Book4Unit1Grammar

1、Unit 1 Women of achievementLearning about LanguageGrammar观察下面三个句子，看看它们在语法形式上有何不同？(1) Our group are all going to visit them in the forest.(2) Our group is going to be very tired and dirty by the afternoon.(3) My family is very big.(4) My family are very early risers.(5) Everybody sits and waits in th

2、e shades of the trees.(6) She inspires those who want to cheer the achievements of women.【点津】从上面的句子可见它们是主谓一致原则。SubjectVerb Agreement(主谓一致)1. 语法一致即主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。相关概念主谓一致即在句子中，谓语动词必须在_和_上和_保持一致。寻其规律,大致可归纳为以下四个原则,即语法一致、意义一致、就近原则和就远原则。人称数主语2. 意义一致即主语形式上为单数，但意义上为复数，因此谓语动词用复数形式；或主语形

3、式上为复数，但表示单数意义，这时谓语动词用单数形式。3. 就近原则即谓语动词用单数形式还是复数形式，取决于最靠近它的主语。4. 就远原则“主语+ 附属结构” 作主语，谓语与主语一致。语法一致1.当主语由and连接时，如果表示同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，此时and后面的名词前面无冠词。如果表示不同的人或物时, 谓语动词用复数，此时and后面的名词前面有冠词。The worker and writer _(be) from Wuhan.那位工人兼作家来自武汉。 The worker and the writer _(be) from Beijing. 那位工人和那位作家来自北京。 isare

4、The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting last week. A. isB. was C. are D. were【解析】选B。monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 连接。由于本题主语为一个人，时间状语为last week, 所以应选B。【即学即练】A knife and fork _ used to have meals.isa knife and forkThe singer and dancer _ on the stag

5、e.is2. 动词不定式(短语), 动名词(短语) 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词常用单数。例如：Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit.晚饭后出去散步是一个好习惯。To see is to believe/ Seeing is believing.眼见为实。Whether well go depends on the weather. 我们是否要去取决于天气的好坏。 hasbreaks3.不定代词somebody, someone, something, anybody, anything, everybody, everyone, e

6、verything, nobody, no one, nothing等作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。Something _ (has / have) gone wrong with my watch. Anybody who _ ( break / breaks) the rule will be punished. 4.倒装句中的语法一致Two pictures _ on the wall, which attract many people. (be)On the wall _ two pictures, which attract many people. (be)Their teache

7、r _ among the students, who is in her thirties. (stand)Among the students _ their teacher, who is in her thirties. (stand)arearestandsstandsareis5.分数或百分数 + of +名词作主语时，谓语动词的形式与of 后面的名词的数一致,即分数或百分数+of+不可数名词或单数名词,谓语动词用单数；分数或百分数+of+复数名词，谓语动词用复数。Ten percent of the pupils _ absent today.Three fourths of t

8、he surface of the earth _ sea.isisisisareare1. Reading English papers and magazines _ helpful to our study of English. (is/ are)2. Whether he comes or not _ of no matter. (is /are)3. To say _ one thing; to do _another. (is/are)4. Listening, speaking, reading and writing _four skills for English stud

9、y. (is/are)5. Where to find the plant and what to do with it _still the problems to settle. (is/are) 【即学即练】意义一致 P5 1. 由集体名词,如group, family, class, government, team, public, enemy, crowd, audience, club, party, crew等作主语时,如果看成一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式,如果看成其中各个成员，则用复数形式。 His family is very large.他家是一个大家庭。 His fam

10、ily are music lovers.他的家人都是音乐爱好者。The group _ made up of nine students.The group_ dancing happily.isareChoose the correct verb form to complete the following sentences.(1)The research group _(is/are) made up of five people.(2)What _ (do/does) the group want for their lunch?(3)Our family _ (is/are) no

11、t poor any more.(4)He has to hurry. His family _ (is/are) waiting for him.isdo is are【即学即练】(5)The class _ (is/ are) more than forty in number.is(6)The class _ (have/ has) disagreed among themselves about where they should go and have a picnic. have(7)The city government _ ( has/ have) different opin

12、ions about next years plan. have【点津】但集体名词 people, police, cattle等在多数情况下谓语动词都用复数形式。2.代词作主语 Neither dog _ big. ( A. is B. are )Neither of them _ big. ( A. is B. are )Neither rabbit _ handsome. ( A. is B. are )Neither of the rabbits _ handsome. ( A. is B. are )A A / BAA / BHow to use “none” and “neithe

13、r”neither + 单数名词 谓语动词用单数neither ofnone of+可数名词谓语动词用单数或复数不可数名词谓语动词用单数+【辨析】(1)None of these people _ doctors.A. has B. have C. are D. be(2)Neither of them _ a good singer.A. was B. is C. were D. is used to be(3)Neither of us _ (was/were) ready when the party began.(4)None of them _ (has/have) watched

14、the talk show.CBwas/werehave/has【即学即练】3.表示时间、距离、金钱等的复数名词作主语，表达一个整体概念时, 谓语动词用单数形式。Two years _ passed since I left university. (have)One million dollars _ a great sum of money. (be)hasis(2013湖南高考）The university estimates that living expenses for international students _around $8,450 a year, which _ a

15、burden for some of them. A. are；isB. are；areC. is；areD. is；is【真题在线】【解析】选A。考查主谓一致。句意：这所大学估计一名国际生的生活开销每年大约是8 450美元，这对其中的一些学生来说是一大负担。living expenses生活开销，为复数名词，故谓语动词用复数；$8,450为金钱概念，谓语动词用单数。4.以-s 结尾的名词本身不表示复数意义，谓语动词常用单数形式，如news, maths, physics, the United States, means(方式)，works等作主语, 谓语动词用单数形式。Every mean

16、s _ been tried since then. has B. have C. are D. is No news _ good news. (is / are)Ais5.在“one of+复数名词+从句” 的结构中，定语从句中谓语动词用复数形式；但是若前面有the only, 将其限定为只有一个时,谓语动词用单数形式。Tom is one of the students who _ good at playing football.Tom is the only one of the students who _ good at playing football.areisarearei

17、stheadj.表示一类人，谓语动词用复数，如the old, the young, the rich, the poor等。the+adj.表示某个人或一类抽象的事物，谓语动词用单数,如the beautiful, the good等。The old _taken good care of in our society.The rich _ for the decision but the poor_ against it.The beautiful _ not always the same as the good.6. theadj.作主语 areVerb就近原则用or, neither

18、nor, eitheror, not onlybut also, notbut等连接的并列主语，谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上保持一致。A or B Not A but B Either A or BNeither A nor BNot only A but also B Here There+Verb A and B A , B and C存在句: There be 结构我们教室里有一台电视机和56张桌子。There are 56 desks and one television in our classroom.There is one television and 56 desks in

19、our classroom.(1) One or two days _ enough to see the cityA. is B. are C. am D. be(2) Not the teacher，but the students _ looking forward to seeing the filmA. is B. are C. am D. beBB【即学即练】就远原则“主语+ 附属结构” 作主语，谓语与主语一致。当主语后面跟有as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, toge

20、ther with, but, except, besides, including等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单、复数由主语的单、复数决定。1) The teacher with two students _ at the meeting. (was / were)2) E-mail, as well as the telephones, _ an important part in daily communication. A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play wasABAwithalong withtogether wit

21、hbesidesbutexceptincludingas well asrather thanas much asno less than谓语动词与第一个主语A保持一致。【真题在线】1.（2013福建高考 ）The famous musician, as well as his students, _ to perform at the opening ceremonyof the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.A. were invited B. was invited C. have been invited D. has been invited【解析】选B。考查主谓一

22、致。句意：著名的音乐家和他的学生被邀请在2012年台北花博会开幕式上表演。as well as连接两个并列的名词作主语，谓语动词应和前面的名词一致，故排除A、C两项。本题只是陈述在过去的时间发生的事，故用一般过去时，由于the famous musician和invite之间是被动关系，故选B。 2.（2013江苏高考 ）Generally, students inner motivation with high expectations from others_ essential to their development.A. is B. are C. was D. were【解析】选A。考查主谓一致。句意：一般说来，学生的内在动机和来自于他人的高期望值对他们的发展是必要的。此处考查主谓一致中的就远原则，除了with外，还有together with, along with, as well as, but, exce