托福综合写作--技巧完全版1

1、INTEGRATED TASK综合写作技巧展示INTEGRATED TASK本课内容NOTE-TAKING12SUMMARIZING SYNTHESIZING3INTEGRATED TASK1. NOTE-TAKING: “双栏式” 笔记法： 2- column way T: R: L: R:123L:123INTEGRATED TASK讲义第12页， 第3题 演示 先画好“双栏” 注意阅读信息笔记字数不超过15字 读阅读每一段的 Main point 和 detail/reasonPRIVATE SPACE TRAVELT：privatized spaceflight industry R:

2、 benefits L: PRIVATE SPACE TRAVEL阅读笔记：R1. Cheaper competition2. discoveries. More scientists sponsors3. Expenses customers, not publicL123PRIVATE SPACE TRAVEL听力笔记R:123L:1 details: traffic control system safety / tested detail: commercial projects, no scientific value3 detail: space stations/ space a

3、irportsSCHOOL UNIFORM T：school uniform R: stress L: SCHOOL UNIFORM阅读笔记：R1. affordable financial stressDiscomfort & self- consciousness emotional stress 3. Pick on social stress L123School uniform听力笔记R:123L:1 costly details: certain select stores after- school clothes self-conscious detail: some can

4、present themselves in their own ways details: stage of life music/ backpack INTEGRATED TASK2. SUMMARIZINGNOTE-TAKING12SUMMARIZING SYNTHESIZING3INTEGRATED TASKSUMMARIZING 1. eliminate unnecessary information 2. Combine into a sentence. 因果关系INTEGRATED TASKBecauseSince,As a result ofAnd thus/ therefore

5、,; thus/thereforeContribute toLead toTriggerExplainserveBring aboutIfBy doing,WhenINTEGRATED TASK展示 SUMMARIZING 通过题目 SCHOOL UNIFORM PRIVATE SPACE TRAVELSCHOOL UNIFORM阅读笔记：R1. affordable financial stressDiscomfort & self- consciousness emotional stress 3. Pick on social stress L123School uniform听力笔记R

6、:123L:1 costly details: only available from certain select stores after- school clothes when they go to meet friends self-conscious detail: some can present themselves in their own ways details: stage of life music/ backpack School uniform展示 SUMMARIZING 通过 例题 SCHOOL UNIFORM 共6句话SCHOOL UNIFORM1. If a

7、ll students wear the same style of uniform, clothing cost will be less. 阅读第1 School uniform is expensive/ pricy, and students who wear uniform will buy trendy after-school clothes. 听力第1SCHOOL UNIFORM2. With everyone wearing the same uniform, students will not be concerned about whether they are wear

8、ing the fashionably-correct clothes. 阅读第2 Being made to wear a school uniform makes many students feel more self- conscious, because they can present themselves in a way of making them comfortable. 听力第2SCHOOL UNIFORM3. Unity in clothing can eliminate discrimination , so teasing and bullying of some

9、students by others will be significantly reduced. 阅读第3 It is impossible to eliminate teasing and bullying because they are in that particular stage, also they can pick on other things like music and backpacks. 听力第3INTEGRATED TASK3. SYNTHESIZINGNOTE-TAKING12SUMMARIZING SYNTHESIZING3INTEGRATED TASKSYN

10、THESIZING 把 SUMMARIZING的6句话整理成3大段，形成 BODY PARTConnect the information from both sourcesSYNTHESIZINGAccording to the lecture,_; this contradicts the points in the reading that_.The professor argues that_. This is different from the reading, which states that_.The teacher says that_. However, this is

11、not what the reading states; it says that_.SYNTHESIZINGContrary to the belief in the passage that_, the professor asserts that_.The author of the passage points out that_, while the lecture notes that_.According to the reading, _. The passages point is different from the professor, which states that

12、_. SYNTHESIZING展示 SYNTHESIZING 通过例题： PRIVATE SPACE FLIGHTPRIVATE SPACE TRAVEL阅读笔记：R1. Cheaper competition2. discoveries. More scientists sponsors3. Expenses customers, not publicL123PRIVATE SPACE TRAVEL听力笔记R:123L:1 details: traffic control system safety / tested detail: commercial projects, no scien

13、tific value3 detail: space stations/ space airportsSYNTHESIZING1. According to the lecture, the costs of creating and running traffic control system, and of testing new space ship will make space flight expensive. This contradicts the points made in the reading that competition in the private space

14、flight industry quickly reduce costs.SYNTHESIZING2. The professor asserts that private space travel is likely to prevent or even delay scientific innovations by luring top scientists away from serious researches to commercial projects. Contrary to what the belief in the passage that privatization of

15、 space flight will speed up by increasing the number of scientists working in the area of spaceflight.SYNTHESIZING3. The lecture notes that the taxpaying public will end up subsidizing space station, and so on, because the private invest (customers) can not cover the cost. While the author of the pa

16、ssage points out that the costs paid by customers of private space flight industry will significantly reduce the financial burden on public. INTEGRATED TASKNOTE-TAKING12SUMMARIZING SYNTHESIZING3例题： CHARITABLE GIVINGT：charitable giving R: decline L: CHARITABLE GIVING阅读笔记：R1. Less need government 2. M

17、anagers huge salariesFraudulent solicitations/ charity fraudL123CHARITABLE GIVING听力笔记R:123L:1 details: elderly & retired detail: reform/ resign, regain confidence detail: careful, (1) refuse via telephone (2) receive proof/docmentation.CHARITABLE GIVING2-min drill写出BODY PART 的第一段：2个句子：阅读一句话+听力一句话CHA

18、RITABLE GIVING1. The teacher says that charitable giving will rise in the future, as the growing costs of public services from increasing elderly and retired people create need for private funding. This is not what the reading states, it is said that charitable giving will decline substantially, bec

19、ause government can cover most of charity.CHARITABLE GIVING2. The talk says that the mismanagement in charities has been reformed, by forcing the corrupted managers to resign, which gives donors more confidence. In the reading, however, it is argued that disclosures of mismanagement of the charity w

20、ill lead to a permanent decline in charitable giving.CHARITABLE GIVING3. According to the lecture, people are learning how to avoid fraudulent giving in charities by receiving documents before donation, by turning down donation via telephone. The professors point is different from the reading. The r

21、eading states that people are unwilling to donate due to the charity fraud.INTEGRATED TASK科学性文章 READING: 设想 LISTENING 反 1 事实， 解释 驳：解释 2 事实， 解释 3事实， 解释 Easter Island T: Easter Island culture decline R: invasion L: internal causes R:1 No trees 2 Statues stopped3 Religion changedL:1 build statues need

22、tree logs to transport2. No fish, hard life, no logs to transport3. Lost confidence in old godsEaster Island p16T: Easter Island culture decline R: invasion L: internal causes R:1 No trees 2 Statues stopped3 Religion changedL:1. 2. 3. Easter Island1. The teacher says that the deforestation of Easter

23、 Island is the most plausibly explained by over logging by the native population who use the logs to transport the giant statues. This is not what the reading states, it is said that Easter Island was deforested by invaders who were unconcerned about natural resources.Easter Island3. According to th

24、e lecture, It is likely that Easter Islanders adopted a new religion because they lost faith in their old gods. The professors point is different from the reading, adopting a new religion called Birdman Worship of Easter Island was introduced by a foreign invasion.Easter Island2.The talk says that t

25、he making of giant statues stopped because economic difficulties (the lack of fish to eat) left islanders without any energy to make them, and also it because there were no logs to transport them. In the reading, however, it is argued that this traditional culture practice of Easter Island was destr

26、ucted by invasion.开头段 划去BODY PART只看开头段 模板Modular template开头段：In the lecture, the professor made several points about_. The professor argues that_. However, the reading contends that_. The lecture contradicts the reading regarding several points Firstly, the lecturer points out that_ which differs fr

27、om the reading in that the reading states_. The professor proves his idea with an example/ a reason that _. The point made by the professor casts doubt on the reading.Secondly, contrary to the belief in the passage that_, the professor claims that _ by showing that_. The point undermines the claim m

28、ade in the reading. Finally, the professor states that _. This is contrary to the claim that _. Also the professor exemplifies his/her opinion by showing that_. This directly challenges what the reading passage indicates.In conclusion, the points made in the lecture contrast with the reading.INTEGRA

29、TED TASK1. NOTE-TAKING: “双栏式” 笔记法： 2- column way T: R: L: R:123L:123ALTRUISMOG p282R:1. donors gain nothing2. Sentinel meerkats food in guarding3. sen. meer. In danger from predatorsL:1. Donors gain appreciation from society2. sen. Meer. Eat b4 other meers.3. sen. The 1st to escape from predators. A

30、LTRUISM 的范文Introduction ParagraphThe topic for the lecture and the reading passage is _. The professor argues that_ _while the reading contends that_ _ _ _. The lecture contradicts the reading regarding several points.altruismpeople and animals actually benefit from so-called altruism actsaltruism i

31、s a kind of unselfish behavior which is quite common among people and animalsBody Paragraph 1Firstly, the lecturer points out that_ which differs from the reading in that the reading states_. In other words, _. The point made by the professor casts doubt on the reading.sentinel meerkats actually eat

32、 before the other meerkatsthey go without food to stand guardsentinel meerkats have a full stomach as they work according to recent studiesBody Paragraph 2Secondly, contrary to the belief in the passage that _ _, the professor claims that _ _ _ by showing that _ _. The point undermines the claim mad

33、e in the reading.sentinel meerkats place themselves in danger from predators the alarm sentinels give off can draw away the attention from the predators and the sentinel meerkats stand near the burrow they are actually the first to escape Body Paragraph 3Finally, the professor states that_ _ _. This is contrary to the claim in the passage that _ _. Also t