内容教案讲稿chinese-glossary leed green associate exam

1、LEED Chi(Simplified) Technical GlossaryAssote ExamAcid rain: the precipiion of dilute solutions of strong mineral acids, formed by the mixinghe atmosphere of various industrial pollutants (primarily sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) with naturally occurring oxygen and water vapor.酸雨：成分为强矿物酸稀释液的降雨。

2、所含矿物酸由大气中各种工业污染物（主要为二氧化硫和氮氧化物）与自然存在的氧气及水蒸气混合形成。Adapted plants: nonnative,roduced plantst reliably grow well in a given habiwith minimal wrotection, pest control, fertilization, or irrigation once their root systems are established.Adapted plants are considered low maenance and not invasive.可适应性植物：此类

3、非本地植物在根茎系统建立后，对于冬季防护、害虫防治、施肥或灌溉的要求较低，且在给定的生活环境下生长良好。可适应性植物被认为是 需求低且不具 性的植物。Adaptive reuse: designing and building a structure in a wayt makes it suitable for a future use differentn its original use. This avoids the use of environmental impact of using new materials.适应性再利用：设计和建造一种使建筑物改变其原有用途，以适应其未来之

4、使用功能，避免由于使用新材料对环境造成影响。Air quality standard: the level of a pollutant prescribed by regulations t are not to be exceeded during a given time in a defined area(EPA).空气质量标准：规定的对于指定区域在给定时间范围内不可超出的污染物水平（环保局EPA）。Albedo: the reflectivity of a surface, measured from 0 (black) to 1 (white).Albedo：物体表面对光线的反射率

5、，范围介于0（黑色）至1（白色）之间。Ambient temperature: the temperature of the surrounding air or other medium (EPA).环境温度：周围空气或其它介质的温度（环保局EPA）。Alternative fuel vehicle: a vehiclet uses lowpolluting, nongasoline fuels, such as electricity, hydrogen, propane or compressed natural gas, liquid natural gas, menol, and e

6、nol. In LEED, efficient gas electric hybrid vehicles are includedhis group.替代汽车：使用低污染非（如电力、氢气、丙烷或压缩天然气、液化天然气、甲醇及乙醇）的汽车。在LEED体系中，此类别还包效气电混合动力汽车。LEED Chi(Simplified) Technical GlossaryAssote ExamASHRAE: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers.ASHRAE:采暖、制冷与空调工程师学会。Bake

7、out: a pro s used to remove volatile anic compounds (VOCs) from a building by elevating the temperature he fully furnished and ventilated building prior to human occupancy.烘干：入住以前，在配套齐全且通风良好的建筑的室内通过提高温度来去除建筑内挥发性有机化合物（VOC）的过程。Baseline versus design or actual use: the amount of watert the design case

8、or actual usage (for existing building projects) conserves over the baseline case. All Water Efficiency credits use a baseline case against which the facilitys design case or actual use is compared. The baseline case represents the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct 1992) flow and flush rates and the

9、design case is the wateripated to be usedhe facility.基准线与设计或实际使用的对比：与基准线案例相比，设计案例或实际使用（针对现有建筑项目）所节省的水量。所有节水得分点均将基准线案例与设施的设计案例或实际用途进行比较。基准线案例代表了1992年能源政策法案（EPAct1992）规定的流速和冲洗速度，设计案例为设施的预计用水量。Biodegradable: capable ofing under natural conditions (EPA).可生物降解：在自然条件下可分解（环保局EPA）。Biodiversity: the variety

10、of life in all forms, levels, and combinations, including ecosystem diversity, species diversity, and genetic diversity.生物多样性：生物在形式、层次及组合上的多样性，包括生态系统多样性、物种多样性及遗传多样性。Biomass: plant material from trees, grasses, or cropst can be converted to heat energy to produce electricity.生物质：可转换为热能以用于产生电能的树木、草类或作

11、物植物体。Bioswale: a stormwater control featuret uses a combination of an engineered basin, soils, and vegeion to slow and detain stormwater, increase groundwater recharge, and reduce peak stormwater runoff.生态草沟：一种结合了人工建造的盆地、土壤及植被的雨水控制设施，用以减缓和保留雨水，增加水补给并减少雨水径流。LEED Chi(Simplified) Technical GlossaryAsso

12、te ExamBlackwater: wastewater from toilets and urinals; definitions vary, and wastewater from kitchen sinks (perhaps differentiated by the use of a garbage disal), showers, or bathtubs is considered blackwater under some se or local codes.污水：马桶与小便池废水；定义视情况有所差异。根据某些州或，厨房水槽（或可根据处理进行区分）、淋浴或浴缸废水被视为黒水。Br

13、itish thermait (Btu): the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of liquid water from 60 to 61 Fahrenheit. This standard measure of energy is used to describe the energy content of fuels and compare energy use.英制热量（Btu）：将一磅液态水由60 加热至61所需的热量。这种能量度量标准用于说明所含的能量以及比较能量使用。Brownfield

14、: previously used or developed landt may be contaminated with hazardous waste or pollution. Once any environmental damage has been remediated, the land can be reused. Redevelopment on brownfields provides an important opportunity to restore degraded urban land while promoting infill and reducing spr

15、awl.褐地：经使用或开发过的、可能被 废弃物或污染物污染的土地。一旦任何环境损害得以修复，该土地即可重新投入使用。褐地的再开发提供了恢复 城市土地的重要机遇，同时可促进填充式开发并减少无计划扩张。commising: asystematic investigation comparing building performance with performance goals, design specifications, and the owners requirements.建筑调试：将建筑性能与性能目标、设计细节及业主要求进行比较的系统性。density: the floor area

16、of the building divided by the total area of the site (square feet per acre).建筑容积率：总建筑面积除以总面积（平方英尺/英亩）。envelope: the exterior surface of a buildingthe walls, windows, roof, and floor; also referred to as the building s.建筑护结构：建筑外表面外墙、窗户、屋顶与楼面；也称之为建筑外壳。footpr: thearea on a project sitet is used by the

17、 building structure, defined by the perimeter of the building plan. Parking lots, landscs, and other nonbuilding facilities are notincludedhe building footpr.建筑占地：建筑结构在项目上占用的面积，根据建筑平面图的周长确定。建筑占地不包括停车场、景观和其它非建筑设施。LEED Chi(Simplified) Technical GlossaryAssote ExamBuilt environment: a manmade environme

18、ntt provides a structure for human activity.建筑环境：为人类活动提供建筑构筑物的人造环境。Byproduct: material, othern the principal product, generated as a consequence of an industrial pros or as a breakdown product in a living system (EPA).副产品：在工业过程中生成的，或由生命系统分解产物而产生的除主产品以外的材料（环保局）。Carbon dioxide concentration: an indica

19、tor of ventilation effectiveness inside buildings; CO2 concentrations greatern 530 parts per million (ppm) above outdoor conditions generally indicate inadequate ventilation. Absolute concentrations of greatern 800 to 1,000 ppm generally indicate poor air quality for breathing. CO2 builds up in a sp

20、ace when there is not enough ventilation.浓度：建筑内通风效率的指标；一般情况下，若室内CO2浓度高于户外条件下的百万分之530（ppm），则被视为通风不足。若绝对浓度高于8001000ppm，则一般情况下被视为呼吸空气质量较差。通风时，CO2会在空间内累积。Carbon footpr: a measure of greenhouse gas emiss assoted win activity. A comprehensive carbon footprincludes building construction, operation, energy

21、use, buildingrelated transporion, and the embodied energy of water, solid waste, and construction materials.碳：对与某一活动相关的温室气体排放量的度量。全面的碳包括建筑施工、运营、能源消耗、与建筑相关的交通，以及水、固态废弃物与建筑材料的蕴藏能量。Carbon neutrality: emitting no more carbon emissn can either be sequester or offset.碳中和：除可或可抵消的碳排放以外，不再有其它碳排放。Charrette:en

22、se workshops designed to produce a specific deliverables.研讨会：旨在取得特定交付成果的集中研讨会。Chiller: a devicet removes heat from a liquid, typically as part of a refrigeration system used to cool and dehumidify buildings.冷水机组：去除液体热量的设备。通常为建筑制冷及除湿用制冷系统的一部分。LEED Chi(Simplified) Technical GlossaryAssote ExamChlorofl

23、uorocarbon (CFC): ananic chemical compound known to have ozonedepleting potential.氯氟化碳（CFC）：一种已知的具备臭氧消耗潜能的有机化合物。Closed system: a systemt exchanges minimal materials and elements with itrroundings; systems are linked with one another to make the best use of byproducts.封闭系种与周围环境交换最少量材料及元素的系统；各系统之间彼此相连

24、，以充分利用副产品。Commising (Cx): the pros of verifying andingt a building and all of its systems and assembs are planned, designed, installed, tested, operated, and maained to meet the owners project requirements.调试（Cx）：检验与一栋建筑及其所有系统与组件如何在规划、设计、安装、测试、操作及上满足业主项目要求的过程。Commising plan: at outlines theanization

25、, schedule, allocation of resour, andation requirements of the commising pros.调试计划：简明调试过程组织、进度计划、资源分配及文件要求的文件。Commising report: at details the commisingpros, including a commising program overview, identification of the commising team, and description of the commisingproivities.调试：详细说明调试过程，包括调试计划概述、

26、调试团队识别及调试过程活动描述的文件。community connectivity: the amount of connection betn a site and the surrounding community, measured by proximity of the site to homes, schools, parks, stores, restaurants, medical facilities, and other serviand amenities. Connectivity benefits include more satisfied site users an

27、d a reductionravel assoted with reaching servi.社区关联性：建筑场地与周边社区之间的关联程度。通过场地与住宅、学校、公园、商店、餐厅、医疗设施以及其它公益与便利设施的距离进行衡量。关联性的好处包括使 场地使用者满意，以及减少与使用公益设施相关的出行量。Compact fluorescent l(CFL): a small fluorescent l, used as a more efficient alternative to incandescent lighting; also called a PL, twube, or biax l(EP

28、A).紧凑型荧光灯（CFL）：小型荧光灯，作为更高效的白炽灯照明替代灯具；也称之为光致发光、双管或双轴灯（环保局）。Construction and demolition: debris waste and recyclables generated from construction and from the renovation, demolition, or deconstruction of preexisting structures. It does not include land建造与拆除：从建造以及对已有结构的翻新、拆除或全面拆毁的过程中产生的废弃杂物和可回收材料，不包括场地

29、的杂物，LEED Chi(Simplified) Technical GlossaryAssote Examclearing debris, such as soil, vegeion, and rocks.如土壤、植被与岩石。Construction waste management plan: a plant diverts construction debris from landfills through recycling, salvaging, and reusing.建筑废弃物管理计划：通过再循环、回收及再利用来避免建筑废料被填埋的计划。Contaminant: an unwan

30、ted airborne elementt may reduce indoor air quality (ASHRAE Standard 62.12007).污染物：可降低室内空气质量的有害空气成分（ASHRAE标准62.1 2007）。Controllability of systems: the percentage of occupants who have direct control over temperature, airflow, and lightingheir spa.系统可控性：可直接控制所在空间内温度、气流与照明的建筑用户百分比。Cooling tower: a str

31、ucturet uses water to absorb heat from air conditioning systems and regulate air temperature in a facility.冷却塔：使用水来吸收空调系统产生的热量并调节设施内气温的结构体。Cradle to cradle: an approach in which all things are appd to a new use atof a useful life.从摇篮到摇篮：将所有事物在使用结束时投入新用途的处理方式。Cradle to grave: a linear set of prosest

32、lead to the ultimate disal of materials atof a useful life.从摇篮到坟墓：材料从被开始使用到使用结束而被最终丢弃的线性过程。Daylighting: the controlled admisof natural lighto a space, used to reduce or eliminate electric lighting.自然采光：将自然光有控制地调入空间，以减少或取消电气照明。Development density: the total square footage of all buildings within a pa

33、rticular area, measured in square feet per acre or units per acre.开发密度：特定区域内所有建筑物的总占地面积，以平方英尺/英亩或/英亩衡量。LEED Chi(Simplified) Technical GlossaryAssote ExamDiverrate: the percentage of waste materials diverted from traditional disal methods to be recycled, comted, or reused.转移率：由传统处置方法转为再循环、施堆肥或再利用的废弃材

34、料所占的百分比。Diversity of uses or housing types: the number of types of spaor housing types per acre. A neighborhoodt includes a diversity of usesoffi, homes, schools, parks, storesencourages walking, and its residents and visitors are less dependent onal vehicles. A diversity of housing types allows hou

35、seholds of different types, sizes, ages, andes to livehe same neighborhood.用途多样性或房屋类别：每英亩范围内空间类型或房屋类别的数量。包括多种使用功能（如、住宅、学校、公园及商店）的社区鼓励步行，其居民和访客对 车的依赖性更低。房屋类别的多样性使不同类型、大小、 和收入的家庭得以在同一社区内居住。Dry pond: an excavated area t detains stormwater and slow runoff but is dry bet n rain events. Wet ponds serve a

36、similar function but are designed to hold water all the time.干池：保留雨水并减缓径流，但在降雨之间保持干涸的开挖区。湿池具有类似的功能，但设计为池内始终保留有水。Ecosystem: a basic unit of naturet includes a community of anisms and their nonliving environment linked by biological,chemical and physical pros.生态系统：包括通过生物、化学及物理过程相联结的生物群落及其非生物环境的基本自然。Em

37、bodied energy: the total amount of energy used to harvest or extract, manufacture, transport, install and use a product across its life cycle.蕴藏能量：在整个产品的生命周期中收获或提取、制造、安装及使用所消耗的能源总量。Emergent properties: patternst emerge from a system as a whole, which are moren the sum of the parts.突现属性：从一个系统中整体突现出的、

38、大于各部分之和的特性。Energy efficiency: using less energy to do the same amount of work.节能：使用较少的能源完成同等的工作量。Energy management system: a control system capable of monitoring environmental and system loads and adjusting HVAC operations accordingly in order to conserve energy while maaining comfort能源管理系种可监测环境与系统负

39、荷，并相应调整暖通空调（HVAC）运行，以便在保持舒适性的同时节约能源的控制系统LEED Chi(Simplified) Technical GlossaryAssote Exam(EPA).（环保局EPA）。ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager: aneractive, online management toolt supports tracking and assessment of energy and water consumption.能源数据管理器：支持能源与水消耗量及评估的互动式管理工具。ENERGY STAR rating: a measure of a

40、 buildings energy performance compared witht of similar buildings, as determined by the ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager. A score of 50 represents average building performance.能源等级：由能源数据管理器确定的建筑能源性能与类似建筑的对比度量。50分代表平均建筑性能。Energy useensity: energy consumption divided by the number of square feet in a bui

41、lding, often expressed as British thermaits (Btus) per square foot or as kilowatthours of electricity per square foot per year (kWh/sf/yr).能耗密度：能耗量除以建筑面积（平方英尺），通常表示为英制热量（Btus）/平方英尺或千瓦时/平方英尺/年（kWh/sf/yr）。Energyefficient products and systems: building components and appliant use less energy to perform

42、 as well as or bettern standard products.节能产品与系统：使用较少的能源以实现相当于或优于标准产品性能的建筑构件与设备。Environmental sustainability: longterm maenance of ecosystem components and functions for future generations (EPA).环境可持续性：生态系统要素与功能的长期，以造福子孙后代（环保局）。Externality: costs or benefits, separate from pri, resulting from a tran

43、ion and incurred by parties not involvedhe tranion.外部：作为交易的、由未参与交易的各方引起的、独立于价格以外的费用或利益。Feedback loop: information flows within a systemt allow the system to selfanize.反馈回路：使系统实现自我组织的系统信息流。LEED Chi(Simplified) Technical GlossaryAssote ExamFloodplain: landt is likely to be flooded by a storm of a give

44、n size (e.g., a 100year storm).涝原：可能被一定规模的暴雨（如百年一遇的暴雨）淹没的地带。Floorarea ratio: the relationship betn the total building floor area and the allowable land area the building can cover. In green building, the objective is to build up rathern out because a smaller footpr means less disruption of the exist

45、ing or created landsc.容积率：总建筑面积与建筑所允许的占地面积的比率。由于较小的占地面积意味着对现有或修建景观的较少破坏，绿色建筑的目标是向上延伸建造而非向外扩张建造。Flushout: the operation of mechanical systems for a minimum of two ks using 100 percent outside air atof construction andprior to building occupancy to ensure safe indoor air quality.吹洗：通过机械系统在施工结束后及建筑投入使用

46、前，采用100%室外空气对建筑至少吹洗两周，以确保安全的室内空气质量。Footcandle: a measure of the amount of illumination falling on a surface. A footcandle is equal to one lumen per square foot.Minimizing the number of footcandles of siighting helps reduce light pollution and protect dark skies and nocturnal animals.尺烛光：落在一个表面上的光通量的

47、量度。一尺烛光等于1流明/平方英尺。降低照明的尺烛光数有助于减少光污染，保护夜空及夜间活动的动物。Fossil fuel: energy derived from ancientanic remains, such as peat, coal, crude oil, and natural gas (EPA).化石 ：源于古时有机残余物如泥炭、煤、原油及天然气的能源（环保局）。Gallons per flush (gpf): the amount of water consumed by flush fixtures (water closets, or toilets, and urinal

48、s).每次冲水数（gpf）：冲洗装置（座便器或抽水马桶、小便器）量。Gallons per minute (gpm): the amount of water consumed by flow fixtures (lavatory faucets, showerheads, aerators).每分钟数（gpm）：水流装置（面盆水龙头、喷淋头及通风装置）量。building: a pros for achieving everhigher levels of performancehe built environmentt creates more vital communities, mor

49、e healthful indoor and outdoor spa, and stronger connections to nature. The green building movement strives to effect a permanent shift in prevailing design, planning, construction, and绿色建筑：实现建筑环境更高性能水平的过程。此类建筑环境营造更重要的社区、更健康的室内与室外空间、与大自然有更强的联系。绿色建筑运动力求影响主流设计、规划、建造与运营实践LEED Chi(Simplified) Technical

50、GlossaryAssote Examoperations practi, resulting in lowerimpact, more sustainable, and ultimay regenerative built environments.的性转变，从而实现影响较低、可持续性更好、可最终再生的建筑环境。er: energy from renewable soursuch as solar, wind, wave, biomass, geothermaler and several forms of hydroelectricer.绿色电力：源于可再生资源（如能、风能、波浪能、生物质

51、能、地热发电及多种形式水力发电）的能源。field:a sites never been developed for anything except agriculture.绿地：除农业以外，从未被开发用于其他用途的场地。housegas emiss per capita： a communitys total greenhouse gas emiss divided by the total number of residents.温室其本人约排放量：社区温室气体总排放量除以居民总数。washing:presenting misinformation to consumers to port

52、ray a product or policy as more environmentally friendlyn it actually is.漂绿：夸大产品或政策的实际环保特性，误导消费者。Graywater: domestic wastewater comed of wash water from kitchen, bathroom, and laundry sinks, tubs, and washers. (EPA) The Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) defines graywater in its Appendix G, Gray Water Syst

53、ems for SingleFamily Dwellings, as “untreated household waste water which has not comeo contact with toilet waste. Graywater includes used water from bathtubs, showers, bathroom wash basins, and water from clotheswasher and laundry tubs. It must not include waste water from kitchen sinks or dishwash

54、ers.” Theernational Plumbing Code (IPC) defines graywater in its Appendix C, Gray Water Recycling Systems, as “waste water discharged from lavatories, bathtubs, showers, clothes washers and laundry sinks.” Some ses and local authorities allow kitchen sink wastewater to be included in graywater. Othe

55、r differenwith the UPC and IPC definitions can likely be found in se and local codes.灰水：包括厨房、浴室、洗衣水槽、浴缸及洗衣机冲洗水的生活废水。（ 环保局EPA） 给排水规范（UPC）附录G“独户住宅灰水系统”中将灰水定义为“尚未接触厕卫 的 处理的生活废水。灰水包括浴缸、淋浴间与浴室面盆洗涤用水以及洗衣机与洗衣池用水，但不包括厨房水槽或洗碗机废水。”国际给排水规范（IPC）附录C“灰水循环系统”中将灰水定义为“厕所、浴缸、淋浴间、洗衣机和洗衣水槽排放的废水”。某些州和地方还将厨房水槽废水纳入灰水范畴。各个

56、州与中可能存在与UPC及IPC定义的其它差异。项目团队应遵循项目所在地区的管LEED Chi(Simplified) Technical GlossaryAssote ExamProject teams should comply with graywater definitions as established by the authority having jurisdictionhe project area.辖确定的灰水定义。Hardsc: paved or covered areas in which soil is no longer on the surface of the E

57、arth, such as roadways or parking lots.硬景观：土壤不再处于地表的铺筑或覆盖区域，如道路或停车场。Harvested: rainwatrecipiion captured and used for indoor needs, irrigation, or both.：被收集以用于室内需求或灌溉（或两者兼有）的降雨。Heat island effect: the absorption of heat by hardscs, such as dark, nonreflective pavement and buildings, and its radiatio

58、n to surrounding areas. Particularly in urban areas, other sourmay include vehicle exhaust, airconditioners, and street equipment; reduced airflow from tall buildings and narrow streets exacerbates the effect.热岛效应：硬景观（如黑色非反射路面与建筑）对热量的吸收及其对周边地区的辐射。在城市地区尤其显著，其他热源还可能包括汽车尾气、空调和街道设备； 建筑与狭窄街道气流的减少加剧了这一效应。

59、Highperformance green building: a structure designed to conserve water and energy; use space, materials, and resourefficiently; minimize construction waste; and create a healthful indoor environment.高效能绿色建筑：旨在节约水与能源的构筑物；高效使用空间、材料和资源；最大程度地减少建筑并营造健康的室内环境。Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC): ananic chemical

60、 compound known to have ozonedepleting potential.氢氯氟碳化合物（HCFC）：一种已知的、具备臭氧消耗潜能的有机化合物。HVAC system: equipment, distribution systems, and terminalst provide the proses of heating, ventilating, or airconditioning (ASHRAE Standard 90.12007).暖通空调系统：提供采暖、通风或空气调节的设备、分配系统与终端（ASHRAE标准90.12007）。Impervious area: