最新材料专业英语译写教程

1、文档从网络中收集，已重新整理排版.word版本可编辑,欢迎下载支持.Iword版本可编辑,欢迎下载支持.最新材料专业英语译写教程第一节专业英语的语法特点一、非人称语气和客观性试看下面的一段研究论文：Graphitization characteristics of either conventional malleable irons and magnesium-treated white irons have been proposed or reported in previous literature. However, no detailed investigation has bee

2、n conducted regarding the heat-treatment responsiveness of Mg-treatcd malleable irons.In this paper, the influence of different foundry variables(e.g. section size, composition of the iron, nodule countt etc.)on first-stage and second-stage graphitization was investigated.Magnesium treatment contrib

3、uted to improved nodularity, uniform nodule size, unifonn nodule distribution and shorter first-stage graphitization time.Empirical regression equations were derived and indicated that the pearlite-ferrite ratio in the matrix can be controlled by varying the second-stage graphitization cooling rate

4、through critical temperature range.The pearlite-ferrite ratio also depends upon the section size of the castingsjhe composition of the iron and the nodule count.以前的文献报道了传统可修铸铁和镁处理自口铁的石墨化特征，然而有关镁处理可锹铸铁与热处理的 相关性尚无详细研究。本文研究了各种铸造因素(如断面尺寸、铸铁化学成分、石墨球数等)对第一阶段和 第二阶段石墨化的影响。镁处理有利于提高石墨球化率，使石墨球大小和分布均匀，并缩短第一阶段石墨

5、 化时间。根据实脸结果导出了回归方程，方程表明：通过改变第二阶段石墨化经过临界温度范围的冷却速 度，可以控制基体中“珠光体/铁素体”量的比值。这一比值也取决于铸件断面尺寸的大小、铸铁的化学 成分和石墨球数。在这段英语申，作者指出了研究工作的背景，介绍了研究内容，陈述了铸造因素对镁处理可锻铸 铁两阶段石墨化过程的影响，并借助统计方法对试验结果进行了分析。这段叙述总共用了六句话，为了体 现研究工作的客观性，全部采用非人称语气(连从句一共七个主语全都是非人称的)。整段文字语言规范、 条理清楚、简洁流畅，并且使用的是正式的书面体，文中词语也几乎都是专业科技词语，所以这段文字可 以说是典型的专业英语。二

6、、被动语态由于专业英语文献陈述的对象是客观事物，经常使用无生命的第三人称语气和客观态度，因此在语言 表述中必然较多地使用以客观事物为主体的被动语态。如在上一段例句中，六句话就有五处使用被动语态, 足见其使用频率之高。专业英语中的被动语句不一定要说出行为主体，特别当行为主体是人时。但有时也可用by引出行为 者，这些行为主体除了人、机构、物质以外，还包括完成该动作的方法、原因或过程等。例如：(l )After the hot-Worked surface has been cleaned and oxides removed the metal can be cold worked to give

7、 the final dimensions and properties.在对经过热加工的金属表面进行清洁和除去氧化物后，可对金属进行冷加工得到最后的尺寸和性能。(2)The amount of undercooling degree that occurs with a given analysis of alloy melt and cooling rate is strongly influenced by the presence of nuclei in themelt.在一定的化学成分和冷却速度下，合金液过冷度的大小受到合金液中存在的晶核的强烈影响。另外，有时可将被动句中的“by”

8、放到句首，构成倒装句，以强调主动方。如果想让读者特别注意过 程的步骤或事件的顺序时，可采用此法。例：By increasing carbon and/or silicon contents the propensity of cast iron to solidify white is reduced.通过增加碳和(或)硅的含量，铸铁凝固成白口的倾向被减弱了三、非谓语动词.分词的使用在专业英语中，分词短语被大量地用作定语、状语和独立分词结构，取代被动态或主动态的关系从句， 便句子结构得到简化。例如：(1 ) Examined under a microscope, gray cast iron

9、 consists of metal matrix and graphites.在显微镜下观察，灰铸铁由金属基体和石墨组成。(分词短语作条件状语)分词独立结构(名词或代词十分词短语，是一种主谓结构，在中的作用相当于并列分句或从句。例如：(2) Agitation is critical, the aim being to distribute silicon carbide particles homogeneously throughout the aluminum melt.搅拌至关重要，其目的是将碳化硅颗粒均匀地分布在整个铝液中。(并列分句)(3 ) The process involv

10、es the moulder placing a box around the patternJilling it with sand and then applying a squeeze board by means of levers, thus exerting the necessary force to compact the sand around the pattern profile.这个过程包括造型工将砂箱环绕模型放流，填充型砂，然后通过杠杆用压板施力，将围绕模型的型砂 紧实。(相当于宾语从句)2.动名词的使用动名词构成的介词短语可取代状语从句或简化陈述句，在专业英语中应用

11、广泛。如：(1 ) Iron is made by reducing iron oxide in a large device called blast furnaces.铁是在一种叫做鼓风炉的大型设备里通过将氧化铁还原制得的。The formation of complex gas can be controlled by reducing the oxygen content in the melt and this is achieved by adding deoxidants.通过减少金属液中属的含量可以控制复杂气体的形成，而这是由加入脱氧剂实现的。The adverse effec

12、ts of segregation associated with slowly cooled large section castings can be reduced by controlling the purity of the charge materials and by increasing the nodule number.通过控制原材料的他度和增加石墨球数，可以减轻缓慢冷却的大断面铸件中由于元素偏析产生的副作 用。3.不定式的使用不定式在专业英语中的使用也十分频繁，在句中常用来替换表示目的、功能的从句，使句子结构简 练。例如：Certain elements such as

13、 magnesium, cerium and calcium can be added into the cast iron melt of suitable composition to change the growth habit of the eutectic graphite from flake to nodular on subsequent solidification.文档从网络中收集，已重新整理排版.word版本可编辑,欢迎下载支持.在具有适当成分的铁水中添加某些元素，如镁、锦和钙，可以在随后的凝固中将共晶石墨的生长习性 从片状改变为球状。Metallographic sa

14、mples may also be taken from testbars or from castings to examine the form of the graphite and matrix or to determine eutectic cell size.金相试样也可以从试棒或者从铸件上取得，用来考察石墨和基体的形态，或者用来确定共晶团的大小。 四、名词化结构表示动作意义的名词十。f十名词十修饰语”叫做名词化结构。名词化结构具有文字明了、用词简洁、 结构紧凑、表意客观、信息容量大等特点，在专业英语中经常用它代替主谓结构作各种句子成分，使句子 结构简化。例如：The pearl

15、ite structure can be achieved by control of cooling rate after solidification or by subsequent heat treatment.珠光体组织可以通过控制凝固后的冷却速度或通过后来的热处理获得。An increase in nodule number and improvements in nodule shape in large section castings can be effected by the addition of a small mount of antimony.在大断面铸件中，添加

16、少量的睇可增加石墨球数并改善球墨形状。The substitution of blasting hot air for blasting cold air results in a very considerable increase in melt temperature.用鼓入热风代替冷风，可以显著的提高铁水温度。五、省略句.并列复合句中的省略各分句中的相同成分一一主语、谓语(助动词或行为动词，或宾语可以省略。如：The first treatment would require a minimum of 48 hours, while the second treatment would

17、 require only 26 hours.第一次处理最少需要48小时，而第二次处理只需要26小时。可以省略为：The first treatment would require a minimum of 48 hours, the second only 26 hours.状语从句中的省略在主从复合句中，当状语从句的主语和主句的主语相同时，从句中的主语和助动词往往可以省略， 有时甚至将连词一并省略。例如：If (it is) alloyed with tin, copper forms a series of alloys which arc known as bronze.如果将铜与锡熔

18、合，就能形成叫做青铜的一系列合金。(条件状语从句中的主语和助动词可以省略， 连词也可省略)另外，有时还可将状语从句中的连词、主语和谓语全部省略，只保留介词短语，而意义不变。如上 面列举的例子便可进一步简化成：With tin, copper forms a series of alloys which are known as bronze.铜能与锡形成叫做青铜的一系列合金。.定语从句中的省略由关联词that或which引导的定语从句，可将关联词和从句谓语中的助动词一并省略。Iword版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.文档从网络中收集，已重新整理排版.word版本可编辑,欢迎下载支持.Iword版本可

19、编辑,欢迎下载支持.如上句中的which可予省略，留卜.作定语用的分词known as bronze”;并且还可进一步省略成: Alloyed with tin, copper forms a bonze.用锡合金化，铜就形成青铜。In this diagram the solid solution ( which is ) based on metal C is called the phase.在此相图中，以金属C为基的固溶体称为a相。(3)The indirect arc furnace is a furnace ( which is used ) for melting nickel

20、alloys, bronzes, gunmetals and special cast iron.直接电弧炉是熔化媒合金、青铜、炮铜和特种铸铁的熔炉。.其他省略句(1)使用标准的缩写词，也可将长句缩短。例如：The interface composition between matrix and reinforce can be analyzed by EMPA.应用电子显徼探针可以分析基体与增强物之间的界面成分。(EMPA是Electron Micro Probe Analysis的 首字词)(2)使用某些特定句型也可以省略一些句子成分。例如The lower the temperature

21、 of bainite formation the finer are these carbides and the structures produced become similar to that of tempered martensite.贝氏体形成的温度越低，这些碳化物就越细，而形成的组织变得类似于回火马氏体的组织。.常见省略句型六、惯用句型七、复杂长句(1 ) One of the ways of further strengthening a solid solution matrix is to obtain a fine distribution of a hard int

22、ermetallic compound throughout the structure in order to further restrict deformation mechanisms, large crystals or networks of such compounds must be avoided however since they can cause embrittlement.进一步强化固溶体基体的途径之一是：在整个组织中获得细密分布的坚硬的金属间化合物，以进一步 限制变形机制：但是必须避免粗大晶粒和金属间化合物的网状组织，因为它们会导致脆性,(2 ) The rese

23、arch results indicated that when the conditions assumed in the formula used for calculation are obtained by the complicated pouring basin the frictional losses caused by the viscous forces in the metal are not as great as those reported by other workers.研究结果指出，当结构复杂的浇口杯满足计算公式所假设的条件时，金属中粘滞力所引起的摩擦损失 并

24、不像其他研究者所报道的那样大。(3) It is important to remember that the composition of a given grade of steel can be subject to variations within the range of its specification, and such variations in composition, impurity elements and also grain size caused in hot-working process will result in differences in both

25、 response to heat treatment and variations in mechanical properties.重要的是要记住，给定牌号钢的化学成分在其规定范围内可能发生一些变化，这样一些在热加工过程 中引起的存在于成分、杂质元素、还有晶粒大小上的变化，将使热处理工艺和力学性能产生一些差异。 八、其他第二节专业英语的词汇特点一、专业英语词汇的组成.专业技术词汇这是指各个学科或专业中应用的专业词汇或术i吾，其意义狭窄、单一，专业性很强，一般只使用在各 自的专业范围内。如：graphitization desulphurization diatherniometcrmacr

26、osegregation galvanoplastics石墨化 脱硫 热阻测定仪 宏观偏析电铸术microcrystallography 显微结晶学.半专业词汇这类词汇系指在专业英语中使用的普通词汇，它除了本身的基本词义外，在不同的专业中又有不同的 词义。例如“flux”一词，其基本词义是“流动，用在专业技术上转义力稀释剂、熔剂、造渣、助熔处理、 磁通、磁力线”等。又如feed一词，其基本词义是喂养、用在专业技术上转义为补给、输送、供水、加 载、进刀、冒口、馈电等。再如chill一词其基本词义是“寒冷”，用在专业技术上转义为”激冷、冷硬、冷 铁、金属型、锭模、白口层”等。.书而非专业词汇这类词

27、汇是指在非科技英语中很少使用但却严格属于非科技性质的词，它们比日常英语中的短语动词 更准确、更严格地表现专业内容，从而避免歧义。二、构词法三、词汇缩略RErare earth 稀上（元素）CEcarbon equivalent 碳当量AD1austenipered ductile iron奥贝球铁SEMscanning electron microscope 扫描电子显微镜AFSAmerican Foundnnan s Society美国铸造师学会ASTMAmerican Society for Testing and Materials 美国材料试验学会第二章专业英语翻译第一节英汉两种语言的

28、对比一、句子结构的差别（略）二、词汇上的差别（第三节讲）三、主句和从句的次序不同（略）第二节专业英语翻译的标准和过程一、翻译的标准.信、达、雅.专业英语的翻译应坚持以下两条标准:文档从网络中收集，已重新整理排版.word版本可编辑,欢迎下载支持.第一、译文应当忠实于原文，应准确而完整地表达原文的思想内容，这是对专业英语翻译的首要的也 是最起码的要求。第二、译文语言必须规范化，应使用本民族的、科学的大众的语言。专业英语的翻译尤其应当强调明确、通顺和简炼工 二、翻译的过程1 .原文理解阶段What about sulfur in your cast iron?你铸铁中的硫好吗?”铸铁中硫的影响及其

29、最佳含量”Home AloneWaterloo BridgeGone With the WindBid for Power2.汉语表达阶段(1)注意表达的规范性In most instances, casting designs are affected in some significant way by manufacturing processes.在多数情况，铸件的设计以某种重要方式被加工过程影响着。在许多情况下，加工工艺对铸件的设计有重要的影响。(2)注意表达的逻辑性In conclusion, molding sand must be monitored in a regulate

30、d manner at all steps along the way, while monitoring all inputs and outputs.总之，当控制了所有的进料和出料时，型砂必须以有规则的方式在全过程的所有步骤进行监控。while在这里乃是表示让步意义的连词，意为尽管也虽然仍正确的译法应该 是：总之，尽管对型砂所有的进、出料进行了控制，仍须在其制备全过程的每道工序定期地对其进行监控。3.译文校对阶段校对的主要内容还是检查译文在“信、达、雅”上实现的程度。在译文己经满足“信，达要求的基础 上，还应在译文词语的”雅“上也下些功夫。The amount of technical i

31、nformation available to todays scientists and engineers is vast and increasing daily.今天的科学家和工程师可以利用的技术情报是广泛的，并且在不断地增加。今天科学家和工程师能利用的技术情报浩如烟海，日新月异。练习：Manganese reduces the harmful effect of sulphur by combining with it to form globules of manganese sulphide which are normally uniformly distributed thr

32、oughout the stnicture without seriously lowering mechanical properties of steel.镂通过与硫化合形成球状的硫化疑减少硫的有害作用，硫化铉通常均匀地分布在整个组织中，而不削 iword版本可编辑,欢迎下载支持.文档从网络中收集，已重新整理排版.word版本可编辑,欢迎下载支持.Iword版本可编辑,欢迎下载支持.弱钢的力学性能。Because of the mechanism by which the sand is compacted when jolted thejoint and lower horizontal

33、 faces of the pattern produce the most compacted parts of the mould and the sand at the back of the moulding box is very loosely packed.根据型砂紧实机理，在宸击时，分型面和模样较低的水平面在铸型内震实得最紧，而砂箱背面的型砂 震实得很松。The redistribution of carbon atoms by diffusion within the austenite is necessary to allow ferrite which contains

34、 very little carbon or cementitie which contains 6.7% carbon to form.为了形成含碳量非常少的铁素体或含碳量为6.7%的渗碳体，碳原子必须在奥氏体中通过扩散重新分 布,A centrifugal casting has superior mechanical properties to that of a siniilarcasting produced by conventional methods.离心铸造铸件比用一般方法生产的类似铸件具有更优良的力学性能。This process offers a very good co

35、ntrol on the gas content and the amount of insoluble oxide films in the liquid metal.该工艺能很好地控制金属液中的气体含量和不溶氧化膜的数量。This feeder has an atmospheric puncture moulded into its top surface which is so placed that it can feed the heavy flanges on both the casting.该冒口有一个设置在其顶面的通向大气的穿孔，如此设蹙这个穿孔可使冒口能对铸件两边的厚大凸缘

36、 进行补缩。(7)The primary P dendrites solidifies before eutectic reaction when the temperature decreases.当温度降低时，初生0枝晶在共晶反应之前凝固。(8)The coreless induction furnace is often used as an initial melting unit for nodular or spherical graphite (S.G. ) irons, since it offers greater control over metal composition

37、 and temperature, furnace atmosphere and treatment time.由于无芯感应炉可以较好地控制金属成分、温度、炉子气氛以及处理时间，所以常将它用做球墨铸铁 的初始熔炼设备。第三节专业英语翻译的方法与技巧一、英语原文的分析与理解分解归类、化繁为简、逐层推进British and American metallurgists arrived on the patent office doorstep at about the same time in 1948 with their processes for manufacturing a new f

38、orm of cast iron called ductile iron, a marvelous product that could be made using most of the available equipment and technology of the gray iron foundry and had some special physical and economic advantages setting it apart from gray and malleable irons and forged or cast steels.英国和美国的冶金学家在1948年大约

39、相同的时候，各自带着他们关于制造一种叫做球墨铸铁的新型 铸铁的生产工艺，到专利事务所申报专利。这种铸铁是一种奇特的材料，它能用灰铸铁车间现有的大部分 设备和技术制造，而又具有与灰铸铁、可锻铸铁、锻钢和铸钢不同的一些特殊的物理上与经济上的优点,二、词义的选择.单纯的专业技术词汇英语的词义与汉语的词义对等，例如:steel 钢aluminum 铝temperature 温度 undercooling 过冷 austenite奥氏体 cupola冲天炉peari ite珠光体 polymer聚合物 solidification 凝固microstructure 显微组织 ferroalloy 铁合金

40、.英语的词义与汉语的词义部分对应。characteristic propertyt performance, behavior： 特性furnace：鼓风炉（高炉）、热处理炉、小烟炉、甚至家用燃气炉，煤炉.一个英语词所表达的意义与几个具有不同的词义甚至词性的汉语词分别对应Metal：名词：金属、合金、五金、涂、成分、轴承、碎石料动词：用金属包镀、覆以金属、用碎石铺路面cast：铸造、浇注、浇港、熔炼、投射、筹划、预测、安排、分类整理extnision casting,liquid forgingJorging casting挤压铸造、液态锻造、铸锻法等，但在实际的专业技术含 义上，它们可以交叉

41、对应。.词的搭配上的不同英语“heavy”一词作为形容词，它的基本词义是沉重的、重型的、重的、大量的”等。当与下列不同的 名词搭配使用时，按照汉语的搭配习惯，则应有不同的译法，如：文档从网络中收集，已重新整理排版.word版本可编辑,欢迎下载支持.heavy casting厚大铸件heavy load重载heavy machine重型机械heavy traffic拥挤的交通heavy iron镀锌薄板heavy repair大修heavy mill大型轧钢机heavy fire笳烈炮火heavy plant重工业厂矿heavy crops丰收heavy scale厚氧化皮heavy storm

42、大风暴heavy oil重柴油heavy snow大雪heavywirc粗导线heavy polymer高分子聚合物heavy current强电流heavy alloy高密度合金burn away烧失burn-on粘砂bnin back熔接burned sand枯砂burned-on-sand包砂burn in腐蚀burn-off降碳burning-in机械粘砂5,根据词类，辨明词义light metal 轻金属 light casting 薄小铸件light 光light 指引.区分场合，确定词义(Dgreengreen hands新手(无经验的)green sand潮模砂(潮湿的)gre

43、en casting铸态铸件(未经热处理的)power乘方、能力、电力、倍数.按照习惯，搭配词义High silicon cast iron posseses high resistance to oxidation at high temperature.高硅铸铁具有很强的抗高温氧化能力。A large pressure and a large current arc needed to get a large amount of water power.为了获得充足的水力，需要高的水压和强的水流。.联系上下文，活用词义1 ) The strength decreases as the te

44、mperature increases.强度随温度的升高而降低。(as引导时间状语从句，译为随着) Small as atoms are, electrons are still smaller.原子虽小，但电子更小。(as引导让步状语从句，译为虽然)三、词义的引伸1技术性引伸The extent of decarburization in a white heart iron(白 可.锻铸铁)depends on manganese to sulphur ratio as well as on section thickness.白心可锻铸铁脱碳的程度取决于镒硫比和断面厚度。When hig

45、h pouring temperatures are used to ensure satisfactory running(填充)of thin sections of iword版本可编辑,欢迎下载支持.文档从网络中收集，已重新整理排版.word版本可编辑,欢迎下载支持.Iword版本可编辑,欢迎下载支持.castings the primary austenite tends to form long coarse dendrites.当使用高的浇注温度以确保铸件的薄断面得到良好的充填时，初生奥氏体倾向于形成长而粗大的枝 晶oExperience has shown that the a

46、pplication of mould coats are generally ineffective in eliminating rat-tail from the casting.经脸表明,应用铸型涂料对消除铸件上的鼠尾块陷一般不起作用。2.修辞性引伸This machine is simple in design, yet it is efficient in operation这台机器的结构简单，但工作效率很高。(此处design不宜译为“设计”)3.具体化引伸(1 ) The casting takes both the size and the shape of the moul

47、d.铸件的体积和形状随铸型而异。(若译成取得的大小和形状就十分生硬、晦涩了)(2 ) Alloys belong to a half-way house between mixtures and compounds合金是介于混合物和化合物之间的一种中间结构。(house不能译作房子，而应结合上下文引伸为“ 结构)(3 ) This new annealing furnace is a fuel-efficient model这种新型退火炉是节油型退火炉。(fuel-egcient model)原意为燃料有效模型)四、词语的增译L英语复数名词的增译复数名词前可增加适当的表示复数概念的词，如”一些

48、、许多、一批、各种等词，使其复数意义更 加明确。例如：(1) After a series of experiments important phenomena have been ascertained.经一系列实验后，查明了一些重要现象。(2) The first steel castings produced by full mold process went into use in 1978第一批用实型铸造工艺生产的铸钢件于1978年投入使用。.英语中表示动作意义名词的增译在翻译英语文献时，常须根据上下文的意义来补充一些表示动作意义的名词，如“作用，“现象 效应、方法、过程”,等等。例

49、如：Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。Corrections and changes are made in accordance with the observed performance根据观察到的结果进行修正和变换。.增译概括性的词在句中列举几种情况后，即附以“三个万面“、“四个项目”等词，此即概括性词。专业英语文献中 多无这类词语，为使译文符合汉语习惯，通常应增译这类概括性词。例如：Both Steel and cast iron have the structures of eutectoid, hypoeutect

50、oid and hypereutectoid.文档从网络中收集，已重新整理排版.word版本可编辑,欢迎下载支持.钢和铸铁都有共析、亚共析和过共析这三种组织(2 ) Ductile irons are manufactured by melting, inoculation, spheroidization and pouring.球墨铸铁是经过熔化铁水、孕育处理、球化处理和浇注等四道工序制造出来等的。.增译解说性的词Metallic matrix composites became useful only in the late eighties.在80年代末期，金属基复合材料才成为有用的东

51、西。The more complex the casting, the more difficult the alloy and more difficult the applicable specifications, the greater the financial benefit.铸件结构越复杂，合金越难熔炼；使用的技术越复杂，那么经济效益就越大。.增译语气连贯性的词This question is really a technique design rather than an operation problem.这个问题实际上是属于工艺设计方面而非操作方面的问题。五、词语和成分的减

52、译.冠词的减译The direct arc furnace is particularly suitable for the production of high alloy irons.直接电弧炉特别适用于生产高合金铸铁。(前后二个定冠词均减译)A protective flux is generally best applied as a low melting point liquid, which can easily and efficiently cover the molten metal surface.保护性熔剂一般最好以低熔点液体的形式使用，这使它易于有效地覆盖金属液表面。

53、(二个不定冠词和 一个定冠词均减译)The ease with which the two surfaces wet” each other, and the composition of the initial charge and the temperature will determine the carbon solubility in the iron.这两个表面互相“泗湿”的容易程度、初始炉料的化学成分以及温度，将决定碳在铁中的溶解度。(此 句中共有七个定冠词，其中六个可以减译，但第二个不可减译，这是因为根据上下文可知，它是特指iron 和coke这两种材料的表面).介词的减译(1

54、 ) The content of metal titanium in this alloy is 12.3%- 18.6% by weight金属铁在这种合金中的重量百分比含量(质量分数)为12.3%-18.6%o (by减译)An increase in nodule number and improvements in nodule shape in heavy ductile iron castings can be affected by the addition of a small amount of antimony.通过添加少量的镭，可增加大断面球铁件中的石墨球数并改善石墨球

55、的形态。(三个in均减译，动词 affected也减译)(3 ) The chemical symbol Fe stands for the iron atom with atomic weight of about 55.9.化学符号Fe表示原子量约为55.9的铁原子。(for和动词t。stand构成短语动词，减译).连词的减译Manganese goes into solid solution and then it forms a separate constituent.候溶入固溶体，然后形成游离的组元。(连词and减译)iword版本可编辑,欢迎下载支持.(2 ) The use o

56、f mould coatings on the nmning system surfaces usually prevents erosion and should be considered essential.在浇注系统表面使用铸型涂料通常能防止浸蚀，这应该被认为是必不可少的(工艺措施)(连词and减译).代词的减译Most of these alloys are covered by proprietary names and they are normally produced under licence from companies which have developed them

57、.大多数这样的合金都受到专利商标名的保护，通常在开发它们的公司的许可下进行生产。(此句中，人 称代词they及其前面的连词and都减译了)Manganese increases U.T.S. but its effect is most noticeable in the first 1 % addition, above this it has little influence.疑增加极限抗拉强度，但其影响在头一个1%的添加量以内最显著，超过此值后影响就很小了。(减译 人称代词it)It is possible to vary the fluidity and chemical reacti

58、vity of slags by adjusting their composition. 通过调整化学成分，有可能改变熔渣的流动性和化学反应性。(物主代词their减译) Like zinc, iron also converts itself into a vapor at high temperature像锌一样，铁在高温下也会变成蒸气。(反身代词itself减译)One cannot see the metallographic structure of alloy with ones naked eyes.人们不能用肉眼看到合金的金相组织。(不定代词one的所有格形式ones减译)I

59、ndustrial experience has shown that ductile irons treated with pure magnesium tend to have less problems with dross defects.生产经脸表明用纯镁处理球铁产生浮渣缺陷的倾向小。It has been confirmed that under rotating bending conditions the fatigue properties of as-cast surfaces approach or equal to that of machined surfaces p

60、rovided that they do not contain surface imperfections.业已证实，只要都不含有表面缺陷，旋转弯曲条件下铸态表面的疲劳性能接近或等于加工表面的疲劳 性能。5.动词的减译The following provides a brief review of applicable theory for pressure die casting 下面简要评述一下适用于压力铸造的理论 (减译动词provides,名词review转换成谓语)Precipitation-hardcn stainless steels have been developed b