英国文学章节复习含名词解释

1、Part One: Early and Medieval English LiteratureWhat s epic?Epic is one of the ancient types of poetry and plays a very important role in early development of literature and civilization. An epic is a long narrative poem of great scale and grandiose style about the heroes who are usually warriors or

2、even demigods. It deals with noble characters and heroic deeds.Basically, it is a story about hero, more significantly, it reflects national history.The significance oBeowulfIt sings of the exciting adventures of a great legendary hero whose physical strength demonstrateshis high spiritual qualities

3、, i.e. his resolution to serve his country and kind folk, his true courage, courteous conduct, and his love of honor. In the poem, Beowulf is strong, courageous, selfless, and ready to risk his life in order to rid his people evil monsters.Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛禾诉叟 1340-1400长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂;Troi

4、lus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德 小说：Canterbury Tale既特伯雷故事集-英国文学山上现实主义第一部杰作(他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学奠基人Father of EnglishTaless as follows:Chaucer?s time.poetry & Founder of English realism) (Boccacio 薄伽丘 The Decameron十日谈)The significance ofThe Canterburyi .givesacoi mpieiiensivepicLuieo i.The dramatic structur

5、e of the poem has been highly commended by critics.Chaucer?s humour: Humour is a characteristic feature of the English literature.Chaucer?s contribution to the English language.Heroic couplet英雄双行体Part Two: The English Renaissance (1550-1642)Renaissance is commonly applied to the movement or period i

6、n western civilization, which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Florence and Venice.HumanismAccording to them it was against human nature to sacrifice the happiness of this life for an after life. They argued that man should be given full freedom to enri

7、ch their intellectual and emotional life.In religion, the H thinking was a relation against the narrow mindedness of the Catholic Church; they demanded the information of the church.In art and literature, instead of singing praise to God, they sang in praise of man and of the pursuit of happiness in

8、 this life. H shattered the shackles of spiritual bondage of man?smind by the Roman Catholic Church and opened his eyes to “aDrave new world “ in fronif him.Edmund Spenser(1552?-1599) The Fearie Queene山后Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) They were predecessors to Shakespeare and were later called the U

9、niversity Wits (大学才手派)Francis Bacon培根 15611626 essayist 散文家(the chief figure in English Prose in the first half of the 17 century and his essays began the long tradition of the English essay in the history of English literature.) Advancement of Learning 学术的 进H;Novum Organum 新工具;New Atlantic 新大西岛;Ess

10、ays论文集(Of Studies 论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man?s SelfOf Studies purpose: This essay is intended to tell people how to be efficient and make their way in public life.Language Appreciation:Parallel structure; succinct（简明的） expression; long complex sentences side by side with short simple ones; classical di

11、ction （发音）;good and clear logical reasoning, with examples and facts; objective impersonal, persuasive writing withoutweWilliam Shakespeare 莎士比亚 1564-1616“ He was not of an age, but for all time.”The Tempest#风雨 The Two Gentlemen of Veronazft 罗纳二绅士The Mercy Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流妇人Measure for Measure

12、恶有恶报The Comedy of Errors 专时错 Much Ado about Nothing 无事自扰Love?s Labour?s Los 空爱场The Winter?s Tale 天府故事The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记All?s Well That Ends Well 如愿The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人As You Like It 皆大欢喜Twelfth Night 第十二夜 A Midsummer Night?s Dream仲夏夜之梦The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second

13、/Henry the Fifth/Richard theThird约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth 亨利四世（上、下）;The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth 亨利六仙（上、中、下）；The Life of King Henry the Eighth 亨利八世；Troilus and Cressida!兑爱勒斯与克莱西达The Tragedy of Coriolanus考利欧雷诺斯Titus Andronicus泰特斯汝庄尼克斯Rome

14、o and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶Timon of Athens雅典的泰门The Life and Death of Julius Caesar朱禾阿斯徵撒Hamlet哈姆雷特 King Lear李尔王 Othello奥U罗 Macbeth麦克白Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉Cymbeline辛白林Pericles波里克利斯Venus and Adonis维诺斯印可廓尼斯Lucrece露克利J斯The Sonnets十四行诗Shakespeare s achievements:Shakespearerepresentedthe trend of history

15、 in giving voice to the desires and aspirations of the people.Shakespeare?s humanismShakespeare?s characterizationShakespeare?s originalityShakespeare as a great poetShakespeare as master of the EnglishlanguageHamletas a Character （Hamlet?s themeisrevenge interrelated with theme offaithlessness, lov

16、e and ambition.）Soliloquy（自言自语，独白）is a dramatic speech delivered by on character speaking aloud while under the impression of being alone. The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience, either direct address. It is also known as interior monologue.“To be, or not

17、 to be. The speech conveys a sense of world weariness as well as the author?s.SonnetA sonnet is a short song in the original meaning of the word. Later it became a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic （长短格，抑扬格，抑扬格诗） pentameter （五步格 诗） with various rhyming schemes.Part Three: Literature of Revolution

18、Period (1603-1688)Conceit饵傲，骄傲自大)“”“”“Conceit originally means “concept or “idea” and later came to mean “fanciful i A conceit is a metaphor or simile that is mad elaborate (far-fetched), often extravagant(奢侈的， 夸张的) .The difference between a conceit and a metaphor or simile islargely to degree. A me

19、taphor or simile appeals mainly to the reader?s 5 senses and is easier to understand; a conceit may strike the reader as weird.Founder of the Metaphysical schoolJohn Donne; features of the school:philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images; the most famous preacher of his time. (In the f

20、irst stage he was Donne the courtier, the lover, and the soldier. In the second stage he was Dr. John Donne, Dean of St. Paul?s Cathedral.)John Milton 约翰？尔尔顿 1608-1674 (He was the man of revolution enthusiasm.The military leader of the revolution, John Milton was the man of thought, and with his pen

21、 he defended the revolutionary cause.)L,Allegro 欢乐的人;Il Penseroso沉思 的人；Comus科马斯；Lycidas列西达斯;Areopagitica论出版白由；Pro Populo Anglicano Defense为英国人民声辩;Pro Populo Anglicano Defense Secundi!为英 国人民声辩;Paradise Lost失乐园；Paradise Regained乐园；Samson Agoniste昉 士参川.The blank verse 素体无韵诗,i.e., the unrhymed lines of

22、iambic pentameter, is used throughout the epic and is characterized by its employment of long and involved sentences, which run on many lines with a variety of pauses, and achieving sometimes an oratorical and sometimes an elaborately logical effect.John Bunyan 班扬 1628-1688The Pilgrim?s Progres班路历程(

23、Vanity Fair 名利场);The Life and Death of Mr Badman 培德曼先生的一生Part Four: The Eighteenth Century and Neo-classicism (1688-1798)What is Neo-classicismff古典主义?Neo-classicism was a reaction against the intricacy and occasional obscurity, boldness and the extravagance of European literature of the late Renaiss

24、ance,as seen for instance, in the works of the metaphysical. In favor of simplicity, charity restraint regularity and good sense.The characteristics of neo-classicism can be summed up as follows:People emphasized_reason rather than emotion,form rather than content.As reason was stressed, most of the

25、 writings of the age were didactic(迂腐 的)and satirical.As elegance, correctness, appropriateness and restraint were preferred;the poet found closed couplet the only possible verse form for serious work.It is almost exclusively a town ”poetry, catering to the interests of the “society in great cities.

26、“It is entirely wanting in all those elements that are related with the” romaDaniel Defoe丹尼尔加福1660-1731(标志着近代英国小说的形成)Hymn to the Pillory 枷开U颂;Robinson Crusoe鲁宾初飘流t己;Captain Singleton辛格 顿船长;Moll Flanders莫尔弗兰德斯;A Journal of the Plague Yea大疫年日记Jonathan Swift 斯威夫特 1667-1745 The Battle of Books 书的战争;A Ta

27、le of A Tub 一个木桶的故事;The Drapier?s Letters 布商的书信;A Modest_Proposal 一个温 和 的 建 议；Guilliver?s Travels 格 歹 U 佛一游 记（A Voyage Lilliput/Brobdingnag/Laputa,Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glubbdubdriba and Japan/The Country of the Houyhnhnms小人国/大人国/拉普他等地/智马国游记）The rise and growth of the realistic novel （Bourgeois in e

28、ssence） is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. Gothic Novel 哥特式小说 （早期恐怖小说）Alexander Pope蒲柏 1688-1744 Pastorals田园诗集;An Essay on Criticism 批评 论;Windsor Forest 温莎林;The Rape of the Lock 卷发遇劫记；The Duncial 愚人 志;Moral Essays道德论;An Essay on Man人论;Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot 与阿布斯诺S

29、amuel Johnsoril缪尔钓翰逊 1709-1784 A Dictionary of the Engligh Language 英语语言辞典；Lives of Poets诗人传;Vanity of Human Wishes人类欲望的成 幻;Rasselasffi4 勒斯_名文：Letter to Lord Chesterfield给吉士菲尔伯爵的信Henry Fielding亨禾徘尔丁 1707-1754 （英国现实主义小说的奠基者）剧本：The Coffeehouse Politician 咖啡屋政客；Don Quixote in England 堂/诃德在英 国;The Histo

30、rical Register for the Year历史记事 长篇/卜说： The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews,and of His Friend Mr Abraham Adam哟瑟？k德鲁传;The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild the Great大伟人江奈 生哪尔德传;The History of Tom Jones,a Foundling汤姆？斯;Amelia 阿美利亚A trend of thought begins at the second half of 18th century during th

31、e age of Enlightenment in England. It gains its name from an English author Sterne?s A Sentimental Journey It carefully depicts persons?sympathy, reflecting the disdain towards the actual world and deep sympathy to the ordinary people. The authors usually like to use death, dark, loneliness, etc. as

32、 their subject. Their works are always melancholy, obscure, and full of pessimistic. The representative was Thomas Gray.Graveyard Poetry:A poet school, derived from English Sentimentalism, which began in the middle of 18 century.Thomas Gray 1716-1771 classical scholar Elegy Written In a Country Chur

33、chyard 园挽歌:歌颂的对象木仅仅为死者 The Epitaph墓志铭Pre- Romantic Poets:Robert Burns 彭斯 1759-1796 （A celebrated Scottish poet, the national poet of Scotland, the greatest song writer in the world. His famous song: Auld Lg Syne whose English name “old 10ng since.） ”Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dia ect 苏格兰方言诗集名诗：Th

34、e Tree of Liberty 自由村;Scots Wha-Hae 苏格兰人;The Two Dogs 两只 狗;Holy W川ie?s Prayer威利长老的祈祷；My Heart?s in the Highland录的心呀在高 原;A Red,Red RosJ朵幺红的玫瑰;John Anderson约翰？15猫生,My Jo;A Man?s A Man for A?That不管身在何处都须保持尊严;Robert Bruce?s March to BannockburnWilliam Blake 布莱克 1757-1827 Poetical Sketches!描诗集;Songs of I

35、nnocence 天真之歌；Songs of Experience 经验之歌 The French Revolution 法国革命;The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻;America; Milton; Jerusalem 名诗：London; The TigerPart Five: The Age of Romanticism （1798-1832）Romantic Movement: From the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 to the

36、death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832.The essence of this new movement is:the glorification of instinct （本能）and emotion;a deep veneration （对自然的无 B艮崇拜）of nature;a flaming zeal to remake the world （改变世界的一种热情）.Characteristic features of the Romantic Movement:Subjectivism （主观性）:Instead of regarding poetry a

37、s “amirror to nature ” romantic poets describe poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. The interest of the romantic poets is in the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of the poets themselves. In short, romanticism is related to subjectivism. The poetry of the Romantic Age in Engla

38、nd is distinctive for its high degree of imagination.Spontaneity （自然流露）Singularity （独创性）/、Worship of nature （把自然看得神圣） ：The romantic poets are worshippers of nature, especially the sublime （伟大的， 令人赞叹的）aspect of a natural scene.Simplicity （简约）There is a dominating note of melancholy（忧郁，悲伤）in the poems

39、 of the romantic poets.Neo-classicismreasonreasoncommercialindustrialpresentsocietyorder& stabilitydecorative expressionRomanticismpassionimaginationnaturalpastoralpastindividu alfreedomsimple and spontaneous expressionIt was an age of poetry by which the poets outpoured their feelings and emotions.

40、It should be known that the term “romanticism was not known to the poets themselves in their lifetime. It was a term applied to them half a century later by literary historians. Contemporary critics treated them as independent individuals or grouped them into separate schools.Poetry: The Age of （Rom

41、antic） PoetryLake Poets :（ William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey were known as “LakePoets “ because they lived in the Lake District in the Northwestern England, and knew one another in the last few years of 18century.）William Wordsworth 威廉珅兹华斯 1770-1850An Evening Walk 黄昏漫步Ly

42、rical Ballads抒情歌谣集（与柯勒律治合编）；Lucy Poems露西组诗（She Dwett Among the Untrodden Ways; To the Cuckoott鹃颂;I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 我如朵孤独的云 （The theme: Through describing a scene of joyful daffodils 黄水仙花.In the poem, he sings of the harmony between things in nature and the harmony between nature and the p

43、oet himself.）;The Solitary Reaper寂的刈麦人） Ode on Intimations of Immorality 尔朽颂;Ode to Duty 义务颂;The Excursion 远足；The Prelude 序曲What is poetry?Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility （安静）.（He is a man speaking to men.）What is nature

44、?His love for nature is boundless （无限的）.To him nature means more than rivers, trees, rocks, mountains, lakes, and so on. Nature has a moral value and has its philosophical significance. Nature is for him the embodiment of the Divine Spirit （圣 灵代表）.He believes that God and universe are identical, tha

45、t God is everything and everything is God. To Wordsworth nature is the greatest of all teachers, and those who are uncorrupted by urban society, especially those simple rusti c（有农村或农民特色 的，粗里子白people, can communicate directly with nature which gives them power, peace, and happiness.Samuel Taylor Cole

46、ridge柯勒律治 1772-1834 Lyrical Ballads; The Fall of the Bastille 巴士底狱的毁灭；The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子味;Kubla Khan 忽 必烈汗；Biographia Literaria 文学传记Satanic Poets （: These poets were romantic, rebellious and revolutionary.）George Gordon Byron乔治的伦 1788-1824 Hours of Idleness闲暇时光;English Bords and Scot

47、tish Reviewers英国诗人与苏格兰评论家；Childe Harold?s Pilgrimage, Cantos I and II,Canto III 1818恰多德？合罗德游记；Ode to the Framers of the Frame-bil编织机法案编制者颂；Oriental Tales东方叙事诗（The Bride of Abydos时比道斯的新娘；The Corsa海盗;The Siege of Corinth 柯林斯之围）;Manfred 曼弗雷德;The Age of Bronze青铜证纪；Don Juan唐？8 名诗：She Walks in Beauty; The

48、 Isles of Greece“I awoke one morning and found myself famous. ”Feature: the heroes rebellious in character, defying conventional morality and even fate, but moody and sometimes misanthropic 令人憎恶的）.Byronic hero 拜伦式英Percy Bysshe Shelled 西？:匕希？8 莱 1792-1822Queen Mab麦布女王；Prometheus Unbound#放了的普罗米修斯；Adon

49、ais 阿东尼斯;The Cenci 钦契;Song to the Men of England致英M人民；England in 1819;The Masque of Anarch收制魔王的化装游行；Ode to the West Wind西风颂（If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?观）；Ode to a Skylark云雀颂；A Defence of Poetry诗辩John Keats约翰舒兹1795-1821 Endymion恩底弥翁；Isabella伊莎贝拉；The Eve of Sanit Agnes圣爱尼节前夜;Ode on a Gr

50、ecian Urn希腊古瓮颂；Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂;To Autumn秋颂;Hyperion 赫披里昂（未完成）NovelJane Austin 简魄斯丁 1775-1817 Pride and Prejudice 慢与偏见；Sense and Sensibility!评与情感;Emma 爱玛；，、Mansfield Park曼斯非尔德公同；Persuasion好事多磨;Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺New poetic featureslanguage: simple everyday life speech, common vocabulary, acc

51、ent dialectform: lyric, narrative, sonnet, ode, balladsubject: nature, beauty （the rural/pastoral, the past/historical, the alien/exotic, original, the supernatural/ mysterious-dreams or dreamlike, the personal, the common/low class, the revolutionary/justic主要体现于撒旦派 ,the patriotic）. purpose: emotion

52、al, confessional and visionary/ prophetic.principles: imaginationCharles Lamb 查尔斯？1 1775-1834 Tales from Shakespeare#土比亚故事 ;Alburn Verses诗集;Essay of Elia 伏利亚散文集（Dream Children 梦中儿女;A Dissertation unpon Roast Pig 烤猪论；Old China 古瓷;New Year?s Eve 除夕;The Praise of Chimney Sweepers扫烟囱童工赞；The Superannuate

53、d Man领取养老金的 人;A Bachelor?s Complaint of the Behavior of Married People 单身汉对结过婚的人 的行为的抱怨）Walter Scott 瓦尔特对各特 1771-1832 （founder and great master of the historical novel; his death marks the ending of Romantic Period in English literature） 诗：The Minstrlsy of the Scottish Border 苏格兰边区歌谣集T ;Marimion 王4里

54、恩;The Lady of the Lake 湖上夫人小说：Waverley 威弗利；Guy Mannering 盖修纳令;Rob Roy ”为绊伊;The Heart of Midlothian米德洛西恩监狱;Ivanhog艾凡赫;Kenilworth坎厄尔华斯;Woodstock皇 家猎馆;Queentin Durward昆廷彷沃Part Six: English Critical Realism-Victorian Age （1832-1901）The Origin of Species1859）, science came to the forefront in the debate

55、against the church. The influence of Darwin was great, as his discovery conflicted with theBible and was applied in social science.The golden age of novel （97%people able to read by 1900） Reasons:The growth of urban population resulted in the appearance of a new reading public.With the development o

56、f the method of printing and paper making, the price of books dropped, and besides regular books, there were serial publicationsWriting had become a profession.The ascendancy of the industrial capitalists.Victorian novels are characterized by the common features below:The plot is unfolded against a

57、social background which is broader than what it had been in previous novels.（以现实社会为依据）The cause-effect 因果） sequence is much more striking than in previous novels. 3. Most of the Victorian novels were first published in serial form, that is, by installment （连载）,before they were fully published in a s

58、ingle book.The Victorian novels were tainted by the spirit of Puhtanism（清教主义的 ER记， 从不允许谈及 sex） of the Victorian age.The Victorian novels were characterized by their moral purpos e 道德教育）Critical Realism批判现实主义Critical realist novel reveal the social reality and criticize the injustice, poverty and rel

59、igious hypocrisy.Charles Dickens 狄更斯 1812-1870 The Posthumous、Papers of the Pickwick Club 匹克威克夕卜行；Oliver Twist雾都疝儿;American Notes美国札记；Martin Chuzzlewit 马丁冰述尔维特;The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店;Dombey and Son董贝父 子;David Copperfield 大卫？波菲尔：Hard Times 又艮难时世：A Tale of Two Cities 双 城记;Great Expectation远大前程Will

60、iam Makepeace Thackery 萨克雷 1811-1863 The Book of Snobs 势禾者 集;Vanity Fair 名禾U场;History of Pendennis 潘丹尼斯的历史;The History of Henry Esmond亨利J我斯芒的历史;The Newcomes纽可谟一家;The Virginians弗吉尼加Robert Browning 勃朗宁 1812-1889(写，作手段：dramaicmonologue)Paracelsus 巴拉柒尔土 ;Strafford 加特拉福；Pippa Passes 比芭走H;Dramatic Lyrics