英语语法专题十一动词时态语态

1、英语语法专题（十一） 动词时态语态考点直击考查动词的时态1.【2011全国卷,23】Planing so far ahead no senseso many things will have changed by next year.A.made B.is making C.makes D.has made【答案】C 前句表示现在的情况make no sense，后句表示到将来会产生的后果will have changed。一般现在时表示主语的特征或状态。is making和has made表示具体的动作过程，故不选。因此选C。2. 【2011全国卷,24】I wasnt sure if he

2、 was really interested or if he polite.A.was just being B.will just be C.had just been D.would just be【答案】A 句意为“我不能确信他是真正感兴趣呢还是仅仅为了表示礼貌。”句前wasnt sure表明说话的起点是过去时，was really interested和was just being polite都是相一致的过去时。3. 【2011全国卷,29】When Alice came to, she did not know how long she there.A.had been lyin

3、g B.has been lying C.was lying D.has lain【答案】A 过去完成进行时主要表示持续到过去某时之前的动作。came to苏醒过来是过去时，苏醒前的情况是过去的过去，强调过去的过去里发生的事，故选A。4. 【2011全国卷II,9】If you dont like the drink you just leave it and try a different one.A. ordered B. are ordering C. will order D. had ordered【答案】A dont like the drink是现在时，点饮料是过去的动作，因此，

4、用过去时或现在完成时，故选A。5.【2011北京卷,23】Tom in the library every night over the last three months.A. works B. worked C. has been working D. had been working【答案】C题干中出现的over the last three months，是明显提示用现在完成进行时或现在完成时。故选C。6. 【2011北京卷,27】That must have been a long trip.Yeah, it us a whole week to get there.A. takes

5、 B. has taken C. took D. was taking【答案】C题干中must have done是对过去的肯定推测，提示时间在过去，描述过去的情况，排除A和B，D项was taking进行时态表将来，但事实上事情已发生，这与题意不符，因此选C。7. 【2011北京卷,32】Bob has gone to California.Oh, can you tell me when he ?A. has left B. left C. is leaving D. would leave【答案】B ”Bob has gone to California，去的动作已经发生过，说明他离开的

6、动作发生在过去，因此使用一般过去时。选B。8. 【2011天津卷,4】On her next birthday, Ann married for twenty years.A.is B.has been C.will be D.will have been【答案】D her next birthday是将来的时间，for twenty years是个时间段。将来完成时表示持续到将来某时的动作或状态，故选D。9.【2011重庆卷,31】Look at the pride on Toms face. He to have been praised by the manager just now.A

7、.seemed B.seems C.had seemed D.is seeming【答案】B look at祈使句交代了时间是现在，seem表心理判断，没有进行时态，故选B。10. 【2011辽宁卷,28】Ill go to the library as soon as I finish what I .A. was doing B. am doing C. have done D. had been doing【答案】B 主句是将来时，时间状语从句用现在时。finish与选项C的have done矛盾，故选B。考查动词的时态语态11. 【2011北京卷,21】Experiments of t

8、his kind in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War.A. have conducted B. have been conducted C. had conducted D. had been conducted【答案】D 首先考虑语态，主语experiment与conduct构成动宾关系，谓语使用被动形式。题干中出现the second war是过去的时间点，before the second war是过去的过去，因此使用过去完成时。选D。12.【2011天津卷,3】In the last few year

9、s thousands of films all over the world.A.have produced B. have been produced C. are producing D. are being produced【答案】B in the last few years在过去的几年时间里，其实是从过去算到现在，是现在完成时的标志。选B。13.【2011上海春招,32】A lot of people often forget that oral exams to test our communicative ability. A. design B. are designed C

10、. are designing D. are being designed【答案】B一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态时，常与often, always, usually, sometimes, every day等时间状语连用。oral exams与design的关系存在着被动，故选B。14.【2011四川卷,9】All visitors to this village with kindness.A. treat B. are treated C. are treating D. had been treated【答案】B 表示经常性或习惯性的动作，用一般现在时。来访者与招待存在着被动关系。由

11、于没有交代过去时间，had been treated过去的过去不能用。因此选B。15.【2011湖南卷,34】In the near future, more advances in the robot technology by scentists.A. are making B. are made C. will make D. will be made【答案】D in the near future表明了将来的时间，more advances与 make主谓关系上存在着被动，故选D。16.10全国The discovery of gold in Australia led thousan

12、ds to believe that a fortune _. A. is made B. would make C. was to be made D. had made答案C 根据选项make fortune译为 “发财”, make在句中需要使用被动形式, 因此排除B和D, 题干中led提示时间为过去, 因此选择C。be to do译为 “将会将要”, was to be made表示过去将来。17.10全国Linda make sure the table _before the guests arriveA. be set B. set C. are set D. are setti

13、ng答案C Set a table摆放桌子, tables为主语, 故用被动结构。make sure后一般接宾语从句。18.10上海The church tower which _will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished. A. has restored B. has been restored C. is restoring D. is being restored答案D Restore意思为修复, 而最后一句表明工程还未完成, 因此为正在修复中, 答案选D.19.10湖南This coastal area _a n

14、ational wildlife reserve last year. A. was named B. named C. is named D. names答案A 根据主语 “This coastal area”与name之间的被动关系排除B、D两项。根据句中的last year判断用一般过去时, 故选A项。20.10天津Traditional folk arts of Tianjin like paper cutting _at the culture show of the 2010 Shanghai World Expo. A. are exhibiting B. is exhibiti

15、ng C. are being exhibited D. is being exhibited答案C 因为2010年上海世博会现在还在进行着, 所以像剪纸一样的天津传统民间艺术品也是 “正在被展览”, 所以用现在进行时态的的被动语态形式。21.10四川Youve failed to do what you_to and Im afraid the teacher will blame you. A. will expect B. will be expected C. expected D. were expected答案D 句中you与expect存在被动关系, 首先排除C。又有have f

16、ailed提示应是过去你被期盼做的事, 故应为过去时, 正确答案为D。知识梳理 表1 英语时态表(动词以do为例)状态tense时间 语态一般时进行时完成时完成进行时现在主动语态一般现在时do/does /have/has/Is/am/are现在进行时am/is/are doing现在完成时have/have done现在完成进行时has/have been doing被动语态is/am/are doneam/is/are being givenhave/has beendone过去主动语态一般过去时 （简称过去时）did/was/were/had过去进行时was/were doing过去完成

17、时had done过去完成进行时had been doing被动语态was/were donewas/were being doneHad been done将来主动语态一般将来时 （简称将来时）shall /will do将来进行时shall/will be doing将来完成时shall/will have done将来完成进行时shall/will have been doing被动语态Shall/will be done过去将来主动语态一般过去将来时（简称过去将来时）should/would do过去将来进行时Should/ wouldbe doing过去将来完成时should/wou

18、ld have done过去将来完成进行时should/would have been doing被动语态Should/would be done表2 英语时态名称、用法及谓语一览表时态名称结构常连用的词主要用法例句一般现在时1 由is/am/are表示，之后接名词，形容词或介词。every,sometimes,always,never,often, usually等。一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的习惯性的动作或状态，或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态陈述句：I am an office worker.否定句：They are not in the office.一般疑问句：Are you an

19、 office assistant?2 由实意动词V构成，疑问句和否定句，用do或dont。第三人称时用does或doesnt,第三人称陈述句V后加s或es.陈述句：I work in Shanghai.否定句: I dont like the food in KFC.一般疑问句:Do you want a cup of coffee?Does she live near the subway station?一般过去时。1由 be的过去式是 was或 were表示。Is am-was;are-were.yesterday,last week,an hour ago，the day befor

20、e yesterday,in 1997。在过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。陈述句：I was a big boss.否定句: I was not at home at that moment.一般疑问句: Were you a teacher?Was she in the office last week?2由V的过去式构成陈述句，疑问句和否定句借助于did,有did出现动词用原形。陈述句：We studied English there. 否定句: I didnt work here.一般疑问句: Did you go to America?Did he work in Sunmoon?

21、时态名称结构常连用的词主要用法例句一般将来时1 任何人称+will+动词原形.tomorrow,next year,the month after next,in two hours.即将发生动作或状态。陈述句： He will go with us.否定句:I will never believe you again.一般疑问句:Will you go there by train?2 is/am/are+going to+V原形，表示计划打算做什么事情。陈述句：Im going to go to Kongkong by air.否定句:We are not going to buy a h

22、ouse here.一般疑问句:Is he going to change his job? 过去将来时was/were going to +V原形在过去将会发生的动作。陈述句：I was going to buy a computer.否定句:I was not going to buy a computer.任何人称+would +V原形He said he would come in Shanghai.I said I would buy you a car one day.现在进行时is/am/are+Vingnow, at the（this）momentLook! Listen! 表

23、示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。陈述句：Im waiting for my boy friend.否定句:He is not playing toys.一般疑问句:Are you having dinner at home?Is Tim cooking in the kitchen?过去进行时was/were+Vingat that time,in 1999,at that moment等过去具体的时间过去一段时间正在发生的动作。陈述句：We were having a party while he was sleeping.否定句:He was not sleeping at 1

24、1 oclock last night.一般疑问句: Were you watching TV at that time?现在完成时have/has +done（过去分词）already；just(not just now)yet；ever；never；for a year；since 2004动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。陈述句：I have already told Davy. Davy has known this matter.否定句:I havent finished my homework.一般疑问句: Has he worked her

25、e since he came here?过去完成时had + done（过去分词）by the end of last yearby last year动作发生在过去的过去。陈述句：He said he had told Davy.否定句:She hadnt had dinner before she went out.一般疑问句:Had she learnt English before she moved here?各种时态用法讲解一、一般现在时1、经常性动作等。常与everyday, often, always, once a week, seldom, usually等连用。例：Sh

26、e is our teacher of English.2.、真理和事实。例：Light travels faster than sound.3、某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，这类动词有：be, go, come, start, depart, arrive, begin, leave等。例：I leave for Beijing next Monday.4、在由after, until, befor, once, when, even if ,in case, as long as, as soon as, the moment以及if, unless

27、等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例：I will tell him the news as soon as I see him. When I grow up I shall be a soldier.5、动作正在发生，用在由here, there等开首的句子中，表示现在正在发生。例：There goes the bell.6、表示主语的习惯特征，性格，能力等。例：He studies very hard.7、一般的说明文字等。例：The book says that women can live longer than men.8、在由why, what,

28、where, whoever, who, that,as等引导的从句中，也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例：Tomorrow at this time well give $500 to any one who brings him to justice.二、一般过去时1、表示过去的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和明确的时间状语连用。例：She went out just now.I saw him yesterday.2、表示过去经常发生的动作。例：Last month she worked eleven hours every day.He used to get up early.3、表

29、示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型，本身表示的 就是过去时。 例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.（老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上，看着其他的人，一坐就是数个小时，什么也不干，也不和任何人交谈。） He used to visit his mother once a week.（他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。） 注意事项： A) 注

30、意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等，绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用，因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系，应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。 B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别：你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例：used not to do, didnt used to do, didnt use to do都对。 Used to do经常与 be used to doing sth/

31、sth结构进行对比。前者表示过去常常或过去曾经，要求加动词原形；后者表示习惯于，要求加名词或动名词。 三、一般将来时1、表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。例：I shall not be free tonight.2、表示将来经常发生的动作。例：We will go for an outing every other week.be going to +v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或即将发生的事情。例：Im going to buy a house when weve saved enough money.4、be to +v表示计划安排将要做的事。例：There is to be a rai

32、l strike on July 18th.5、be about to+v表示即将发生的事情。例：We are about to start.6、be due to+v表示预先确定了的、必定要发生的事。例：His book is due to be published in October.他的书预定10月份出版。7、be on the point/verge of +(v-ing)sth.强调即将发生的某种事态。例：The country is on the verge of civil war.这个国家就要打内战了。四、过去将来时1、表示在过去将来的某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。例：I

33、didnt expect that so many people would offer their help.2、也可用was/were to+动词原形或was/were about to+动词原形或was/were going to+动词原形表示过去将来时。例：I was about to leave when the telephone rang.五、现在进行时1、表示现阶段经常发生的动作，常与always, continually, constantly等连用(多表示赞扬或厌恶等语气)。例：John is always coming late. 约翰总是迟到。2、表示根据计划或安排在最

34、近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词，即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有;go, come, leave, start, arrive,return等。例：They are leaving for Hongkong next monty. 他们下个月去香港。3、有些动词一般不能使用进行时，这是一类表示“感觉”、“感情”、“存在”、“从属”等的动词。如：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, look, appear(表示感觉的动词)；hate, love, fear, like, want, wish, pr

35、efer, refuse, forgive(表示感情的动词)；be, exist, remain, stay, obtain(表示存在状态的动词)；have, possess, own, contain, belong, consist of , form(表示占有与从属的动词)；understand, know, belive, think, doubt, forget, remember(表示思考、理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变，有时也可使用进行时态。例：Jane looks pale.Whats wrong with him?珍妮看上去脸色苍白，她怎么了？(look在此为联系动词)例

36、：Jane is looking for his books.珍妮正在寻找她的书。(look在此为实义动词)六、过去进行时1. 过去某一时刻在进行的动作经常需要表示过去的时间状语例：This time yesterday, they were having lunch.2.过去进行时常与一般现在时配合，互为时间背景例：I was writing a letter when he came. The telephone rang while she was washing.3.过去反复的动作，常同always, frequently, continually等连用例：They were freq

37、uently going there.七、将来进行时1、表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，常表示安排好的事例：They will be discussing the problem this time next week.2、表示预料不久要发生或势必要发生的动作例：The train will not be leaving until one oclock.八、完成进行时1、表示动作刚刚完成.例：I have finished that work.2、表示过去做的动作对现在仍有影响.例：Who has opened the door?3、表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在并且可能会延续下去.例

38、：He has worked in the company since he came to the city.九、过去完成时1、表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作By the end of 2002,the factory had produces 200000cars.2、表示在过去某一时间开始一直延续到另一个过去的时间的动作The old man had been ill for a long time before he died in 2002.注：当含有由before, after, as soon as等引导的复合句中，由于连词本身可以明确表示动作发生的顺序，故主句和从句

39、一般都用一般过去时I went home after I finished my work.3、动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望，预期，意图或愿望等没有实现。例1：I had meant to leave to on Monday, but have stayed on.我本来打算星期一离开，但最终还是继续留下来了。另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是：was / were+ to have done sth.例：We were to have come yes

40、terday, but we couldnt.我们本想昨天来的，但我们来不了。.intended (expected, hoped, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired)+ to have done sth.例：1I mean to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.我本想告诉你这件事，但我忘掉了。4.过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：(1)hardly / scarcely / barely+过去完成时(倒装形式)+when +过去时例：Hardly had I arrive

41、d when I had a new problem to cope with.我一到达就有新问题要处理。(2) no sooner+过去完成时(倒装形式)+than +过去时。例：No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent.这话刚说出口，他就意识到他本该保持沉默的。(3)by(the end of )+过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例：By the end of that year Henry had collected more than a tho

42、usand foreign stamps.到那年年底，亨利已收集了一千多张外国邮票十、将来完成时表示将来某一时刻或某一行为发生之前所完成的动作或这一动作仍在持续常和by或by the time等连用例：By the end of this term, we shall have learned 18 lessons.注意：完成时态可用在下列结构中：This(That,it)is(was )the first(second.)time+定语从句：This(That,It)is(was) the only (last)+名词+定语从句；This (This,It)is (was)+形容词最高级+名

43、词+定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，从句的谓语动词动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句的谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例1：This is the first time(that )Ive drunk Californian champagne.这是我第一次喝加利福尼亚香槟酒。例2：There was a knock at the door.It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.有人敲门，这是当天晚上第二次有人打扰我了。十一、现在完成进行时1、表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续或

44、重复地出现至今，或将继续延续至将来。 例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.（到目前为止，我们一直在处理那个项目，已经花了一个多月时间了。）It has been snowing since last Sunday.2、重复的动作表示感情色彩Shes been saying that twenty times.3、已结束的动作所产生的影响You have been cleaning the classroom, I think.十二、过去完成进行时表示过去某时以前一直进行的一个动作这一动作可能在这一时间前刚结束或

45、仍在进行.No one knew what this dad egg had been doing all this years.十三、过去将来进行时：should be doing , would be doing 例：The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.（政府承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。）（此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间，所以最好用将来进行时。）（此句为被动语态） 十四、过去将来完成时：should have done , would have done 例：I

46、 believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.（我坚信到那年年底为止，那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。）（此句为被动语态） 十五、过去将来完成进行时：should have been doing , would have been doing 例：They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been be

47、ing worked for 3 years. （他们说到第二个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。）十六、将来完成进行时：shall have been doing ，will have been doing 例：By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. （到下个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。）（被动语态） 英语被动语态讲解语态的基本概念和种类 语态是动词的一种形式，用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。所以英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。语态有两种

48、：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。如：They built the bridge. The bridge was built by them.二、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。三、被动语态的用法1、不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。 例如： Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的) This book was published in 1981. 这本书出版于1981年。

49、 2、强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。 例如：the window was broken by Mike. 窗户是迈克打破的。 This book was written by him. 这本书是他写的。 Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed. 每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。四、主动语态变被动语态的方法与注意事项 (1) 通常的办法是：将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，将主动结构中的谓语动词变为“be / get +过去分词”形式，将主动结构中的主语变为介词by的宾语(若动作的执行者没有必要说明则可以省略该by短语)。如：

50、Li Lei planted the tree last year. The tree was planted by Li Lei last year. 这棵树是李蕾去年栽的。Workers made the machines in Changsha. The machines were made in Changsha. 这些机器是长沙造的。(2) 将含有复合宾语的句子变为被动语态时，应将宾语变为被动结构的主语，而宾语的补足语则留在原处成为主语补足语。如：He painted the door green yesterday. The door was painted green yeste

51、rday. 昨天门被漆成绿色了。注意：表示“使、让”的动词make, have等，以及感官动词see, watch, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等，在主动语态中，接不定式做宾语补足语时，不定式前的 to 要省略，而变为被动语态时，成为主语补足语的不定式，则必须带to。如：I saw him go into the teachers office. He was seen to go into the teachers office. 看见他进入了教师办公室。(3) 带双宾语的句子变为被动语态时，既可将直接宾语变为被动语态的主语，而在间接宾语前

52、加to 或for留在动词之后；也可将间接宾语变为被动结构的主语，而直接宾语留在动词之后。但一般采用后一种用法。如：He gave me the pen last year. I was given the pen last year. / The pen was given to me last year. 这支笔是去年给我的。【说明】一般说来，间接宾语前带to的动词有：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, post, send, show, take, teach, tell, write, throw等；间接宾语前带for的动词有：book, buy,

53、 call, cook, do, get, make, save等。(4) 动词believe, consider, declare, expect, know, report, say, suppose, think等的被动语态，常有两种结构形式。如：He was said to get hurt in the car accident. 人们说他在车祸中受伤了。It was said that he got hurt in the car accident. 人们说他在车祸中受伤了。(5) 短语动词变被动语态时，短语动词后面的介词或副词不能省略。如：She has never been o

54、perated on before. 她从未动过手术。The baby was looked after by her sister. 这婴儿由她的姐姐照顾。His plan was laughed at by everyone. 他的计划大家都嘲笑。（6）动词不定式的被动语态：即把to do 变成to be done五、不用被动语态的情况1、不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：appear, die, disappear, end , fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand ,break out, come true, fall a

55、sleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place. After the fire, very little remained of my house. 比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。 (错) The price has been risen. (对) The price has risen. (错) The accident was happened last week. (对) The accident happened last week. (错) The price has raised.

56、 (对) The price has been raised. (错) Please seat. (对) Please be seated. 要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。 2、不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语： fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to

57、, take part in, walk into, belong to This key just fits the lock.Your story agrees with what had already been heard.3、系动词无被动语态： appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn . It sounds good. 4、带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态： die, death, dream, li

58、ve, life .She dreamed a bad dream last night. 5、当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。 (对) She likes to swim. (错) To swim is liked by her. 高考链接1.(2012全国卷I)23. Life is like walking in the snow, Granny used to say, because every step _.”A. has shown B. is showingC. shows D. showed2.(2012全国卷I)33. I had been working on mat

59、h for the whole afternoon and the numbers _ before my eyes.A. swim B .swum C. swam D. had swum3.(2012全国卷II)14. Did you ask Sophia for help? I _ need to I managed perfectly well on my own. A. wouldnt B. dont C. didntD. wont4.(2012全国卷II)18. The manager _ the workers how to improve the program since 9

60、a.m.has told B. is telling C. has been telling D. will have told5.(2012北京卷)22. By the time you have finished this book, your meal _ cold.A. gets B. has got C. will get D. is getting6.(2012北京卷)25. George said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he _.A. wouldnt B. didnt C. hasnt D