大学英语写作教程复习重点

1、Sentencefragments：句子碎片：sentencesarecompletethoughtsbecausetheyarehavesubjectsandverbsandbecausetheyrequirenootherelementstocompletetheirmeaning.句子是完整的主题有完整的主语和谓语，而且并不需要成分来补充它的意思。Whenanyoneofthesedependentunitsispunctuatedwithacapitalletteratthebeginningandafullstop(period，exclamationpoint，orquestion

2、mark)attheend，itiscalledasentencefragment.当任何一个非独立成分被句首大写字母强调并且末尾有一个停顿(句号，感叹号，问号)，他被称为句子片段Asentencefragmentcanbecorrectedinvariousways：句子碎片可以用多种不同的方法修正byjoiningittoanothersentence把它加入进另一个句子bysupplyingasubjectandapredicate提供一个主语和谓语byrewritingthepassageinwhichitoccurs在不改变句意的范围内重写Anyverblessorsubjectle

3、ssfragmentofasentence，whetheryoucanclassifyitornot，shouldnotbeallowedtostandasasentence.任何没有主语或谓语的句子碎片，不管是否分类，都不应该当做句子。Averblessorsubjectlessfragmentcanbecorrectedbyaddingasubjectorverbaccordingly；byattachingthefragmenttothesentencethatcomesbeforeitorthesentencethatcomesafterit，whichevermakessense；o

4、rbyrewritingthefragmententirely.一个缺少主语或谓语的句子碎片可以通过增加一个相应的主语或谓语来改正；或通过把句子碎片加入它前面或后面的句子使其合理的完整；或完全的重写句子碎片。Addeddetailfragmentsalsolackasubjectandaverb.Theyoftenbeginwithoneofthefollowingwords.；forexample，also，except，suchas，including，especially，namely额外的碎片也是缺少主语和谓语的。大多是以以下的词开始的；例如，并且，除了，像，包含，特别，即Anadde

5、ddetailfragmentscanbecorrectedinoneofthethreewaysbelow：额外碎片可以通过以下三种方式改正Attachthefragmenttothecompletethoughtthatprecedesit.附加到他之前的完整意思中Addasubjectandaverbtothefragmenttomakeitacompletesentence.在碎片中加入主语和谓语使他成为一个完整的句子Changewordsnecessarytomakethefragmentpartofthesentence.改变必要的词汇使句子碎片成为一个句子Runonsentenc

6、e连写句Arunonsentenceistowormorecompletethoughts(orindependentclauses)withoutadequatesigngiventomarkthebreakbetweenthem.连写句是两个或两个以上的写在一起且中间没有明显停顿标记的完整的意思(独立句)Theymaybecorrectedinfourprincipalways：连写句的四种主要的改正方法：Useaperiodandwritetwoseparatesentence.用一个句号把它写成两个分开的不同的句子。Useacommaandacoordinatingconjunctio

7、n用逗号和适合的连词Useasemicolon用一个分号Makeoneoftheclausesdependent使其中的一个句子变为从句Misplacedanddanglingmodifiers错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语Amodifierisaword，aphrase，oraclausethatfunctionsinthesentencetomodify，thatis，tolimit，qualify，orrestrictthemeaningofanotherword,phrase,clause.Misplacedanddanglingmodifiersbreakafundamentalruleth

8、atallmodifiersmustbenearthewordtheymodify.Misplacedanddanglingmodifiersmodifyeitherthewrongwordornowordatall。错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语修饰语在句子中的职能就是去修饰和限定句子中的另一个词的意思。错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语破坏了修饰语必须挨着他所修饰的那个词的基本的规则。错位修饰语和悬垂修饰语都修饰了错误的词或没有起到修饰的作用。Misplacedmodifiers错位修饰语Amodifierismisplacedwhenitappearssofarfromwhatitissupposedtom

9、odifythattheconnectionisnolongerclearormodifierseemstomodifysomethingelse当一个修饰语出现在离他要修饰的词很远的地方时，修饰看起来不再明显或像在修饰其他的什么。Squintingmodifiers偏斜修饰语Asquintingmodifierisawordorphrasethatappearstomodifyboththewordsthatprecedeandfollowit.Suchamodifierseemstobelookingintwodirectionsatonce.Theresultisasentencewit

10、htwopossiblemeanings。偏斜修饰语就是指一个修饰词看起来在同时修饰他前后的两个词,看起来是在一次修饰两个方向，结果句子就出现了两种可能的意思。Splitinfinitives分裂不定式Asplitinfinitiveisaconstructioninwhichthesignoftheinfinitive“to”hasbeenseparatedfromtheverbwithwhichitisassociated.分裂不定式是将to和有联系的那个动词隔离开的结构。Danglingmodifiers悬垂修饰语Adanglingmodifierisagroupofwordthatha

11、snogrammaticalconnectiontoanyelementinthesentence.悬垂修饰语是一组在句子中与任何元素都没有语法联系的修饰语。Therearefivekindsofdanglingmodifiers:五种悬垂修饰danglingparticiples悬垂分词danglinggerunds悬垂动名词danglinginfinitives悬垂不定式danglingellipticalclauses悬垂精简句danglingprepositionalphrases悬垂介词短语Correctingdanglingmodifiers校正悬垂修饰语Onewayistolea

12、vethemodifierasitisandtorewritethemainclausesothatitssubjectwhatthewritermeanttomodify。一种方法是舍弃修饰语照现在的样子改写主句，以便明白什么才是作者修饰的主题。Anotherwaytocorrectsentencecontainingdanglingmodifiersistochangethedanglingconstructionintoasubordinateclause.另一种改正包含悬垂修饰语的句子方法是将悬垂结构改成一个从句。Thethirdwaytoeliminatedanglingmodifi

13、ersistorecasttheentiresentence.第三种方法是省略悬垂修饰语，重写完整的句子。Pronounreference指示代词Pronounsareusefulbecausetheytaketheplaceofnouns（persons，places，orthings），whichotherwisewouldhavetorepeatedoverandover.指示代词代替那些在句子中多次出现的名词。Antecedent先行词代词所指代的那个词。每个代词有且只有一个先行词Pronounmustbeusedinsuchawayastomaketheirexactreferenc

14、eclear.代词必须在这样的方式中使用已明确他们的职权morethanonepossibleantecedent不可以有多个先行词ithasnoantecedentatall没有先行词Weakreference暗示指代Weakreferencereferstothetypeofthesentenceinwhichtheantecedentofapronounisimpliedorunspecified.暗示指代是代词的先行词是暗示或未指定的句子类型Impliedpronounreferencealsoreferstothetypeofsentenceinwhichthesamepronoun

15、standsfordifferentimpliedantecedents.暗含代词也引用同样的代名词代表不同的隐含先行词的句子类型Broadreference宽泛指代Therearetwowaystoimprovebroadreference：两种改善宽泛指代的方法Eliminatethepronoun不要使用代词Changethepronountoademonstrativeadjectivebygivingitanountomodify把代词变为指示形容词Parallelism平行排比Parallelismistherhetoricalprinciplethatsentenceelemen

16、tshavingthesamegrammaticalfunctionshouldbeputinthesamegrammaticalform.Itisthewriterstechniqueofbalancinglikewithlikenounwithnoun，verbwithverb，infinitivewithinfinitive，phrasewithphrase，clausewithclause，andsoforth.平行的修辞原则就是句子中有相同的语法功能的成分要放在相同的语法结构中。这是作家们对类似物的平衡技巧，名词和名词，动词和动词，不定式和不定式，短语和短语，分句和分句，等等。Val

17、ueofparallelism排比的价值Itisusedbywritersfortworeasons：tomakeasentencesmoothandcoherentratherthanjerkyandawkward，andtogivesentencesrhythm，balance，andgreaterforce.作者用排比来保持句子的流畅和连贯，和给句子节奏平衡强调语气Techniquesusedingainingparallelism排比的使用方法Elementsjoinedbycoordinatingconjunctions加入并列连词Elementsjoinedbycorrelativ

18、econjunctions加入关联连词Repetitionofcertainword重复一些有特点的词Unnecessaryshifts不必要的变幻Anunnecessaryshift，asthenameimplies，isasuddenandinexplicableshiftinthepointofviewusedbythewriter.不必要的变幻就像名字的暗示是作者不可说明的观点Agoodwriterneedstokeepconsistencyinvoice，tense，mood，personanddiscourse.一个好的作者要保持语态时态语气人称以及叙事方式的一致Unnecessa

19、ryshiftsinvoiceorsubject语态一致Unnecessaryshiftsintense时态上的一致Unnecessaryshiftsinmood语气上的一致Unnecessaryshiftsinpersonornumber人称数上的一致Unnecessaryshiftsindiscourse叙事方式上的一致Discourse（speech）canbeeitherdirectorindirect叙事方式可以是直接引语或间接引语Sentenceemphasis句子重点Therearesomeusefulwaysofgainingemphasis，coveringorder，voi

20、ce，from，repetition，omission，sentencepatternsandmechanicaldevices.一些获得重点的途径，包括：顺序语态形式重复省略句型和机械的技巧。A.Consideringtheorderofwordsasameansachievingemphasis句子中词的的顺序表示的重要性ausepositionforemphasis用位置来表现强调endbeginmiddlebinvertthenormalsentenceorderforemphasis颠倒句子中的正常顺序来表现强调c.useperiodicsentencesforoccasionale

21、mphasis用圆周句来表现偶尔的强调Theperiodicsentencesisoneinwhichthemainthoughtisheldsuspendeduntiltheendorneartheendwhenitissuddenlyreleased.圆周句是一种其主题思想直到句子结束或者接近结束的时候才停止之前的暂停说明而突然释放的句子Theloosesentenceisoneinwhichthemainthoughtiscompletewellbeforetheend.松散句是一种其中心思想在句子结束之前就很好的表达了的句子Theperiodicsentencesisusuallyem

22、phaticandconclusivebecausetheweightofstatementfallsonthelongawaitedpredication.圆周句通常是很论述力和决定性作用的，因为其重量型的观点建立在之前期待已久的预测上的。d.ordinarilyarrangeaseriesofitemsinclimacticorder层进结构climacticorderistheorderthatgoesfromtheleastimportanttothemostimportant(orintheorderthatgoesfromthegeneraltothespecific)层进结构是从

23、最不重要的到最重要的，或是从总体到细节。B.Usingthevoicethatismostemphaticandappropriate用最明确的语态Puttingstatementsinpositiveform用肯定句式Repeatingwords，structures，orideasforoccasionalemphasis重复要强调的Omittingunimportantwords省略不必要的词Makinguseofspecialemphaticsentencepatterns强调句型Usingmechanicaldevicesforemphasis用这些机械的技巧Italics斜体bol

24、dface黑体capital大写punctuationmarks标点符号Sentencevariety句子多样性Varyingthebeginningofsentences句子开头的多样性abeginsentenceswithanappositive用同位语做句子开头bbeginsentenceswithanadverb用副词做句子开头cbeginsentenceswithanadjectiveoradjectivephrase用形容词或形容词短语做句子开头dbeginsentenceswithparticipialphrase用分词短语做句子开头ebeginsentenceswithanin

25、finitivephrase用不定式短语做句子开头fbeginsentenceswithaprepositionalphrase用介词短语做句子开头gbeginsentenceswithclausemodifiers用从句做句子开头Varyingthekindsofsentences句子种类的多样性A)Usesimple，compound，andcomplexsentences用简单句并列句以及含有从句的复杂句B)userhetoricalsentences运用修辞手法atheloosesentences松散句btheperiodicsentences圆周句cSentencesarenotne

26、cessarilyperiodicorloosethroughout句子不一定是松散句或圆周句dthebalancedsentenceisonethatcontainstwoormorephrasesorclausessimilarinformaboutthesamelength，butoftencontrastedinmeaning.平衡句子是在对相同长度中的句子包括两个或两个以上的相似形式短语或分句C.Varyingthelengthofsentences句子长度的多样性Coordination并列连词Coordinationisthelinkingofequallyweighedelem

27、ents.连词可连接相等重量的元素Intelligentuseofcoordinationcanhelpgivesmoothness,variety,emphasisandunitytoourwriting.聪明的运用连词可以使句子通顺，多样性，加强语气，增强我们文章的统一性。Patternsofcoordination连词的模式A.simplecoordination简单的连词B.asecondpatternofcoordinationmakesuseofcorrelativeconjunctionstostrengthentheconnectionbetweentwocoordinationelements第二种连词的模式利用相关加强协调两个连词元素的连接athirdpatternofcoordinationinvolvestheseries,alistofthreeormoreitems.第三种连词的模式包含一系列、列表、三个或更多的物品Tryelimina