外研版必修2模块3语言知识学习

1、外研版必修2模块3语言知识学习余明朝 陕西省商南县高级中学词语诠释 一、audience1. audience是集合名词，用作主语时，其谓语可用单数(视为整体)或复数(视为个体)。如：The audience is are listening attentively. 听众都在聚精会神地听着。2. 由于audience 是集合名词，所以an audience 不是指“一个观众”，而是指某一群观众、某一个场次观众、某一方面的观众等。如：She has never spoken to such a big audience before. 她以前从未向这么多人讲过话。同样地，audiences 也

2、不是指“多个观众”，而是指多群观众，多个场次观众，多个方面的观众等。She has addressed audiences all over the country. 她曾向全国各地的听众演讲。另外，audience作为集合名词，原则上不能用它表示个体，但every audience是例外，当要强调每一名观众时，可以这样用。如：The pianist made a conquest of every audience for which she played. 这位钢琴家以她的演奏征服了每一位听众。 3. 形容听(观)众人数之多或少，通常用big, large, huge, mass, vas

3、t, wide 以及small, thin等形容词修饰，但是不用many, few修饰。如：There was a large audience of young people at the pop concert. 流行音乐演奏会上有大量青年听众。4.要具体表示观众的数量，可参考以下表达：There were at least three hundred people in the audience. 观众至少有300人。The series has attracted an audience of more than 10 million. 这个系列片吸引了1,000多万观众收看。 二、t

4、alent1. 形容詞意思是有天才的, 有才幹的He is a very talented actor. 他是一個很有天賦的演員。2. 名詞意思是天才, 天資US1(+for)He had a talent for music. 他有音樂天才。天才們, 有才能的人們UG; 天才CShe is a new diving talent. 她是一個新的跳水天才。 (演藝界)明星們, 藝人們UG; 明星, 藝人CThere was a lack of local talent, so they hired an actor from London. 因為缺乏本地的明星, 所以他們從倫敦雇來一位演員。三

5、、composevt. 组成，构成：(be composed of )England, Scotland and Wales compose the island of Great Britain.英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士组成大不列颠岛国。整理，整顿： to compose laws into a coherent system把各项法律整理成为一个连贯的体系创作(文学、音乐、绘画等作品)： She spent her spare time composing poetry.她利用业余时间作诗。vi.创作；作曲： She is not only a teacher of music, she c

6、omposes.她不仅是一位音乐教师，而且也会作曲。构图；构成： He photographs any scene that composes well.他把任何构图美好的风景都拍摄下来。短语:be composed of由组成compose oneself镇静下来，安下心来变形：composer 作曲家 composition 作曲，作文composed, composing四、popularadj.流行的,通俗的;受欢迎的;大众的;普及的most popular最受欢迎;最流行popular with受欢迎;有好评popular among受欢迎popular culture大众文化,通俗

7、文化;流行文化popular science大众科学,通俗科学popular music.流行音乐;通俗音乐popular song流行歌曲popular literature.大众文学,通俗文学popular education大众教育,国民教育popular type通用型;普通型be very popular非常受欢迎be popular with 受的欢迎popular goods快销货五、affect, effect, influence用法辨析1. affect 与 effect 均可表示“影响”，其区别是：前者是动词(及物)，主要指一时的影响，着重影响的动作，可指一般意义的影响(

8、不分好坏)，也可指不良影响；后者是名词(可数或不可数)，两者的关系大致为：affecthave an effect on。如：To affect a policy is to have an effect on it. 影响一项政策就是对该政策具有一种影响。The news did not affect her at all.The news had no effect on her at all. 这条消息对她没有一点影响。注：effect 有时虽用作动词(及物)，但不表示“影响”，而表示“实现”或“产生”等。如：They effected their escape in the middl

9、e of the night. 他们半夜逃脱了。He effected great changes in the company. 他使公司发生了巨大的变化2. influence 表示“影响”，主要指对行为、性格、观点等产生间接的或潜移默化的影响。可用作动词(及物)或名词(通常不可数，但有时可连用不定冠词)。如：What you read influences your thinking. 你读的东西对你的思想有影响。Its clear that her painting has been influenced by Picasso. 她的画显然受了毕加索的影响。Television has

10、 a strong influence on people. 电视对人有很大的影响。六、tour/ travel/journey/ trip /voyage辨析travel一般指长途旅行，或到国外或远方旅行。与journey不同之处，在于不着重某一目的地，有到各地“游历”的意思，作名词时常用复数形式。地道的英语一般使用to go travel的表达更多。He has just returned from his travels.他刚刚旅行回来One day in his travels in China, he got to Guangzhou.他在中国旅行期间，有一天他到达广州trip一般指

11、短距离旅行，直达目的地的旅行。在日常用语中，trip可与journey通用。I am going on a trip to the seaside during the summer holidays.暑假期间我将去海边旅行。He went on a trip journey to Paris.他到巴黎旅行去了。tour 旅行，周游，观光，主要目的地是游览或视察，距离可长可短，常带有“最后回到出发地”的含义。一般团队游都是tour，带有导游的是Guide Tour。法国5日游：5-day Tour to FranceHe is making a tour of the world.他周游世界去

12、了。They spent two months on a tour through most of the countries of Europe.他们用了两个月的时间去旅行，游历了欧洲的大部分国家。 journey主要指单程较远距离的海、陆、空“旅行”，表示“去旅行”时，英语该说go on a journey，而不说go to a journeyMr. Smith made a journey from Paris to New York.史密斯先生作了一次从巴黎到纽约的旅行。A pleasant journey to you.祝你一路平安。voyage: 一趟旅程，尤指海上之旅Many a

13、re finding that the most pleasant way to travel is a voyage on a cruise ship.许多人认为最痛快的旅行方式，是搭乘游轮，来一趟逐波之行。七、prepare1.“准确、预备”，常用prepare sth。或get sth。ready，这时主语常常直接参与做事的活动。例如：All the classmates are preparing the party.所有学生都在准备这次聚会。 2. “为而准备”或“使某人为而做准备”，常用句式有： （1）prepare for sth. / to do sth. （2）make pr

14、eparations for sth. / to do sth. （3）prepare sb.（sth.）for sth. / to do sth. （4）get ready for sth. / to do sth.例如： The doctor told him to prepare for the operation.医生叫他做好术前准备。 They began to make preparations for this journey. 他们开始为这次旅行做准备。 We must prepare him for the bad news.我们得让他为这个坏消息作好心理准备。 3. “已经

15、准备好了做”，常用句式有： （1）be prepared for sth. / to do sth. （2）be ready for sth / to do sth.例如： They are prepared for anything that might happen.对于随时可能出现的事情他们已做好了准备。 注意：get / be rady to do sth.也可表达“乐意做”。例如： He is always ready to take the advice of others.他总是乐意接受别人的意见。 4. “正在准备之中”，常用be in preparation。例如： Her

16、wedding is in preparation. 她的婚礼在准备之中。 八、marrymarry vt., vi. -ried, -rying娶；嫁；结婚；和.结婚常见用法如下：1.marry sb. / get married 表示动作He married a pretty girl. 他娶了个漂亮的姑娘。They got married last year. 他们去年结的婚。 Im getting married next month.我将在下个月结婚。2be married (to sb.) 表示状态marry 是个非持续性动词，它的完成时不可和段时间连用。1). 他们已经结婚13年

17、了【误】They have married for 13 years.【正】They have been married for 13 years.【正】They got married 13 year ago【正】It is10 years since they got married.2). 她已经结婚13年了. She has been married to me for 13 years.3.marry +状语: vi.时，往往用副词或介词短语来修饰。She married young / early.她很早就结婚了。She married late (in life). 她结婚晚。S

18、he married well. =She married a rich man.她嫁给了一个有钱人。4.be married 用来询问某人是否结婚, 而不涉及结婚的对象Is she married? / Has she been married?她结婚了吗？（前者更常见些）5.marry sb. to sb.表示父母把女儿嫁给某人或为儿子娶媳妇。It was her parents who married her to Tom.是她父母把她嫁给了汤姆。6.marry sb. 为证婚；为主持婚礼 When you get married, Ill marry you.当你结婚时，我来给你主持婚

19、礼。It was her teacher who married them.是她老师给她们主的婚（主持婚礼）。7.通常不这样说： 1). When did you marry?2）. Has she married? 3）. She married with an Englishman.注：marry 一般不与介词with 连用, 但是它的名词后可以：On her marriage to / with Mr. Smith, Miss Jones became Mrs. Smith.一和史密斯先生结婚，Jones小姐就成了史密斯夫人.8.便于记忆marry用法的相关对话A: 她结婚了吗？A: I

20、s she married?B: 结了。她很早就结婚了。B: Yes, she is. She married very early.A: 何时结的？A: When did she get married?B: 1993年。也就是说，她结婚13年了。B: She got married in 1993. That is, she has been married for 13 years.A: 嫁给谁了？A: Who married her?B: 嫁给汤姆了。是她父母做得主，是她老师主的婚。B: Tom did. It was her parents who married her to To

21、m and it was her teacher who married them.九、standA. vi. (1)站 Come and sit by my side if you love me.(2)立于 The house stands between the two large trees. There stood a strange man right behind me.B. vt. (1)放Stand the ladder against the wall. (2)忍受 If you cant stand the heat, get out of the kitchen.C.习

22、语stand against反对 They all stood against the war. stand at attention/ease立正/稍息stand behind sb. 支持stand by支持；袖手旁观；准备行动 Well stand by you through thick and thin. You mustnt stand by and do nothing about it.stand for代表，表示；主张X often stands for an unknown number. We stand for self-reliance（自力更生）.stand on

23、ones own feet依靠自己stand out突出；显著 Her talent stood out in comparison with the others. stand aside站开；不参与；靠边站stand back向后退stand still站住；停顿stand up站起；起立短语聚焦十、as well as1. as well as 可连接并列的单词或短语。例如：It is unpleasant in summer as well as in winter.夏天不好过，冬天也不好过。The child is lively as well as healthy.这孩子既健康又活

24、泼。2. as well as 连接两个谓语动词时，它们的时态应保持一致。例如：He publishes as well as prints his own books.他的书是他自己印刷出版的。as well as 与动词连用时，其后可用V-ing形式，尤其as well as 位于句首时，此时相当于in addition to。例如：As well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm.他不但摔断了腿，而且还伤了胳膊。She sings as well as playing the piano.她不但会弹钢琴，而且会唱歌。3. 如果as well as

25、前面是动词不定式，那么其后的动词也是不定式，但to要省略。例如：You cannot expect her to do the housework as well as look after the children. 你不可能叫她既照顾孩子又做家务。4. 由as well as 连接的复合主语并不影响谓语动词的数。例如：Helen as well as I is eager to see the performance.海伦和我一样急于要看演出。5. as well as 连接的人称代词既可以是主格也可以是宾格，但句意不同。例如：They have invited you as well a

26、s me. 他们邀请了我，也邀请了你。（you和me都作invited的宾语）They have invited you as well as I.他们和我一样都邀请了你。（they和I都作invited的主语）6. as well as 在意义上通常强调前者，而not only but also在意义上则强调后者。例如： He”s got a car as well as a motorbike. 他不但有一辆摩托车，而且有一辆小汽车。（= He”s got not only a motorbike but also a car. ）7. 注意as well as 有时会引起歧义句。例如：H

27、e can speak french as well as English. （1）他会说英语，也会说法语。（2）他说法语能说得像英语一样好。（as well as he speaks English）十一、By the timeby the time 有两个意思1.到.为止，一般要求主句用过去完成时。The movie had begun by the time we got there.当我们到那儿的时候，电影已经开始了。2当的时候;如果只是说过去某个时候的状况，用过去时，而不用完成时。By the time the war was over , death and suffering w

28、ere to be seen everywhere.在战争结束的时候，到处可见死亡和饥饿。 3By the time they get here, well have finished the work. 等他们到这里时,我们会已经把工作做完。十二、Go deafgo用作连系动词时，通常表示主语处于某种状态或由某种状态向另一种状态转变，后面多接形容词作其表语。1常与有关颜色的形容词连用，大多表示情况变化的结果或程度。例如：The maple leaves went brown枫叶红了。Her hairs going grey她有好多白头发了。He went red（pale/white）wit

29、h anger他气得脸都红了（他气得脸色苍白/他气得脸煞白）。The grass was going green草变绿了。2当某人或某物的情况变坏时（一般来说，这种变化是不可逆的或永久性的），也常用“go +形容词”来表示，即由正常情况变为不正常或特殊情况。例如：Eggs are easy to go bad in summer鸡蛋在夏天容易变坏。The situation went from bad to worse情况越来越糟。He has gone mad/crazy他发疯了。The old man has gone bald（blind）那老人谢顶了（失明了）。Henry has go

30、ne quite deaf亨利的耳朵已经很聋了。The heat has caused the milk to go sour高温使牛奶酸掉了。十三、in all. 总计，总共1)above all更重要的是2)after all毕竟3)all in all总的说来4)at all根本5)first of all首先6)for all尽管7)in all总计8)most of all特别9)worst of all最糟糕的是句型再现十四、强调句型：在英语中，我们常用“It iswas+被强调部分 who/that+剩余部分”结构来突出强调句子的某一成分(一般是句子中主语，宾语或状语)。在这个句

31、型中，it只是引出被强调的成分。如果被强调的成分是表示人，用who或that来连接都可以。如果是其它成分，则一律用that来连接。It is my mother whothat cooks every day.It was yesterday that Tom passed in the maths exam1使用本句型的几个注意事项： 1）被强调成分是主语，whothat之后的谓语动词应该在人称和数上与原句中的主语保持一致。 It is I who am rightIt is he who is wrongIt is the students who are lovely 2）即使被强调成分

32、是句子中的时间状语，地点状语，原因状语等，也不能用when，where, because，要用 that。It was after the war was over that Einstein was able to come back to his research work again .It was in front of the bank that the old lady was robbed It was because of the heavy rain that he came late3）被强调成分是作主语的代词，用主格，是作宾语的代词，用宾格It was he that h

33、elped me yesterday. It was me that he helped yesterday.4）被强调部分既包括人又包括物，用that不用wholt was the things and people that they remembered that they were talking about2.区分定语从句和强调句型某些定语从句和强调句型形式差不多，容易混淆。如果去掉it is was .that句子仍然通顺成立，则为强调句型，不成立不通顺，则为定语从句。It was three years ago that he went to American for a fur

34、ther study.去掉It was that句子为Three years ago he went to America for a further study句子通顺，意思完整，那么，这就是一个强调句型。十五、until句型1.用于肯定句中，意思是“到、为止”，表示动作一直持续到表示的时间为止。主句的动词必须是延续性动词。I will wait here until half past four.He worked in the office until the cleaner came in.2.后面的从句中不能用将来时，如果要表示将来的动作或状态，则用一般现在时代替。He will stay here until his mother comes back.They will study at the school until their parents come to take them home.2until用于否定句中，意思是“直到、才”，表示动作从until表示的时间才开始，主句动词延续性、非延续性均可。I didnt go to bed until 12 last night.I wont come back