电气安全培训PPT（89页中英文）

1、ELECTRICAL SAFETY电气安全 1Current flow through the body电流通过人体 Your body acts like a conductor.你的身体是一个导体 Most common path usually involves heart&lungs.一般路线会经过心脏和肺2Electrical Injuries电的伤害There are four main types of electrical injuries:电伤害的主要类型：Direct直接的:Electrocution or death due to electrical shock 电死或

2、电击致死Electrical shock电击Burns 电灼伤Indirect Falls 间接坠落3 The effects that electric shock will have on an individual will depend upon the type of circuit, its voltage, resistance amperage, the pathway through the body, and the duration of the contact. Electric shock produced by alternating currents of pow

3、er line frequency (normally 50 Hertz) passing from hand to foot for one second can produce the following effects: 触电对人体产生的危害要视电路的类型，电压，电阻大小，(相同电流交流比直流危险,电压越高越危险,电阻越小越危险).电流流经人体的路线以及接触持续的时间而定(胸至手,手至脚最危险;手至手,背或臀至手比较危险;电流经过大脑时相当危险;脚至脚危险性较小)。由电源线（通常为50赫兹）的交流电从手流到脚1秒钟的触电会产生以下的后果：The Effects Of Electrical

4、 Shock触电的结果40.71 milliamp- (LADY-MEN) barely perceptible.0.71毫安刚能觉察到（手指麻刺）9-25 milliamps-Interruption of muscular control.9-25毫安对肌肉的自控中断（手迅速麻痹，呼吸困难）milliamps - interruption of heart function75毫安心脏功能中断（心室开始颤动）amps - Immediate cardiac arrest4 安培心博立即停止The Effects Of Electrical Shock触电的结果5Secondary inju

5、ries are frequently associated with electrical shock. These injuries are normally associated with falls or collisions related to the electrical shock causing involuntary muscle reactions. Obviously, in the case of falls the result can also be fatal.电还会经常引发二次伤害。这类伤害通常与因触电引起肌肉不自觉的反射而跌倒或碰撞相关。显然，如果跌倒的话，

6、也会引起伤害甚至死亡。6内容综述：Todays topics include:雷电Lightning电动工具electrical Hand Tools配线及插座Wring & Extension Cords接地/接零电流保护Earth Leakage Protection 临时用电设施 Electrical Temporary Facilities系统挂牌、加锁 lockout/Tagout其它要求Addition requirement7雷电LIGHTNING 8Lightning classification直击雷Direct clash lightning静电感应雷Static indu

7、ction lightning电磁感应雷 Magnetic induction lightning雷击分类9Lightnings characteristics完全不可预测 Totally unpredictable极高的能量 High energy雷电的危害Lightnings harm人身伤亡 Human injuries电力中断、设备及建筑物损坏 Power outage & equipment, buildings damage火灾及爆炸 Fires & explosions 雷电的特性10Rules of thumbs estimating the distance between

8、you and a lightning flash看见闪电和听到雷声之间的时间/你和雷电之间的距离Seconds Between Seeing Lightning and Hearing the Thunder / 5 = Distance (miles)记住：雷电可以击中10英里外的物体 Remember: It can strike as far as 10 miles from the storm cloud. 1英里=1.609千米经验估计你和雷电之间的距离11告诉你的上级和你的同事 Tell your supervisor and your co-workers.主管必须采取所有必要

9、的预防措施保护工人 The supervisor must take all precautions necessary to protect the workers.把有关防雷的紧急程序纳入工作计划的一部分 Prepare an emergency procedure as part of the job plan. 当看到闪电或听到雷声时，你应该Dos when you see the lightning or hear the thunder12进入屋内，或车内 Get indoors, or inside a car.远离门窗，避免与任何金属物接触 Stay away from win

10、dows and doors, avoid contact with any conductors.避免使用电话，除非是无绳电话或移动电话 Avoid using the telephone unless it is a cordless or cellular phone.当雷电来临时，保护你自己When lightning comes, protect yourself13卸除你的工具带，手中不要拿任何东西Remove your tool belt and dont hold any objects in your hands. 远离树木和水 Stay away from trees an

11、d water.蹲下并使双脚尽量靠紧. Put your feet as close together as possible and crouch down.除了脚以外，不要让你身体的任何部分接触到大地 Do not let any part of your body other than your feet contact the ground如果你没法进入屋内 If you cannot get indoors14手持电动工具ELECTRICAL POWERED HAND TOOLS15确定你已接受足够的可以安全使用工具的训练 Ensure that you have been prop

12、erly trained to use the tool safely.保证工具的完善 (外壳,手柄,负荷线,插头,开关等) Ensure the tools integrity.使用合理的插头 Ensure electrical cords, connections and plugs are proper.在使用手持电动工具前应做些什么?What should you do before using powered hand tools?16每次使用前 Prior to each use.检查其外表是否有裂纹或其他损伤 Check the outside for cracks or oth

13、er damages.检查导线是否损坏，检查插头是否有裂纹或插针错误 Inspect the cords for defects.Inspect the plug for cracks and for faulty prongs. Note: Portable electrical equipment should not be picked up or carried by its power cord. 手提式电气设备的电源线不能作提起或搬运用。何时/如何检查电动工具?When and how should you inspect powered hand tools?17马上换掉不要“使

14、用” Replace it immediately label the tool with “do not use”清楚的标示 Mark it clearly.工具必须交给合格的人员修理 Have tools repaired by a qualified person.当发现工具损坏时如何处理？What should you do if you find a tool defective?18当有连续的火花产生或导线过热时应立即检查 Check immediately if the cord feels more than comfortably warm or a tool is spar

15、king excessively.在调整和更换附件时应断开电源 Disconnect the power supply before making adjustments or changing accessories.使用时，导线远离工具，只能用经批准的合格插座 During use, keep power cords clear of tools. Use the approved extension cords only.使用手持电动工具时When you use the powered hand tools19将工具存放于干燥，安全的地方 Store tools in a dry, s

16、ecure location.不要采用拔扯电源线的方法断开电源 Do not disconnect the power supply by pulling or jerking the cord.在潮湿环境使用时应小心，保持手的干燥 Take care when use electric tools in wet conditions. Keep your hands dry. X使用手持电动工具时When you use the powered hand tools20当使用插座提供临时电源线时When you use the extension cords插座只可用于提供临时电源 Exte

17、nsion cords may only be used to provide temporary power.每次使用前检查 Inspect them before any use.插座电源线必须为三芯或五芯 Extension cords must be of the three-wire or five-wire types.现场制作的插座电源线须由合格人员完成 Job-made extension cords may only be built by qualified persons.必须使用接地保护短路器 Ground-fault circuit interrupter must

18、be used.使用时避免损坏 Prevent damage when you use them.21Tool Safety Tips电动工具使用小知识Use gloves and appropriate footwear使用手套和适当的鞋Store in dry place when not using当不用时存储在干燥的地方Dont use in wet/damp conditions 不要在潮湿环境里使用Keep working areas well lit 作业区域有足够的照明Ensure not a tripping hazard 确保没有绊倒危险Dont carry a tool

19、by the cord 不要搬动被束缚的工具Dont yank the cord to disconnect it 拆除连接时不要拽电源线Keep cords away from heat, oil, & sharp edges 避免电线接触热，油和锋利的边缘Disconnect when not in use and when changing accessories such as blades & bits 不用时或更换附件如刀片时拆除连接Remove damaged tools from use禁止使用损坏的工具22接地故障断路器Ground Fault Circuit Interru

20、pter 23Grounding接地/接零 Grounding creates a low-resistance path from a tool to the earth to disperse unwanted current. 接地在工具和地面之间形成低阻路径，分散不需要的电流 When a short or lightning occurs, energy flows to the ground, protecting you from electrical shock, injury and death. 发生短路或闪电时，能量流入地面，避免人触电/受伤/死亡。2425人员安全 Sa

21、fety of personnel.配电回路的安全 Safety of power distribution circuit.减少短路造成的事故 Minimizes the accident caused by electrical faults.接地故障断路器保护的目的Purposes of Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter26接地故障断路器保护应用于TN-S接零系统 The Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter should only be used in TN-S system.保证上下极动作的选择性 Ensure the se

22、lective characteristics.保证接线的正确性 Ensure the correct wiring method.保证选择正确的规格 Ensure the right choice of rating. 注意Attention:27临时用电设施TEMPORARY ELECTRICAL FACILITIES28承包商应遵守当地政府部门颁发的所有相关规定。例如：施工现场临时用电安全技术规范 JGJ46-2005 Contractors will comply with all relevant rules as issued by local authorities, such

23、as “Site Safety Technical Specifications for Temporary Power Supply” JGJ46-2005建筑施工现场采访临时用电工程中性点直接接地的三相四线低压电力系统,必须符合下列规定:采用三级配电系统采用TN-S 接零保护系统采用二级漏电保护系统总体要求General request for the power supply:29施工现场临时用电设备在5台及以上或设备总容量在50KW及以上者,应编制用电组织设计.所有从事电气工作的人员，包括临时供电或接线作业的人员应具备当地政府部门颁发的有效的电工操作证书。 All persons en

24、gaged in electrical work involving a temporary power supply or associated wiring shall possess a valid Electricians Certificate issued by the local authority.总体要求General request for the power supply:30All Temporary Power Supply equipment, facilities and wiring shall be selected as per the voltage le

25、vel of the supplied electrical power. All associated electrical components shall satisfy the requirements as indicated in associated National Specifications and Standards. Three phases and five-wire system shall be used for low voltage temporary power supply.所有临时用电设备，设施和线路必须按供电电压正确选用，所有有关的电气元器件必须满足相

26、关的国家规范和标准要求，临时用电电源和有关的线路必须严格遵守电气施工和安装规范。低压临时用电设施采用三相五线制31All temporary power (All portable tools driven by electrical ) facilities shall have suitable leakage and grounding protection and be operated in a mode of “One tool, one switch”. The rating of the electric current of the leakage protection /

27、grounding device shall not greater than 30mA and the action time must be less than 0.1s. Bypassing fuses or using ordinary wire instead of fuse wire is strictly forbidden。所有的临时用电设施(包括便携式电动工具)应有合适的漏电保护器和接地保护。并且实行“一闸一机一保护” , 开关箱漏电保护器动作电流应不超过30毫安，且反应时间应小于0.1秒。严禁用普通电线代替保险丝.32电箱设置一般以三级配电,即总配电箱,分配电箱,开关箱.分

28、开关箱与开关箱距离不得超过30m,开关箱与用电设备不宜超过3m, 配电箱应装设在干燥,通风的常温场所.箱体应采用冷轧钢板或阻燃绝缘材料制作,固定式下底与地1.4m1.6m,移动式的0.8m 1.6m,一般固定式电箱要重复接地,电箱必须防雨,防潮,防尘.33Power Distribution Box must be weather proofed 34临时电源箱的低压出线及其它临时用电线路，应采用绝缘良好的橡皮软导线；在地下敷设时，每隔20米清晰的标记所有地下电缆的走向。如架空敷设时，可选用绝缘导线，严禁采用裸线。电缆不能直接敷设在地上，保证电缆不直接接触地面。 Low voltage out

29、going cable from temporary power supply substation and other temporary power supply wiring shall be of soft rubber type with sound insulation. When it is necessary to be laid on or under ground, rubber sleeve cable shall be used. All underground cables shall be clearly marked with red and white conc

30、rete markers at the surface at intervals of 20m. When it is to be laid overhead, insulation cable shall be selected, bare lead is strictly forbidden. Cables shall not be laid directly on the ground but shall be supported by poles with sufficient spacing to ensure cable does not touch the ground.电缆线要

31、求35Temporary power cable, when cables crossing a road must be guarded by installing a steel protection sleeve. Protection measures shall be taken in places where embedded cables could be subject to mechanical damage. 临时用电线路穿过马路的电缆应安装金属保护套管。埋地电缆在可能受到机械损伤的区域应采取保护措施 All temporary power supply cables an

32、d wiring must have sound insulation, proper splices and be reliably connected, and shall not be laid in places where they could sustain damage or create a hazardous condition. i.e. too close to steam pipeline. 所有临时用电电缆和配线要有可靠的绝缘，正确的接线，可靠的连接，并且不得敷设在可能遭到伤害或产生危险的地方，例如太靠近蒸气管线 电缆线要求36电缆需有过路保护No proper pr

33、otection for power cable cross the road surface37Cable cross road protectionTo use appropriate cable coverage across the road38电箱内电器应当具有电源隔离,短路,过载及漏电保护功能If a circuit is opened by the tripping of a protective device such as a fuse, circuit breaker , do not reset the circuit until you have identified

34、and resolved the problem. In some cases, it may be necessary for a “Qualified” person to investigate and correct the situation. Protective devices in a circuit are there for a purpose and are not to be defeated, modified, or bypassed even temporarily.若电熔丝熔断、断路器等保护装置的跳闸而断开时，在找出原因和解决故障之前，不要重新接通电路。有时，可

35、能需要请专业人员到现场寻找原因并解决问题。电路中的保护装置在电路中都是有它的用途，不能随意修改或被短接，即使临时这样做也不行。电箱内电器要求39All Temporary Power Supply and Distribution panels and cabinets on site shall be properly numbered and equipped with rain protection. The doors of all temporary power supply cabinets and panels shall be firmly closed and all inc

36、ome / outcome cable of temporary power supply cabinet shall be correctly and neatly laid out。现场上所有临时用电设施、配电盘和配电柜应正确编号并配备防雨保护设施。所有临时用电配电柜和配电盘的门应关闭好，所有临时配电盘/柜的进线/出线应正确地和整洁地敷设。The voltage of any portable lamp shall not exceed 36V. While working in extraordinary damp and wet work environments or inside

37、metal equipment such as process vessels, container or tanks, the voltage of the temporary portable lamp shall not exceed 12V. 任何一个手提灯的电压不应超出36V。当在特别潮湿的环境或在金属设备如工艺塔、容器、集装箱或罐内工作时，临时手提灯的电压不应超过12V电箱内电器要求40一个重要原则是：尽可能减小被损害的可能One of the most important principle is: minimize the risk of damage as practical

38、 as possible. 临时电缆 Temporary cabling41与项目其他永久电缆及设施之间至少2米净距 A minimum 2m separation with any permanent project cabling or other services.高压电缆埋深：-0.8米；低压电缆埋深：-0.7米 For HV cables depth: -0.8m minimum; LV cables: -0.m minimum.所有电缆宜沿途采用标记 All the cables should be properly marked along the routing.地下电缆Und

39、erground Cable42如果不可避免，电缆与道路的净距为： If it is unavoidable, the clean height above the road and route crossings are:当道路过车时，6.0米6.0m, where the roads and routes are designated for use by vehicular traffic.当道路禁止车辆通行时，3.5米 地上电缆应采取措施固定，并尽可能避开人行道、扶梯、楼梯等 Above ground cables shall be fixed on site, and be inst

40、alled clear of passageways, ladders, stair etc. where possible.地上电缆 Above Ground Cable43地上电缆应缠绕黄/黑色胶带 Above ground cables shall be labeled with yellow/black colored tapes.与管道设施保持最少150厘米的间距 Keep distance with piped services, at a minimum of 150mm.经常移动的电缆应采用重型氯丁橡胶电缆或类似功能电缆 Frequently moved cables shal

41、l be flexible heavy-duty neoprene rubber type or equivalent.地上电缆Above Ground Cable44低压接地系统采用TN-S保护系统. LV supplies earthing system shall be arranged as TN-S.接地网电阻不应大于4欧姆。接地线应为标准铜导体黄绿色PVC绝缘，应选用合适规格。 The resistance of earthing grid shall not exceed 4.Earth wires shall be of the standard copper conducto

42、r with green/yellow PVC sheathing, and properly sized.接地/接零保护45Transformer substations所有户外型变电所均应满足户外使用要求 All the substations used out door shall meet the outdoor use requirements.变压器连接组别应为三角形-星形连接，低压中性点应直接接地Transformers shall be connected delta-star and the LV neutral point shall be solidly earthed.

43、使用紧凑型变电所时，保证其置于水泥柱基础上并围以带锁的围栏 When use the packaged substations, make sure they are mounted on concrete plinths with a fenced enclosure with pad lockable gates.使用角杆保护变电所不受车辆影响，其与路边的距离宜大于5米 The corner posts shall protect the substation equipment from vehicle impact. And it should be located at least

44、5m clear from the edge of any road. 变电所46Distribution boards (LV) 所有户外用配电柜均应满足户外使用要求 All the distribution boards used out door shall meet the outdoor use requirements.回路应采用熔断器或塑壳短路器保护，最大不超过355安 The outgoing circuits shall be protected by fuses or MCCBs having a maximum rating of 355A.分配电盘 For the su

45、b-distribution board应有进线开关 One incoming switch shall be provided with. 所有配出回路均应采用短路及漏电电流保护。最大不超过125安 Each outgoing feeder shall be provided with short circuit and residual current protection.Maximum outgoing feeder rating shall be 125A.配电盘（低压）47系统挂牌、上锁System Lockout/Tagout48系统挂牌、加锁可保护人员、设备在项目建设及起动过程

46、中不受危险能源的危害，并为停用的系统设备及系统提供信息Safety tags and lockouts will help to protect personnel and equipment form hazardous energy sources during the construction and start up phase of the project, and also provide a description of the equipment components and systems that are out of service. 目的Purpose 49Two ty

47、pes of tags危险不得操作/移除 挂牌Danger - Do Not Operate/Remove Tag禁止人员操作、通电、或加压设备及电气回路 prohibiting personnel form operating, energizing, or pressurizing equipment and electrical circuits.两种挂牌形式50注意限制操作挂牌Caution Restricted Operation Tag控制人员操作、通电或加压于设备或电路的方法。controlling the methods personnel may use to operate

48、, energize or pressurize equipment and electrical circuits.51Electrical Lock-Out电的锁定的要求In the event an electrical system is required to be locked-out, the Supervisor of the Employee requesting the lock-out must contact the appropriate Project or Unit personnel. Qualified Project or Unit personnel wi

49、ll assist with isolation of the electrical systems needed to isolate the electrical energy source by: 在电系统要求锁定的情况下，主管人员要求锁定必须与项目或者单位人员进行适当的沟通，项目或单位有资格的人员将帮助隔离电源：Placing a lock-out device on the appropriate isolating device. 放一个锁定装置在适当的隔离装置上。Placing a completed tag on each lock-out device he/she plac

50、ed. 在放锁定装置上放一个有效的标签52Trying to operate equipment or machinery locked-out to assure isolation. 试着操作设备或机械确保隔离有效Remove lock-out devices and tags last, after all work and other lock-out devices and tags have been removed. 在所有工作完成并且其它的锁定和标签已取消后取消锁定和标签。Each Supervisor of the any department working with th

51、e electrical lock-out must ensure the lock-out of the system by testing start buttons or switches. 每个工作要在电锁定部门的主管要确保锁定系统经过起动试验或开关试验。Electrical Lock-Out电的锁定的要求53ELECTRICAL LOCKOUT 电气开关锁定54注意Requirements加锁是好方法 Locks are preferred means.在正确位置挂牌 Use the tag in right place.两种挂牌不可用于同一设备 The two types of t

52、ags shall not be hung on the same component.决不可操作危险挂牌的设备。 No one may operate a component with the Danger Tag. ELECTRICAL LOCKOUT 电气开关锁定55其它要求及常见问题Additional Requirement and Common Issue56对带电设备进行操作前，摘下首饰（如指环、项链、手表、手链等）。细察看潜在的危险：如潮湿的地板、不接地的扩展电源线、磨损的电源线;将紧急开关放在工作间，以便事故发生时，迅速切断电源； 如果有潜在的危险，请不要单独工作；进行检查前

53、，务必请断开电源；如果事故发生，关掉系统电源；报警；判断是否受害者需要进行人工呼吸，及时寻求医疗帮助。设备只允许经培训合格的人员操作和维护；系统上电前，请认真阅读安装指南。带电作业57keeping a prescribed safe distance (Attach table) from exposed energized lines, avoiding the unsafe use of electrical equipment, and following lockout/Tag-out procedures. 离开暴露的带电线路保持规定的安全距离(附表)，避免使用不安全电气设备，遵守

54、上锁或掛牌程序58Attachment 附表 1. The minimum safe approach distance for crane to power line at follow: 起重机与架空导线低端的最小安全距离 导线电压等级(KV) 1以内 10 35 110 220 330 500 垂直方向(m) 1.5 3.0 4 .0 5 .0 6.0 7.0 8.5 水平方向(m) 1.5 2.0 3.5 4.0 6.0 7.0 8.5 2. The minimum safe approach distance operate persons to naked power line a

55、t follow : 操作人员与带电体的最小安全距离 设备电压等级(KV) 10以内 2035 44 60110 154 220 最小安全距离(m) 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.5 2 3 3. The minimum safe approach distance for welding to naked power line at follow : 电气焊作业与带电体的最小安全距离 设备电压等级(KV) 1 10 以内 10以上 最小安全距离(m) 1 1.5 34 . The minimum safe approach distance for operate persons on pol

56、e or tower to naked power line at follow : 在带电线路的杆,塔上作业与带电体的最小安全距离 导线电压等级(KV) 10以内 2035 44 60110 154 220 最小安全距离(m) 0.7 1 1.2 1.5 2 359Electricity has the ability to arc, or jump from unguarded power lines to an individual in close proximity to the line. Quite a few people have been killed or injured

57、 while carrying a piece of conductive equipment, such as a ladder, in an elevated position or by being in contact with a vehicle that comes within arcing range of an overhead power line. 电可产生电弧，能从未做防护的电源线跳到附近的人身上。所以有人在高处扛着一个导电的设备（如梯子）走的时候， 或接触了处于架空电源线电弧范围内的车辆，触到电源线的电弧而死亡或受伤。60During High potential i

58、nspections on electric equipment, the area around should be clear and barricade with red ropes, not authorized person cannot enter. 电气设备作耐压试验时应保持设备周围有安全空间，人員不可进入，并围上警示帶，避免人员误入。Before, during and after DC High Voltage inspection, worker should use suitable electrographic pencil to touch the electrifi

59、ed portion where the electric can be touched by grounding. 直流耐压实验时不论测试前后,人員接触帶电部份时均应先以验电笔验电，以免人员触电. Should assign a person to watch and keep other people a safe distance away. 需有人員警戒避免人員誤接触造成触电。61Before Energization , Visually check and make sure the connection and relay apparatus are in good condit

60、ion and without any other equipment on circuit.电气设备送电前以人工目视检查各輸配电设备內有无异物，各接点连接是否正常,继电保护設定是否正确.Anybody shall be informed of emergency always happening. When operate the switch breakers no standing opposite the breakers is allowed. 告知每一位参与者，再好的設备都可能发生故事，操作开关应避开正面位置，而以斜角或側面方式操作.62Inform all the relativ