职称英语(卫生类)新增文章

1、2013年职称英语（卫生类）新增文章译文及解析阅读理解第十六篇Eat to Live第十六篇为生存而食A meager diet may give you health and long life, but its not much fun and it might not even be necessary. 粗茶淡饭或许能给你健康和长寿，但这并不有趣很有可能也没必要 We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we dont start to diet until old age. 即便在年老以后才 开始

2、节食我们也能在很大程度上保持住青春活力。Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouses liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. 加州大学Riverside分校的斯蒂芬斯潘德尔及其同事发现，只要连续四周限制一些

3、衰老的老 鼠进食，它们的肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力。 The genetic rejuvenation wont reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.虽然老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆 转它们在其他方面的老化，但是却有助于这些老鼠的肝脏对药物的新陈代谢和清除毒素。Spindlers team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, a

4、nd fed another three on half-rations3.斯潘德尔的队员们一直给其中的三只老鼠正常量的饲料，而给另外三只老鼠正常量饲料的一半， Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old equivalent to about 70 human years.给三只34个月大的老鼠（相当于人类年龄的70岁）喂了一个月的半量饲料，之前这三只老鼠 的饲料量是正常的。The researchers checked th

5、e activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice.研究者们检查了这些老鼠肝脏的11,000种基因的活性，发现正常饲养的老鼠有46种基因随 年龄的改变而改变。 The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production一 probably bad news for mouse health. 这些改变都与体内自由基的产

6、生有关这对老鼠的健康来说不是什么好消息。 In the mice that had dieted all their lives,27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. 而对于那些终身都在节食的老鼠来说，那46种基因中的27种仍然继续保持着青春活力。 But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene ch

7、anges. 但是最令人吃惊的发现却是那些只是在老年时期节食的老鼠们受益于70%的基因变异。This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,” says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington D. C. “这只是第一个这些效果迅速起作用的暗示”，来自华盛顿特区周边的国家老年学学院的哈勃华纳说。No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as

8、it does in mice, 至今仍然没有人清楚卡路里的控制对人类来说是否如同对老鼠那样有效， but Spindler is hopeful. “Theres attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,” he says. 但是斯潘德尔对此 充满了希望：“有足以引人注意的证据表明这同样有效。”If it does work in people,there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. 如果这确实也对人类有效，我们有理由相信肝脏也可能恢复活力

9、。 As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. 举个例子，随着我们一天天衰老，我们的身体对药物的新陈代谢越来越没有效率。A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.短时期内的节食，斯潘德尔说到，完全足以保证药效。But Spindler isnt sure the trade-off is worth it. 但是斯潘德尔

10、并不确定这个方法值得尝试。 “The mice get less disease, they live longer, but theyre hungry,” “老鼠患病少了，寿命延长了，但是它们很饥饿，” he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, its still hard to go to a restaurant and say: I can only eat half of that,. ” 他说，“即使能清楚地认识到节食的功效，人们仍然很难在餐馆中说自己只能吃一半的食物。”Spindler hopes we soon wont need to

11、diet at all. 斯潘德尔希望我们根本就不用节食His company, Lifespan Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction. 他的公司，加利福尼亚州的寿命遗传学公司，正在寻找有限制卡路里效能的药物词汇：meager adj.不足的youthful adj.有青春活力的vigor n.精力，活力metabolize vt. 使（一种物质）进入新陈代谢过程 genetic adj.基因的rejuvenation n.恢复活力，返老还童注释：1.

12、hang on to ：继续保留。例如：You should hang on to that painting 一 it might be worth a lot of money one day.你应该继续保留那幅画-或许有一天它会值很多钱。2.The genetic rejuvenation wont reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins：老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆转老鼠在其他方面的老化，但却有助于肝

13、脏代谢药物或除去毒素。other damage caused by time岁月造成的莫他方面的破坏，即“其他方面的老化”。metabolize drugs：代谢药物，即“使药物参与新陈代谢以提高药效”。get rid of：摆脱，除去。3.half-ration和half-feed都是指“老鼠饲料正常定量（normal diet)的一半”。4.free radical production:指体内自由基的产生(形成）。5.kick in：意为“开始起作用”。 如：Were still waiting for the air conditioning to kick in.我们还在等着空调开始

14、起作用。6.be worth it：意为“值得，有益”。如：They are expensive, but they are worth it.那些东西很贵，但划得来。练习：1.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A Eating less than usual might make us live longer.B If we go on a diet when old, we may keep healthy.C Dieting might not be needed.D We have to begin

15、 dieting since childhood. 1.D第一k第一句讲“节食可能不是非做不可的事”，第二句讲“即使上了年纪再节食，我们 仍然有可能在很大程度上保持青春活力”，因此，“我们必须从小就开始节食”是错误的，D是答案。2.Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2?A To describe the influence of old age on mice.B To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice.C To tell us how mices live

16、r genes behave.D To inform us of the process of metabolizing drugs.2.B第二段提及“一只髙龄老鼠”的时候，作者谈到，“只要连续四周限制它进食，它的肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力”。据此，“为了描述节食对老鼠所产生的影响”最好地回答了题干中的问题o3.What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage?A They will not experience free radical production.B They

17、 will experience more genetic rejuvenation in their lifetime.C They have more old liver genes to behave like young genes.D They are more likely to suffer from inflammation.3.D 第四段提到，“正常饲养的老鼠随着年龄的增长有46条肝脏基因会发生变化，这种变化与炎症和有机体组织无限激增有关”，因此，D正确。4.According to the author, which of the following most intere

18、sted the researchers?A The mice that started dieting in old age.B 27 of those 46 old genes that continued to behave like young genes.C Calorie restriction that works in people.D Dieting that makes sure a drug is effective.4.A第四段最后一个句子讲“但最惊人的发现是那些上了年纪才开始节食的老鼠也能从70%的基因变化中受益”。“最惊人的”自然是“最令研究人员感兴趣的”。5.Ac

19、cording to the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes that A calorie restriction is very important to young people.B seeing the effect of a diet, people will like to eat less than normal.C dieting is not a good method to give us health and long life.D drugs do not have the effects of calorie restric

20、tion.5.C文章的最后两段谈及Spindler对节食的看法。首先，他不能肯定节食是否值得。. 其次, 他希望在不久的将来，我们不必节食。所以我们可以推知，他认为节食不是得以健康长寿的好办法。第二十九篇 “Dont Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning二十九篇“不要在就餐时间以外饮酒”有了新含义In what may be bad news for bars and pubs，a European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significa

21、ntly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. 一定程度上，这对酒吧可能是一个坏消息，欧洲的一个研究小组发现人们在就餐时间以外饮酒会使患口腔和颈部癌症的几率比就餐时饮酒更高。 Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies2 and another 3，500 adults who

22、had never had cancer Luigino Dal Maso和他的同事们研究了取自四项癌症研究的1，500个病例的饮酒习惯模式和另外3，500个从没患癌症的成年人的饮酒习惯模式。After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals3 faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of

23、cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus when compared with people who drank only at meals.在研究者分析了饮酒的总量后，他们发现和只在就餐时饮酒的人相比，在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒的人面临至少50%80%的患口腔癌、咽癌和食道癌的危险。, Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal4 cancer. 在就餐时间外饮酒也会使患喉癌的可能性增加

24、至少20%。“ Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites5 traced to smoking or drinking6 by the study volunteers，” Dal Maso says.“被研究者的情况说明大约95%患以上四种癌症的原因就是抽烟或饮酒”DalMaso说。The discouraging news, his team reports, is that drinking with meals didnt eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites. 他的研究小组提供的报

25、告中令人沮丧的消息是就餐时饮酒不会消除患以上任何一种癌症的危险。For their new analysis，the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups,based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week7. 为了进行新的分析，欧洲科学家根据每星期平均饮酒量将被研究者分为4组。 The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to8 20 drinks 狂 we

26、ek. The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day. 饮酒量最少的一组包括每周平均饮酒量达20杯的人，饮酒量最高的一组每周饮酒至少56杯，平均每天8杯以上。9 Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals.患

27、口腔癌和颈部癌的危险随着饮酒量而稳定上升，即使是那些只在就餐时饮酒的人。For instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx10. 例如，和低饮酒量的人相比，每周饮酒2134杯的人患除喉癌以外其他部位的癌症的危险增加了一倍。 If people in these

28、consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers. 如果这几组中的人在就餐时间以外饮酒，那些属于高饮酒量组的人会使他们患口腔癌和食道癌的危险至少增加3倍。People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times t

29、he risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. 和每周只在就餐时平均饮酒至多20杯的人相比，高饮酒量组的人在就餐时间饮酒患口腔癌的危险是低饮酒量组的10倍，咽癌是其7倍，食道癌是16倍。 In contrast, laryngeal cancer risk in the high-intake

30、, with-meals-only group11 was only triple that12 in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals. 相反，酒精高摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人患喉癌的危险是酒精低摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人的3倍。Alcohol can inflame tissues. Over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer. ” Dal Maso says. “酒精能使组织发炎，一段时间后，炎症可引发癌症。” Dal Maso说。 He suspects that food red

31、uced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tract tissues or by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. 他认为食物降低了患癌症的危险，或是通过覆盖在消化道组织上或是通过将酒精从那些组织上擦掉。 He speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tissues lower exposure to alcoho

32、l. 他推测所有被研究 者患喉癌的几率比其他癌症低很多的原因是喉部组织被酒精侵害到的部分少得多。词汇：cavity n.腔pharynx n.咽pharyngeal adj.咽的esophagus n.食管esophageal adj.食管的larynx n.喉scrub v.擦净，擦掉注释：1.than do those taking their libations with food：这是一个倒装句，其正常语序为 than those taking their libations with food do。这里的do是一个代词，代替上半句中的have a significantly hig

33、her risk of cancer in the mouth and neck。2.drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies ：取自四项癌症研究的 1，500 个病例的饮酒习惯模式3.downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals：在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒。 down：在此作动词用，意为：“喝下，灌下”；significant：意为“large in amount”（大量的）。4.laryngeal：larynx (喉）的形容词形式。5.

34、these four sites：指该段前两句提到的 oral cavity，pharynx, esophagus, larynx。6.traced to smoking or drinking：根源就是抽烟或喝酒。trace to:回溯到7.in an average week：平均每星期8.up to：高达9.56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day：每周56 杯，平均每天8杯以上。eight后省略了servings意为“(食物或饮料的）一份”。10.for all sites other t

35、han the larynx：除喉以外的全部部位。other than：除了。11.high-intake, with-meals-only group：(酒精）高摄入、仅在就餐时饮酒的（实验）组。 high-intake和with-meals-only在此都是合成形容词，修饰group。12.was only triple that：是它的三倍。that 指该句前半句中的 laryngeal cancer risk。练习：1.Researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with

36、people A who drink alcohol outside of mealsurB who drink alcohol at meals.C who never drink alcohol.D who drink alcohol at bars and pubs. 1.A文章第一个句子就是答案。2.Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”? A It has a lower risk of cancer than drinking w

37、ithout food.B It may also be a cause of cancer.C It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites.D It does not eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.2.C第二段的第二句说的是餐外饮酒使得喉癌几率增加了20%，而不是就餐饮酒的情况。所以C是正确答案。其他三项均在文中直接或间接提到。3.Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group aver

38、age per day?A 3 drinks.B 8 drinks.C 20 drinks.D 56 drinks.3.A第三段第二句告诉我们，酒精摄人量最低的一组每星期饮酒量达20杯，因此，大约每天在三杯左右。4.Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in the passage?A Oral cancer.B Laryngeal cancer.C Pharyngeal cancer.D Esophageal cancer.4.B文章第四段的第一句和第二句是由连接词in con

39、trast连接的两个句子。in contrast表达的是句间的反比关系。第一句说明酒精消费量最大的一组，患其他三种癌症的几率与低酒精摄入量组相比，分别是他们的10倍、7倍和16倍，而第二句告诉我们，相比之下，其患喉癌的机率只是另一组的3倍。因此，B是正确选项。5.According to the last paragraph, tissues lower exposure to alcohol A explains why inflammation triggers cancer.B accounts for why food can coat digestive-tract tissues.

40、C is the reason why food can scrub alcohol off tissues.D reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer.5.D文章最后一句提供了答案。第三十九篇Sauna第三十九篇桑拿浴Ceremonial bathing has existed for thousands of years and has many forms, one of which is the sauna. 仪式性的沐浴已经有几千年的历史，并S有多种形式，其中的一种就是桑拿浴。 The Finns have perfected the steam b

41、ath，or sauna, which may be taken, usually in an enclosed room, by pouring water over hot rocks or as a dry heat bath芬兰人完善了蒸汽浴，也就是桑拿浴。它可以在一个封闭的房间里将水浇在滚烫的石头上，或是一种干热浴。. The Japanese, Greeks, Turks and Russians as well as Native Americans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals. 日本人、希腊人、土耳

42、其人、俄国人以及美洲土著人在他们的沐浴传统中都有发汗浴这一形式。 Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and pre-Columbian Americans used sweat lodges. 用干热浴发汗的方式是古罗马优先使用的，而哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人则使用发汗小屋。The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was

43、 unknown at that time. 最早的桑拿浴很有可能是在地下山洞里。由于当时还没有掌握烟技术，山洞里总是充满着火焰引起的。 A fire kept in a fire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave.人们在火槽里生火，加热山洞的四壁。 After reaching full heat, the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours.当墙壁达到一定的温度时，将浓烟排出洞外，这使得墙壁还能保持几个小时的高温。

44、A few people today say that the smoke sauna, “ savusauna”，is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a background odor or smoke. 今天，有一些人认为有烟的桑拿浴，“烟熏桑拿”， 才是真正的桑拿体验，而所有的桑拿浴都应该至少有烟熏或烟味儿的背景。Today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are av

45、ailable. 现在，尽管煤油炉和烧木头的火炉仍然可以使用，大多数的桑拿浴都是用电妒。Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving, Those with muscle aches or arthritis may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation. 桑拿浴能使人放松并消除压力。肌肉疼痛或关节炎都可以利用桑拿浴的热气减轻疼痛和炎症。 Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways

46、of the lung and facilitates breathing. 热气还可以拓展哮喘患者的肺部通道，使呼吸更加顺畅。Saunas do not cure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion arid speed recovery time. 桑拿浴并不能治愈普通的感冒，但它可以减轻患者的胸闷感，加快康复的速度。The bodys core temperature usually rises a 1-2 degrees while in the sauna, thus imitating a slight

47、 fever. 在蒸桑拿浴时，人体温度通常会上升12摄氏度，就像 发低烧一样的感觉。The sauna could be considered to follow the old saying “feed a cold，starve a fever The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place. 因此，蒸桑拿可以说是印证了一句老话：“伤风时宜吃，发热时宜饿。”定期 蒸桑拿浴可以在第一时间预防感冒的发生。Sauna is good for your skin

48、as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs. 蒸桑拿对皮肤也有好处，它可以促进皮肤的血液循环和出汗。 Adults sweat about 2 lbs8 of water per hour on average in a sauna. 在这个过程中，成年人一般每 小时要蒸发2磅的水。A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. 出汗可以清除毛孔中:的污垢Y使皮肤变得光洁。 The loss in wat

49、er weight is temporary as the bodys physiological mechanisms will quickly restore proper volumes. 失水只是暂时性的，人体机能能够很快补充合适的水量。 The cardiovascular system9 gets a work out10 as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange. 在热气交换的过程中，心脏跳动得更快，这就使心血管系统也得 到了锻炼。Heart ra

50、te may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute. 蒸桑拿浴时的心率能从原来的平均每分钟72下增加到每分钟100 -150下。A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctors advice. 健康的心脏可以承受这种变化，而那些心脏病患者在蒸桑拿浴之前应该征求医生的建议。The elderly

51、 and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas. 同样的，老年人和糖尿病患者也应如此。 Pregnant women should not take saunas, particularly in the first three months. 孕妇则不能蒸桑拿浴，尤其是在怀孕的头三个月。Indeed, everyone just starting out should take short sessions11 at first to become accust

52、omed to this type of bath. 其实， 每个人在刚开始尝试桑拿浴时都应该先是短时间的，直到适应了这种沐浴方式。词汇：sauna n.(芬兰式）蒸汽浴，桑拿浴congestion n.阻塞;拥塞odor n.气味，味道arthritis 关节炎inflammation n.炎(症）grime n.污垢；尘垢cardiovascular adj.心、血 管的diabetes n.糖尿病 注释：1.ceremonial bathing:仪式性的沐浴。许多宗教都有这种以沐浴作为仪式的习俗。2.pre-Columbian Americans:哥伦布前的美洲人。Columbian是C

53、olumbus的形容词形式，意思是“哥伦布的”;pre-是前缀,意思是:在前。pre-Columbian Americans，其完整的意思是: 哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人。3.fire-pit:火槽4.relaxing and stress relieving:能使人放松并消除压力。5.alleviate congestion and speed recovery time:减轻胸闷感，加快康复的速度。6.imitate: to appear like; resemble:像;类似7.feed a cold, starve a fever:谤伤风时宜吃，发热时宜饿;伤风不怕吃，热病不怕饿。8

54、.lb: pound(磅)的缩写形式。9.cardiovascular system:心血管系统10.a work out:做名词用，意为“运动，锻炼”。11.sessions:(做某事或进行某活动的)一段时间练习：1.Ceremonial bathing _.A)is called the sauna by FinnsB)is equivalent to the steam bathC)has various formsD)is held in an enclosed room1.C第一段的第一句告诉我们，ceremonial bathing有多种形式，其中一种是sauna。所以只有C是正确

55、的选项。2.What is understood by some people to be the true sauna experience?A)Saunas in underground caves.B)Saunas with smoke.C)Saunas using wood burning stoves.D)Saunas using electric stoves.2.B根据文章第二段的第四句，smoke sauna被有些人认为是真正的sauna。句中a background odor也是指烟熏的气味。3.According to the third paragraph, saunas

56、 can do all of the following EXCEPT.A)reducing the chance of getting coldB)speeding recoveryC)relieving stressD)curing asthma3.D 该段最后一句说 The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold; 第四句说 they may help to . speed recovery time; 第一句说 Saunas are . stress relieving。 所 以，A、B、

57、C 都是桑拿可以做的。第三句说 Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing,这不足以说明桑拿有治愈哮喘的作用。因此，应选择D项。4.According to the fourth paragraph, sauna gives the skin a healthy glow because_.A)pores are cleaned by sweatB)water is lost by sweatingC)blood moves to the su

58、rface for heat exchangeD)the heart pumps harder and faster4.A该段第三句提供了答案。5.Who are advised not to take a sauna?A)Elderly people.B)Pregnant women.C)People with heart trouble.D)All of the above.5.D文章最后一段告诫几种人不能蒸桑拿浴，包括心脏病患者、老人、糖尿病患者、孕妇等。所以D是正确的选项。完形填空A Biological Clock第二篇生物钟Every living thing has what s

59、cientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. 每一种生物都有控制它们行为的时钟，科学家们称之为生物钟。The biological clock tells _1_ when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells _2_ when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake

60、. 生物钟告诉植物的花朵何时生长，何时开放；生物钟告诉昆虫何时离开防护卵袋，远远飞去；生物钟还告诉动物和人类何时进食、睡眠，何时苏醒。Events outside the plant and animal _3_ the actions of some biological clocks. 外界的变化会影响某些动植物的生物钟。Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur _4_ the number of hours of daylight. 例如，科学家最近发现，