 关系副词when, where, why, how或whether(if)引导。常被同位语从句解释和说明的名词主要有fact, thought, theory , idea, hope, news, doubt, conclusion, question, problem, evidence, certainty，belief, rumor, mystery, sugge

2、stion, order, answer, decision, discovery, e*planation, information, knowledge, law, opinion ,principle, truth, promise report, statement ,message, saying ,rule等。同位语从句的译法主要有以下几种情况：一译成独立句有时可以把同位语从句译为一个独立的句子，这时其前可以增译即字，或采用冒号或破折号。较长的同位语从句汉译时常常采用此法。如：Einstein came to the conclusion that the ma*imum spee

3、d possible in the universe is that of light.爱因斯坦得出这样的结论，即宇宙中的最大速度是光速。There is few to support the view that in a highly efficient transit operation almost every vehicle should be capable of running almost every service.很少有人赞成这样的观点，即在高效的交通运输作业中，几乎每一种机动车都应能够完成几乎所有的效劳功能。Putting two and two together, he

4、came to the conclusion that mechanical energy is different from electrical energy.他根据事实推断出一个结论：机械能不同于电能。We e to the conclusion that recognizable differences e*ist today between marine and nonmarine forms.我们所得出的结论是：在今天，海洋生物的形态和非海洋生物的形态之间存在着明显的差异。Copernicus challenged what had until then been the most

5、 natural of ideas: that our Earth was the center of the universe.哥白尼向直到那时被认为是最天经地义的观念地球处于宇宙中心提出挑战。And there was the possibility that a small electrical spark might accidentally bypass the most carefully planned circuit.而且总有这种可能性一个小小的电火花，可能会意外得绕过了最为精心设计的线路。有时为了修辞需要，也可以把同位语从句译成独立的句子，置于句首。如：The princip

6、le that gas can function while e*panding has been applied to the steam engine.气体在膨胀时能做工，这一原理已应用于蒸汽机上。Translate by yourself:1We are all familiar with the fact that nothing in nature will either start or stop moving by itself.2At the end of last century, an important discovery was made, that everythin

7、g was partly built of electrons.3In 1905 Einstein worked out a theory that matter and energy were not pletely different things.4There arose the question where the equipment should be installed.二译成汉语的定语尽管同位语从句不是定语从句，但有时其意义上和形式上接近定语从句，故汉译时也常把同位语从句转译为定语。如：The possibility that a circuit breaker may fail

8、 to perform its function, when instructed to do so, is higher than for protection and trip circuit.这样做以后，断路器拒绝动作的可能性高于保护和跳闸回路失灵的可能性。We all know the fact that all elements are made up of atoms.我们都知道元素都是由原子组成的这一事实。The theory that heat is motion e*plains simply how supplying heat to a gas causes its pr

9、essure to increase.热就是运动的理论清楚地解释了供应气体热量怎样引起气体的压力增加。Translate by yourself:1Obviously there was little probability that they would succeed in electrolysis.2The proposal that more equipment should be imported from abroad is to be discussed at the meeting.3The problem that all machines in this factory m

10、ust be controlled by puters will be solved before long.三译成主谓构造词组类似宾语从句有时同位语说明的名词常常含有动作意义，如suggestion, assumption doubt, hope 等。由于这样的名词在汉译中常常被转译成汉语的动词，故同位语从句往往随之被译为汉语的主谓构造的词组类似宾语从句。如：The assumption is made that the cylinder is a perfect nonconductor of heat.假定汽缸是一种完全的非导热体。Quite apparent is the fact t

11、hat most laser beams are e*ceedingly directions, or highly collimated.非常明显的是，大多数激光光束有良好的方向性，或者说，具有高度的准确性。It all helps the claim that the raw material for life was imported from the clouds of space.所有这些都有助于说明，形成生命的原料是从星际空间的尘云输入的。At that time, only a few scientists accepted the idea that there had bee

12、n a large island in what is now the deepest part of this sea.那时，只有少数几个科学家认为现在这个海域最深的局部曾经有过一个大岛。An outstanding advantage is the fact that the a*ial clearance is not limited.其突出的一个优点就是轴向间隙不受限。Translate by yourself:1We were working on the supposition that they could improve the ple* machine.2The worksh

13、op director e*pressed the hope that we could develop a new kind relay.3The old engineer made his suggestion that the new nuclear power station should be built on a small island off the coast of Zhejiang.4The governor made a decision that all the small thermal power plants would be closed soon.5An id

14、ea came to him that he might do the e*periment in another way四译成状语从句名词fact可与*些特定的介词连用，后接的that 引导的同位语从句经常可以译为表示原因或让步的状语从句，这是可以把介词+fact + that 构造看作是复合的附属连词，如：Using a persons voice as an identifier is based on the factthat the geometry of the vocal tract differ greatly from person to person.由于每个人声道的几何形

15、状大不一样，因此可以利用人的语音来验明身份。译为原因从句In spite of the fact that there is no chemical union between o*ygen and hydrogen, the position of air is e*traordinarily constant.虽然空气中所含的氧和氢之间没有化学上的结合，但其比例却异常稳定。译为让步从句In consequence of the fact that molecules have perfect elasticity, they undergo no loss of energy after

16、a collision.由于分子具有完全的弹性，因此分子碰撞后并没有能量损失。译为原因从句Translate by yourself:1Some necessary measures were adopted in view of the factthat the event had happened une*pectedly.2Despite the fact that you are not the only person to blame, you are principally responsible for it.3The factory refuses to adopt the n

17、ew process in spite of the fact that the environment has been badly polluted.4People see things differently in the light of the fact that they are materialists and idealists.五there be 句型中同位语从句的译法翻译there be 句型中的同位语从句往往采用顺译法，即按照句子原来的顺序翻译，并且在汉译时要注意运用汉语中一些约定俗成的表达词语。如：There is absolutely no question that

18、 acupuncture is promoted as a treatment for pain.毫无疑问，针灸越来越多地被用来治疗疼痛。There is evidence that repeated e*posure to shallower depths might also cause neurological damage. 有迹象说明，频繁进展深度较浅的潜水也可能导致神经方面的损伤。There is a saying that a chemical engineer can do anything.常言道，化学工程师能做任何事情。There is a possibility that

19、 the thickness of filler plates for front and rear mount is different.有可能，安装在前部和后部的垫片厚度不同。Translate by yourself:1There is some doubt whether the hardened mandrel shall be used for referee test purposes.2There is no certainty that the elastic material does not necessarily obey Hookes law.3There are a

20、lso suggestions that black holes could be used to create bombs in the future, by amplifying radio waves sent up to them.4There was evidence that all atoms consist of a nucleus and electrons.第四节长句的翻译长句子是科技英语的一大特点。造成英语句子长的原因很多，但最主要的原因是语言构造层次多而复杂：句子中并列成分多，各种短语、修饰语多，并列分句或各种从句多。由于长句子的这些特点，决定了我们进展长句子的翻译时，

21、首先要弄清英语原文的句法构造，即长句中词与词、短语与短语、词与短语、句子与句子、主句与从句、从句与从句等各个构造层次之间的逻辑关系及意思。在理清关系的根底上，抓住句子的核心容，然后利用我们在前几章讨论的各种有关词，短语、并列句、复合句等翻译方法，再按汉语的表达方式与习惯翻译出全句，要尽量做到既能正确地表达原文，又不拘泥于原文的形式。翻译英语长句，主要可采用以下四种方法。一、顺译法英语产生长句的原因我们已有所了解。如果英语长句所表达的事件是按照时间顺序或按照逻辑关系安排的，并与汉语表达方法根本一致时，便可按照原文的顺序翻译。如：例句一If such alloys possess other pr

22、operties which make them suitable 1for die casting,they are obvious choices for the process,2because their lower melting point will lead to longer die lives3than would be obtained with alloys of higher melting points.4分析：如上所示，本句是由一个主句和四个从句组成。其句法构造依次是：1是if 引导的条件状语从句，其中包含which引导的定语从句修饰名词properties；2是主

23、句；3是because引导的原因状语从句；4是morethan 构造的比拟状语从句。翻译时采用顺译法先翻译第1局部：如果这类合金具有使它们适于压铸的其他性能其中的定语从句译为的字构造的定语，即使它们适于压铸的；再翻译第2局部：它们显然可以被选来用于压铸；然后翻译第3局部，即原因从句：因为它们熔点较低，所以可以延长压住模寿命，注意翻译原因状语从句时采用了分译法，即将其主语局部译成一个分句；最后翻译第4局部：比起高熔点合金来，并将此插译在原因状语从句中。译文：如果这类合金具有使它们适于压铸的其他性能，它们显然可以被选来用于压铸，因为它们熔点较低，所以比起高熔点合金来可以延长压住模寿命。例句二How

24、ever, even if prediction bees possible,people who (1) (2)live in areas where earthquakes are a mon occurrence (2) (3)will still have to do their best to prevent disasters by building (4)structuresthat are resistant to ground movement and by being (5)personally prepared.6分析：本句是由一个主句，三个定语从句和一个让步状语从句组成

25、。其具体句法构造依次是：1是even if 引导的让步状语从句；2是定语从句修饰主句的主语people；3是where引导的定语从句修饰areas；4是主句其中主句的主语people被两个定语从句隔开；(5)是第三个定语从句修饰building structures；需要注意的是主句中的两个by引导的状语短语被that引导的定语从句隔开了。翻译时采用顺译法，这一点可以从以上例句所说明的序号清楚地看到。汉译时，先翻译第1局部：即使可以预测；再翻译第2和3局部：居住在地震频发区的人们还是应尽力预防灾难，其中所包含两个定语从句，who 引导的定语从句译为的字构造。Where引导的定语从句采用短语法被

26、译为地震频发请参考本书第十章第二节定语从句的译法；然后翻译第4局部：方法是建造的房屋，其中第5局部为定语从句被融合到第4局部，译为的字构造的短语即能够抵抗地表运动的最后翻译地6局部：同时做好个人准备。译文：然而，即使可以预测，居住在地震频发区的人们还是应尽力预防灾难，方法是建造能够抵抗地表运动的房屋，同时做好个人准备。例句三The absence of pesticides and the emphasis on natural fertilizer1are designed not only to keep the e*periment as untainted as1possible, b

27、ut also to protect the health of the human consumers; 1because all the air and water in Biosphere II is continually2recycled and regenerated, it is important that no poisons be23introduced into the system anywhere.3分析：该句是由两大局部组成，中间有分号隔开。分号前一局部为一个分句，其中包含有not onlybut also 连接的两个不定式短语to keep 与 to protec

28、t ；分号后面的局部为一个主从复合句，它由because引导的原因状语从句和it作形式主语的主句所组成，真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句。翻译此句可采用顺译法，先翻译第1局部：不使用农药和强调天然肥料的目的不仅是为了使实验尽可能不被污染，也为了保护食用者的安康；再翻译第2局部：因为第二生物圈的空气和水全部是不断地再循环和再生的；最后翻译第3局部：所以在此生态系统中任何地方都没有毒物引入是很重要的。译文：不使用农药和强调天然肥料的目的不仅是为了使实验尽可能不被污染，也为了保护食用者的安康。因为第二生物圈的空气和水全部是不断地再循环和再生的，所以在此生态系统中任何地方都没有毒物引入是很重要的。

29、从以上例句中不难看出，绝对的顺译是不可能的，也没有必要这么做，局部地方对语序加以调整是允许的。Translate by yourself:1We believe that the ratio is modest hypercholesterolaemia since individuals with low or very high cholesterol concentrations are unlikely to have their risk of developing CHD (coronary heart disease) altered either by HDL-C (high

30、density lipoprotein-cholesterol) measurement or the calculation of the ratio.2Now, a team of astronomers has discovered evidence that the object, whatever it may be, is spewing vast quantities of energetic particles that collide with a surrounding irregular ring of cold hydrogen gas.3However, in cas

31、es that had episodes of increased PAP/ AOP ratio, the mean duration of function was increased to five days, and this was almost certainly related to the use of continuous tolazoline infusion through the catheter.二、倒译法有些英语长句子的表达顺序可能与汉语的表达顺序正好相反，这种长句子在翻译时就得用倒译法。如：例句一This rotating, lumpy doughnut provi

32、des strong evidence5that something e*otic is going on deep in the heart of 6the Milky Way, said Terry Jones, an astronomer at the 643University of Minnesotawho, as a member of an international 31 team,has been studying the phenomenon.2分析：这是一个主从复合句，由一个主句、一个宾语从句和两个定语从句构成。其具体构造为：4是主句；5和6是直接引语作谓语动词said的

33、宾语从句，该宾语从句中又含有that 引导的定语从句修饰名词evidence；3是主语Terry Jones的同位语；1和2是who引导的定语从句修饰名词 astronomer, 其中1是定语从句中由as 引导的短语作方式状语。整个句子主要构造的翻译采用倒译法，翻译的顺序从例句中所标明的序号可一目了然。即先译1as 引导的方式状语：作为国际考察小组的一名成员，再译2定语从句：一直在对这个现象进展研究的定语从句译为的字构造的定语，然后将同位语短语3和主句的主语与谓语4合译为 明尼达大学天文学家特里琼斯说，最后翻译位于句首的宾语从句5和定语从句6这个不断旋转的像炸面饼圈样的凹凸不平的氢气环提供了有

34、力的证据，说明在银河系中心深处有一种奇异的东西在活动。译文：为国际考察小组的一名成员一直在对这个现象进展研究的明尼达大学天文学家特里琼斯说：这个不断旋转的像炸面饼圈样的凹凸不平的氢气环提供了有力的证据，说明在银河系中心深处有一种奇异的东西在活动。例句二Scientists are learning a great deal abouthow the large plates72in the earths crust move, the stresses between plates,how 3earthquakes work,and the general probabilitythat gi

35、ven place will 465have an earthquake, although they still cannot predict 51earthquakes.分析：本句是由一个主句，四个并列宾语其中两个宾语从句，两个短语，一个定语从句和一个让步状语从句组成。其具体句法构造依次是：1是although引导的让步状语从句；2是宾语从句；3是名词短语作宾语；4是宾语从句；5是定语从句修饰宾语probability；6是名词短语作宾语；7是主句。整个句子主要构造的翻译采用倒译法，翻译的顺序从例句中所标明的序号可一目了然。汉译时，先翻译第1局部：尽管科学家仍无法预测地震；再翻译四个并列宾

36、语中的前三个即2、34局部：地壳中的大板块如何运动，板块间的压力如何，地震如何发生；然后翻译带有定语从句的第四个宾语即5和6局部：*地区发生地震的一般概率为多少。最后翻译7即主句：他们了解得越来越多。 译文：尽管科学家仍无法预测地震，但对地壳中的大板块如何运动，板块间的压力如何，地震如何发生，*地区发生地震的一般概率为多少，他们了解得越来越多。从上面的例句我们可以看出，即便是倒译法，也只是指整个构造上的句子倒译，不必也不可能要求句子的每个局部成分都采用倒译。Translate by yourself:1Just as a pace satellite, once it has got away

37、 from the pull of the earths atmosphere, continues to circle round and round the earth for ever, so an electric current circling a frozen ring of mercury should continue to flow for ever, if the temperature is kept below the essential four degrees above absolute zero.2It is very interesting to note

38、the differently chosen operating mechanism by the different manufacturers, in spite of fact that the operating mechanism has a major influence on the reliability of the circuit-breakers.3Thus, marginal cost to the producer many fall below marginal cost from the point of view of the whole economy whe

39、n e*tra output requires e*tra foreign e*change and when foreign e*change is particularly scarce.三、分译法在英语长句子中，有时主句与从句，或短语之间关系并非十分严密，且有时翻译时为使译文更符合汉语的表达习惯，使行文方便，往往可以将繁杂的长句子拆分开翻译。分译时，为了使译文语意连贯，常常可以适当地增译或者省译*些词语。如：例句一The classical metallurgical processes of smelting the o*ides 1with carbon in the presenc

40、e of a fusible slag, such as are used 12for the production of many of the moner metals, are not 2applicable to the range of rather rare elements about which this 3section is written, if the metals are required in pure condition. 4分析：该句由一个主句，一个方式状语从句和一个条件状语从句组成。其中主句的主语与其谓语被such as 引导的方式状语从句隔开，主句后又有ab

41、out which 引导的定语从句修饰rare elements，最后是if引导的条件状语从句。该句由于主句太长，适合采用分译法，即将主句分译成两个分句。具体的译法为：先翻译第1局部，即主句的主语，把它译成一个分句：传统的冶金过程是用碳将易熔渣中的氧化物溶化；然后翻译第2局部：许多普通金属都是这样生产的；再翻译第3局部，即主句的谓语局部，将该局部译为另一个分句但这种方法并不适用于生产本文所提到的这些稀有金属元素；最后翻译第4局部：尤其是需要获得纯洁金属时更是如此。译文：传统的冶金过程是用碳将易熔渣中的氧化物溶化，许多普通金属都是这样生产的，但这种方法并不适用于生产本文所提到的这些稀有金属元素，

42、尤其是需要获得纯洁金属时更是如此。例句二The carrying capacity of the pilesmay be due to the frictional 13resistance of the ground against the sides of the piles, in 3cases where the strength of the ground does not materially 2increase with depth; or to the strong veering layer to which24the points of the piles reach,in

43、 which case (where) they 45transmit the load from the soft strata above to the bearing 5stratum. 分析：这是一个比拟复杂的主从复合句，它是由一个主句和三个定语从句构成。其中主句为：主语The carrying capacity of the piles +系动词 may be +两个due to引导的并列表语其中第二个 to 前省略了due 。三个定语从句分别是where 引导的定语从句修饰cases, to which 引导的定语从句修饰layer, (where) 引导的定语从句修饰case 。

44、事实上，两个where 引导的定语从句从逻辑意义上讲均表示条件。汉译时利用拆分法将主句拆分开来翻译：先翻译第1即主句的主语局部，被译为一个分句：基桩之所以具有承载能力；再翻译第3表示条件的从句局部：在土壤强度不随深度增加而显著提高的情况下，然后翻译第2即主句的第二局部：是由于土壤和基桩侧面之间的摩擦作用，再译第4局部主句的最后一局部：另外则是由于桩底伸到的那层有很大的承载能力，最后翻译第5局部：在这后一种情况下，基桩把载荷又松软的上层传到承压层。 译文：基桩之所以具有承载能力，在土壤强度不随深度增加而显著提高的情况下，是由于土壤和基桩侧面之间的摩擦作用；另外则是由于桩底伸到的那层有很大的承载能

45、力；在这后一种情况下，基桩把载荷又松软的上层传到承压层。Translate by yourself:1This development is in part a result of e*perimental studies indicating that favorable alterations in the determinants of myocardial o*ygen consumption may reduce ischemic injury and that reduction in afterload may be associated with improved cardia

46、c performance.2Up to a point, flyovers and underpasses, being the first really decisive steps to speed up and divert traffic, have eased the situation, but a considerable contribution towards a satisfactory solution can be made by underground railway networks.3In order to understand what happens dur

47、ing sintering of pacts, the changes in density, in dimensions, in metallographic structure and in mechanical properties during sintering must be studied from an e*perimental point of view, beginning with those in pacts from a single metal powder or from homogeneous solid solution alloy powders.四、综合法

48、有些长句采用以上所说的三种译法都感不妥，是按时间顺序翻译还是按逻辑顺序翻译，这时就应仔细分析与推敲，有顺译有倒译又有拆分地对全句进展综合处理。例句一Unless otherwise noted,o*ide folds and suckbacks are 14acceptableif the thickness in the area is not less than the 2minimum sheet or plate thickness allowed in the material 2specification and / or the drawing tolerances for ma

49、chined or 2formed sheets or parts, whichever is applicable.23分析：本句共有一个主句和四个从句组成。该句的句法构造依次是unless 引导的条件状语从句、主句、 if 引导的条件状语从句其中包含lessthan 构造的比拟状语从句、whichever引导的方式状语从句。该句看是复杂，其实只有两个层面的含义：第一层面的含义也是该句的核心局部，即对于机械加工或成型的板材或零件，假设焊缝加强区的厚度不小于材料规和/或图纸公差允许的最小板材厚度哪一条适宜，就以哪一条为准，则氧化膜起皱和倒缩孔是可以允许的；第二个层面的含义即除非另有注明，其真正的含义实际上没有完整的表达出来，如果将该层面意思补充完整应该是除非另有注明，否则氧化膜起皱和倒缩孔是可以允许的，换言之如果没有另外注明，则氧化膜起皱和倒缩孔是可以允许的。翻译该句先采用了顺译法翻译了第1局部，然后采用倒译法翻译主句之后的第2和3局部，最后翻译主句第4局部。对全句在理解了其逻辑关系的根底上，进展了综合处理。译文：除非另有注明，