M4 Unit1 Grammar

1、Unit 1Unit 1 Advertising Grammar and usageDirect speech and reported speech &Reported speech: statements, questions and imperative sentences T: What did you eat this morning?Tom: I ate .T： What did Tom say, Jack?Jack: He said he ate .direct speechreported speechWe use direct speech to report what ex

2、actly has been said. If we write the speech down, the words will usually appear in quotation marks.1. Which one is direct speech and which one is reported speech? He said, I will go to school tomorrow. She told us something secret.2. Change the direct speech into reported speech. She said, This film

3、 is quite interesting. Finish the project tomorrow. he said to me.(direct speech)(reported speech)She said that that film was quite interesting.He asked me to finish the project the next day.(Change what has been said to an object clause or an infinitive phrase.)How can we change direct speech into

4、reported speech?We can change direct speech into reported speech by using an object clause or an infinitive phrase.For example:He said, Im used to such embarrassing comments.He said that he was used to such embarrassing comments.We must not give up in the face of pressure! she said.She encouraged us

5、 not to give up in the face of pressure.Besides the major changes in sentence structure, there are also changes in: Personal pronouns Tenses Adverbials of time and place Other casesPersonal pronouns:She said, I did some research.She said that she had done some research.Ann said, I have finished this

6、 letter.Ann said that she had finished that letter.Direct speechReported speechSimple presentSimple pastSimple futureFuture in the pastSimple pastPast perfectHow to change the tenses:Direct speechReported speechPresent continuousPast continuousPresent perfectPast perfectPast perfectPast perfectLight

7、 travels at a great speed, said Ms Li. Ms Li said that light travels at a great speed.We do not change the tense when we report a proverb or a fact that doesnt change over time.Adverbials of time and place:e.g. Tom said, I am working here today. Tom said he was working there that day.The following t

8、able shows other examples:Direct speechReported speechtodaytomorrowyesterdaynext montha week agothat day/yesterday, etc.the next day/the following day, etc.the day before/ the previous day, etc.the month after/the following montha week before/ a week earlier, etc.Other cases:Some more examples of th

9、e changes:Direct speechReported speechthisthesecomethatthosegoRead the advertisement and complete the letter on Page 9.Answers:1. _ 2. _ 3. _4. _ 5. _ 6. _7. _ 8. _ 9. _ 10. _waswould behad readthatwouldhad boughtthatwouldthoseherReported speech: statements, questions and imperative sentences1. Stat

10、ements We use noun clauses introduced by that to report statements. The word that can be omitted.e.g. She said (that) advertisements were almost everywhere nowadays.There are more reporting verbs other than say and tell:advise explain insist promiseannounce suggest warne.g. The write explained that

11、PSAs were often run for free.We use noun clauses introduced by whether/if to report yes/no questions.e.g. Matt asked Ann, Does Jason deserve this ward? Matt asked Ann whether/if Jason deserved this award.2. QuestionsWe use noun clauses introduced by wh-words to report wh-questions.e.g. Where did you

12、 find the advertisements for jobs abroad? Bill asked. Bill asked where I had found the advertisements for jobs abroad.3. Imperative sentences To report imperative sentences, we can use the structure: reporting verb + object +(not) + to infinitivee.g. The candidate said to the manager, Please give me

13、 five minutes for preparation. The candidate asked the manager to give him five minutes for preparation. There are other verbs that can be used in this structure to report imperative sentences:advise encourage invite recommend warne.g. Dont believe every advertisement you read, Michelle said to me.

14、Michelle advised me not to believe every advertisement I read.总 结 如果直接引语是一个陈述句，变成间接 引语时用that引导，有时也可省略。 e.g. She said, Father, the boy is very naughty now. She told her father (that) the boy was very naughty then.2. 如果直接引语是客观真理，变为间接引语 时，时态不变。 e.g. Light travels much faster than sound, she said to me

15、yesterday. She told me the day before that light travels much faster than sound.3. 如果直接引语中有明确表示过去的时间状 语，在变为间接引语时，一般过去时不必 变为过去完成时。 e.g. He said, The great inventor was born in 1884. He told me that the great inventor was born in 1884.4. 如果直接引语是一般疑问句，变为间接引语 时用whether/if 引导，且用陈述句语序。 e.g. She asked me,

16、Are you the happiest person in your family? She asked me whether/if I was the happiest person in my family.5. 如果直接引语是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语 时，仍用该特殊疑问词，用陈述句语序。 e.g. She asked me, When will the advertisements be on air? She asked me when the advertisements would be on air.6. 转述祈使句时使用该结构: 转述动词(ask/ tell/ order/

17、advise/ remind/ warn/ insist/ suggest/ invite/ encourage) +宾语+ (not) to do e.g. Go and see a doctor after class, my teacher said to me. My teacher advised me to go and see a doctor after class.ask/wonder wh-word +陈述句语序特殊疑问句ask/wonder whether/if +陈述句语序一般疑问句say/tell sb. (that) +从句statementSentence str

18、uctureIndirect SpeechDirect SpeechDirect and Indirect SpeechDirect SpeechIndirect SpeechTenseSimple Present Simple PastSimple Past Past perfectPresent continuous Past continous Present perfect Past perfect Simple Future Future in the past Past Perfect Past perfect Direct SpeechIndirect SpeechPronoun

19、s第一人称第三人称第二人称第一或第二人称第三人称第三人称thisthatthesethoseDirect SpeechIndirect SpeechAdverbialof time andplacenowthentodaythat dayyesterdaythe day beforethis week/monththat week/monthlast week/monththat week/month beforethree days agothree days beforetomorrowthe next day/the following dayherethereRead Part A o

20、n Page 11 and practise reporting questions using whether/if or wh-words.Answers:2. Wang Qin _ _.3. Lu Kai _ _.asked how it could help him remember English words.asked whether/if it taught listening and speaking 4. Liu Fang _ _ _.5. Gu Jin _ _.asked what the designerwould do if she was not satisfiedw

21、ith the softwareasked whether/if it was easyto useRead the advertising tips on Page 11 and report each of them to your boss.Answers:2. The expert encourages us to _.3. The expert recommends that _.use interesting and attractive photoswe (should) use eye-catching logos4. The expert suggests that _ _

22、_.5. The expert tells us to _ _.we (should)make the slogans short and easymake good useof colours to attract peoples attentionto remember“Are you going to your home town this summer?” he said. He asked me if I was going to my home town that summer.2. “Why didnt you call me an hour ago?” he said.He a

23、sked why I hadnt called him an hour before.A)变下列直接引语为间接引语。3. Mother asked, “What has happened to you, Xiao Li ?” Mother asked Xiao Li what had happened to him4. He often says “I shall tell you about them.” He often tells me that he will tell me about them.5. Mr Black said, “I have walked a long way this week.”Mr Black said that he had walked a long way that week.6. They said to us, “ Are you afrai