外研社高一英语必修一Module四语法

1、外研社高一英语必修一Module四语法概 念(concept) 过去发生的动作或存在的状况对现在有影响或产生的结果； 表示过去开始并持续到现在，已有一段时间的动作或状况。 构 成：A.肯定句 主语助动词have has + 动词过去分词 (subject) B.否定句 （past parcitiple) 主语助动词have has + not + 动词过去分词 C.疑问句 助动词have has +主语+动词过去分词现在完成时A.肯定式 I / We / You / They have worked for 20 years. He / She / It has worked for 20 y

2、ears. B.否定式 I / We / You / They have not worked for 20 years. He / She / It has not worked for 20 years.C.疑问式 Have I / we / you / they worked for 20 years? Has he / she / it worked for 20 years?Examples1.规则变化1)规则动词的过去分词和它的过去式相同,即在原形后加ed（以e 结尾的加d）work- worked arrive- arrived clean- cleaned live - liv

3、edgreet - greeted like - likedenjoy- enjoyed believe - believed2）以y结尾的改y为i+ed study- studied try-tried carry-carried hurry-hurried copy-copied worry-worried3)以重读闭音节结尾的双写最后一个字母ed stop-stopped drag-dragged beg-begged drop-dropped prefer-preferred plan-planned2.现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：just（刚刚），already（已经），eve

4、r（曾经），, yet（仍然）， before（以前）once（一次） twice（两次）， never（从来没有） many times（很多次），how many times（多少次），so far（迄今为止），during the past（last）three years（最近三年来）lately(近来, 最近)，recently,(最近)up to now(到目前为止)，till now，(到现在为止, )these days,(现在, 目前)等连用。3. before用于句末. The woman has never heard of that before.4. yet 用于句末

5、或not 之后. Has the train arrived yet? No,not yet.5. already用于肯定句, have / has 之后或句末. We have already finished it.6. so far用于句首或句末. So far, we have visited the moon.7. for表示一段时间的词语 I have taught English for 10 years.8. since表示过去时间点的词语 He has been at this school since 1986. 9. since表示过去的时间状语从句 I have liv

6、ed here since I was born.10.since一段时间ago. I have known him since 20 years ago11.瞬间动词与延续动词的转换come/gobe(in) leavebe awayborrowkeep buyhavedie be dead get to knowknowbeginbe on go out be offarrivebe here/theremarry/get married(to)be married (to) fall asleep/get to sleepbe sleepjoin the Partybe in the P

7、arty/be a member ofI have boughtI have bought a new dictionary for a week.I have had a new dictionary for a week.They have come here for two weeks.They have been here for two weeks.The man has died for several years.The man has been dead for several years.He has join the Party for two years.He has b

8、een a Party member for two years. Right or wrong现在完成时和一般过去是比较1.一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态, 和现在不发生关系。 ( sth happened at a definite time in the past) 现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作 对现在造成的影响,强调的是现在。 (sth started in the past but it still have some connection with the present)Eddie was born four years ago. (we just talk about w

9、hat happened at a definite time in the past .We dont care how is Eddie now)Eddie has lived with Millie since he was born.Eddie has lived with Millie for four years. I lost my watch yesterday. ( Maybe I have found it , Maybe I havent found it )I have lost my watch. ( I havent found my watch)I learned

10、 ten English songs (说明过去学过,现在是否记得,不是本句的 内容） I have learnt ten English songs.（learn发生在过去,但强调我现在懂英语歌曲) I cleaned the blackboard half an hour ago（只说明“擦”和其发生的时间) I have cleaned the blackboard. （说明现在黑板是干净的） The teacher has written some new words on the blackboard（黑板上现在有单词） The teacher wrote some new word

11、s on the blackboard（可能黑板上现在没有单词）2. 一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday, last year, three days ago, just now,等。 现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,其时间状语往往是since,for , just, ever, never, before, already, yet , so far, 等 或无时间状语。 The train arrived just now The train has just arrived. She returned from Paris yesterday. She

12、has returned from Paris.Change the forms of these sentences1. He has told the girl about this.（疑问句）2. Each of them has seen the film before.（否定句）3. The Japanese girl has answered her sisters letter. （画线部分提问）4. Hes never been to Hong Kong , _ _ ? （反意疑问句）5. The students have copied these words twice.

13、（画线部分提问）Has he told the girl about this?Each of them hasnt seen the film before.What has the girl done?has he How many times has the students copied these words?Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the right verb tense: 1. It _（rain）for a week.2. I dont know this woman. I _（meet, never）her. 3.Lets go t

14、o the cinema. No, I_（see, already） the film. 4. We_（finish, not）our homework yet. Will you wait a minute? 5. John _ （come, not）yet. He will be back in a minute. has rainedhave never methave already seenhavent finishedhasnt come6. Mr. Green often goes to America. In fact, he _（be）there ten times.7. W

15、heres John? He_ just _（go）to the teachers office.8. She _（study）English since she was ten. She _（begin）to study English when she was ten. 9. Jim isnt here. He _（go）to the library. He _（go）there an hour ago.10. They _（travel, never）on a train.has been has gonehas studiedbeganhas gonewenthave never tr

16、aveled11.Simon _ (finish) his homework a moment ago.12. What _ he _ (do) yesterday. - He _ (see) a film.13. We sometimes _ (go) to work on the farm . Last week we _ (go) there and _ (help) the farmers pick apples.14.Sandy _ (read) the story about Harry Potter several times.finished did dosawgowenthe

17、lpedhas read现在完成进行时 现在完成进行时表示某一动作在过去开始发生, 已经持续到现在, 并且还将持续, 或刚刚停止。其构成:have (has) +been + doing我学英语已经学了十年了。I have been learning English for three years.我等你已经等了三个小时了。I have been waiting three hours for you.比较一般过去时与现在完成时 一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情, 强调动作; 现在完成时为过去发生的, 强调过去的事情对现在的影响, 强调的是影响。 (2) 一般过去时常与具体

18、的时间状语连用, 而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用, 或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week, ago, in1980, in October, just now等, 皆为具体的时间状语。现在完成时的时间状语: for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, up to now, in the past years,等, 皆不确定的时间状语。(3) 现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态, 动词一般是延续性的, 如live, teach, learn, work, study, know。一般过去时常用的非持续

19、性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响, 电影的内容已经知道了)He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)She has returned from Paris.（她已从巴黎回来了。）Sh

20、e returned yesterday. （她是昨天回来的。）注意：句子中如有一般过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。例如：(错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. (1). It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分, 用现在完成时。 例如：It is the first time that I have

21、 visited the city. This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.用于现在完成时的句型 注意: It was the third time that the boy had been late.(2) This is +形容词最高级+that结构, that 从句要用现在完成时。 例如：This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 瞬间动词可以用于现在完成时，但不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如可说“He has left.”但不能说“He has left for three yea

22、rs.” 如果要表达“他已走了三年了”可用以下几种表达法：一、用ago,使用一般过去时。 He left here three years ago.二、用“It is +一段时间since 一般过去时从句 ”It is three years since he left here.三、用“ 一段时间have/ has passed + since + 一般过去时从句” Three years have passed since he left here.现在完成时与瞬间动词以上三种表示方法适用于所有瞬间动词。 另外，还可用其它表示方法，但只适用于部分瞬间动词。具体办法是将瞬间动词转化为表延续的

23、动词或者表状态的be+名词形容词或副词介词短语等。1. 直接转化成延续性动词buy catch (get) a cold borrow come/go /become have have a coldkeepbe2. 转换成be+名词 join the army join the Party go to school be a soldier be a Party memberbe a student3. 转换成 be+形容词或副词die finish begin leave fall sleep close openbe deadbe overbe onbe awaybe asleep be

24、 closedbe open4. 转换成 be+介词短语 go to school join the armybe in schoolbe in the army一般过去时态和现在完成时态可以构成同义句：e.g: .我们买这本书三年了。We have had the book for three years.We bought the book three years ago.他感冒三天了。 He has had a cold for three days. He caught a cold three days ago.自从上星期以来,我就借了这本书。I have kept the book

25、 since last week. I borrowed the book last week. 我成为一个学生两年多了。I have been a student for over two years. I became a student two years ago. Mr Black 死了三年了。Mr Black has been dead for three years. Mr Black died three years ago. 小明参军半年了。Xiao Ming has been a soldier for half a year.Xiao Ming joined the arm

26、y half a year ago. 我们上了8年学了。We have been students for eight years. 下课10 分钟了。The class has been over for ten minutes. 电影开始了一小时了。The film has been on for an hour.一看时间状语。如果句中没有表示过去确切时间的状语，常用现在完成时；如果有，则只能用一般过去时。如：I have visited the factory.I visited the factory last year.二看句首有无疑问词。如果笼统地问人家做过某事了吗（句首无疑问词）

27、，常用现在完成时；但进一步询问何时、何地、何原因、用什么方式做那事时（句首有疑问词）就要用一般过去时。如：现在完成时的三看三用Have you had your breakfast? Yes, I have.When did you have it? At seven thirty.注意： 这种用法是以连贯性问答为背景的。否则就需要具体情况具体分析。如：How many words have you learned by heart?How did you learn them by heart?三看句中谓语动词是否为延续性动词。如果表示的动作或状态一直延续到现在，最好选用延续性动词，并使用现

28、在完成时；如果是瞬间动词，则用一般过去时。如：He has been a league member for two months.He joined the Youth League two months ago._ that dress when I first saw you at the station?Were you wearing Have you worn Did you wear Do you wearA2. Kate doesnt look very well. Whatswrong with her? She has a headache because she _ to

29、o long; she ought to stop working.A. has been reading B. had read C. is reading D. was readingA3. “Tell the students to stop shouting. We _ our essays .”write have been writing are writing have writtenC4. My uncle, Sam, _ manager of the firm.A. has just made B. is just being made C. has just been ma

30、de D. is just made5. This is the first time the students _ to Hyde Park.A. have gone B. have been gone C. have been going D. are being goneCA6. She _ her mothers work since she was admitted into hospital.A. is doing B. has been doing C. has done D. has been doneB7. Now that you _ , what are you goin

31、g to do?A. are being returned B. have been returning C. have been returned D. have returnedD8. I _ the incident as if it were yesterday.A. am still to remember B. have still been rememberingC. am being still remembered D. still rememberD9. Where_ the map? I cant see anywhere. I _ it right here just

32、now. A. did you put; have put B. have you put; put C. had you put; was putting D. were you putting; have putB10. John told Mary that he _ what he was doing during the vacation. A. was just asked B. was just asking C. had just been asked D. had just askedC11. Youve never seen such a wonderful film be

33、fore, _? havent you B. have you C. do you D. dont you12. I have watched the game.When _ you _ it? have; watched B. do; watch C. did ;watch D. will; watchBC13. Mr. Green _ in China since five years ago. lived B. has lived C. lives D. is going to live14. His grandma _ for two years. died B. has died C. was dead D. has been dead BD15. Where is Han Mei now? She _ to Shanghai. She will be back in two days. has gone B. has been C. goes