经济学供给与需求市场与福利(1)ppt课件

1、Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of Markets消费者、消费者与市场效率Chapter 7Revisiting the Market EquilibriumDo the equilibrium price and quantity maximize the total welfare of buyers and sellers?Market equilibrium reflects the way markets allocate scarce resources. Whether the market allocation is desi

2、rable is determined by welfare economics.回想市场平衡市场平衡价钱和数量能否使买者和卖者的总利益最大化？市场平衡反映了市场配置稀缺资源的方式。 市场配置资源能否合意可以根据福利经济学理结论定。Welfare EconomicsWelfare economics is the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being.福利经济学研讨资源配置如何影响经济福利 。Welfare Economics 福利经济学Equilibrium in the market res

3、ults in maximum benefits, and therefore maximum total welfare for both the consumers and the producers of the product.市场平衡使利益最大化，即使产品的消费者和消费者的总利益最大化。Welfare Economics 福利经济学Consumer surplus measures economic welfare from the buyers side. 消费者剩余从消费者角度衡量经济福利。Producer surplus measures economic welfare fr

4、om the sellers side. 消费者剩余从消费者角度衡量经济福利。Consumer Surplus 消费者剩余Willingness to pay is the maximum price that a buyer is willing and able to pay for a good. 支付志愿买者为某种物品情愿和可以支付的最高价钱。It measures how much the buyer values the good or service. 它衡量买者对物品的评价是多少。Consumer Surplus 消费者剩余Consumer surplus is the amo

5、unt a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it.消费者剩余 买者支付志愿减去买者的实践支付量。Four Possible Buyers Willingness to Pay. 四个能够买者的支付志愿Consumer Surplus 消费者剩余The market demand curve depicts the various quantities that buyers would be willing and able to purchase at differ

6、ent prices.市场需求曲线表示在不同价钱程度下，买者情愿和可以购买的数量。The Demand Schedule and the Demand Curve需求表与需求曲线Figure 1 The Demand Schedule and the Demand CurvePrice ofAlbum5070800$1001234Quantity ofAlbumsJohns willingness to payPauls willingness to payGeorges willingness to payRingos willingness to payDemand图1. 需求表与需求曲线

7、专辑的价钱5070800$1001234专辑的数量约翰的支付志愿保罗的支付志愿乔治的支付志愿林格的支付志愿需求Measuring Consumer Surplus with the Demand Curve.Price ofAlbum5070800$1001234Quantity ofAlbumsDemandJohns consumer surplus ($20)Price = $80用需求曲线衡量消费者剩余.专辑的价钱5070800$1001234专辑的数量需求约翰的消费者剩余20美圆价钱 = 80美圆Figure 2 Measuring Consumer Surplus with the

8、Demand Curve(b) Price = $70Price ofAlbum5070800$100Demand1234Totalconsumersurplus ($40)Quantity ofAlbumsJohns consumer surplus ($30)Pauls consumersurplus ($10)图2. 用需求曲线衡量消费者剩余(b) 价钱 = 70美圆专辑的价钱5070800$100 需求1234总消费者剩余 (40美圆)专辑的数量约翰的消费者剩余 (30美圆)保罗的消费者剩余 (10美圆)Figure 3 How the Price Affects Consumer S

9、urplusConsumersurplusQuantity(a) Consumer Surplus at Price PPrice0DemandP1Q1BAC图3. 价钱如何影响消费者剩余消费者剩余数量(a)价钱在P价钱0需求P1Q1BAC时的消费者剩余Figure 3 How the Price Affects Consumer SurplusInitialconsumersurplusQuantity(b) Consumer Surplus at Price PPrice0DemandABCDEFP1Q1P2Q2Consumer surplusto new consumersAdditio

10、nal consumersurplus to initial consumersQ2P2图3. 价钱如何影响消费者剩余数量价钱0需求原来的消费者剩余原来消费者新增的消费者剩余新消费者的消费者剩余Q1P1DEFBCAb价钱在P2 时的消费者剩余Measuring Consumer Surplus with the Demand Curve用需求曲线衡量消费者剩余The area below the demand curve and above the price measures the consumer surplus in the market.需求曲线以下和价钱以上的面积衡量市场的消费者剩

11、余。What Does Consumer Surplus Measure? Consumer surplus, the amount that buyers are willing to pay for a good minus the amount they actually pay for it, measures the benefit that buyers receive from a good as the buyers themselves perceive it.消费者剩余衡量了什么？消费者剩余， 即买者情愿为一种物品支付的量减他们实践支付的量，衡量了消费者从一种物品中得到的买

12、者本人觉得到的利益。Producer Surplus 消费者剩余Producer surplus is the amount a seller is paid minus the sellers cost. 消费者剩余卖者得到的量减去卖者的本钱。It measures the benefit to sellers participating in a market. 它衡量了卖者从参与市场中得到的利益。The Costs of Four Possible Sellers. 四个能够卖者的本钱Using the Supply Curve to Measure Producer Surplus利用

13、供应曲线衡量消费者剩余Just as consumer surplus is related to the demand curve, producer surplus is closely related to the supply curve. 正如消费者剩余与需求曲线亲密相关一样，消费者剩余也与供应曲线严密相关。The Supply Schedule and the Supply Curve供应表和供应曲线The Supply Schedule and the Supply Curve供应表和供应曲线Quantity of Houses Painted要油漆的房子数量Price of H

14、ousePainting油漆房子的价钱500800$90006001234Grandmas cost格拉玛的本钱Georgias cost 乔治亚的本钱Fridas cost 路易斯的本钱 Marys cost 玛丽的本钱Supply 供应Figure 6 How the Price Affects Producer SurplusCopyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson LearningProducersurplusQuantity(a) Producer Surplus at Price P Price0SupplyBACQ1P1图6. 价钱如何影响消费者剩余C

15、opyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning消费者剩余数量(a) 价钱在 P 价钱0供应BACQ1P1时的消费者剩余The area below the price and above the supply curve measures the producer surplus in a market.价钱以下和供应曲线以上的面积衡量市场的消费者剩余。Using the Supply Curve to Measure Producer Surplus 用供应曲线衡量消费者剩余MARKET EFFICIENCYandConsumer Surplus=Val

16、ue to buyers_Amount paid by buyersProducer Surplus=Amount received by sellers_Cost to sellers市场效率和消费者剩余=买者的评价_买者支付的量消费者剩余=卖者得到的量_卖者的本钱MARKET EFFICIENCYorTotal Surplus=Value tobuyers_Cost to sellersTotal Surplus=Consumer SurplusProducer Surplus+市场 效率或总剩余=买者的评价_卖者的本钱总剩余=消费者剩余消费者剩余+Market Efficiency 市场

17、效率Market efficiency is the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society. 市场效率资源配置使社会一切成员得到的总剩余最大化的性质。Market Efficiency 市场效率In addition to market efficiency, a social planner might also care about equity the fairness of the distribution of well-

18、being among the various buyers and sellers.除了效率之外，社会方案者还应关怀平等福利在各种买者与卖者之间分配的公平性。Consumer and Producer Surplus in the Market Equilibrium.PriceEquilibriumprice0QuantityEquilibriumquantityASupplyCBDemandDEProducersurplusConsumersurplus市场平衡时的消费者与消费者剩余.价钱平衡价钱0数量平衡数量A供应CB需求DE消费者剩余消费者剩余SummaryConsumer surp

19、lus equals buyers willingness to pay for a good minus the amount they actually pay for it.Consumer surplus measures the benefit buyers get from participating in a market. Consumer surplus can be computed by finding the area below the demand curve and above the price.小结消费者剩余等于买者对某种物品的支付志愿减去买者的实践支付量。消费者剩余衡量买者从参与市场中得到的利益消费者剩余可以经过找出需求曲线以下和价钱以上