chapter2国际供应链管理

1、 Maritime Cargo TransportationChapter two1Maritime Cargo Transportationcharateristics of maritime shipping cargo types of maritime shipping maritime transport facility and infrastructure (vessels, channels and ports)maritime shipping servicesoperation of maritime shipping 2Transportation modestransp

2、ortation is defined as the movement of freight and passengers from one location to another.The freight system includes several distinct forms of transportation, called modes.The modes differ in terms of operating characteristics and capabilities, giving them comparative advantages and disadvantages.

3、3Modes of transportationMaritime (Ocean) Transportation Air TransportationRail TransportationRoad TransportationPipeline TransportationContainer TransportationInternational Multimode Transportation (IMT)Parcel Post Transportation4Performance Comparison for Selected Freight ModesBargeHopper car100 ca

4、r train unitSemi-trailer truck1500 Tons52,500 Bushels453,600 Gallons 100 Tons3,500 Bushels30,240 Gallons 10,000 Tons350,000 Bushels3,024,000 Gallons 26 Tons; 910 Bushels7,865 Gallons9,000 for a tanker truck124 tonsCapacity557.7Truck EquivalencyVehicle3.8384.61Post-panamax containership5,000 TEU2,116

5、9,330VLCC300,000 tons2 million barrels of oil747-400F5 Ocean TransportationAdvantagesLarge capacityLow costEasy passage: not restricted by road or railsDisadvantagesSlowVulnerable to bad weather Less punctual 6Cargo types98% of world trade in volume terms conveyed by sea transportBulk cargo 散货Break-

6、bulk cargo 杂货Neo-bulk cargo 件装货Containerized cargo 集装箱货7Bulk cargo (散货）Bulk cargo is commodity cargo that is transported unpackaged in large quantities. Dry bulk cargo such as coal, grain, iron, cement Liquid bulk cargo such as petroleum, liquefied natural gas (LNG)Move in big quantitiesMany of them

7、 are unprocessed raw material with low value per unit weightrequires special vessels with the right equipment to load and discharge the cargothis cargo generally has a single origin, destination and client 8Ton-km Shipped by Maritime Transportation (in billions)9break bulk cargo ( general cargo)good

8、s that is packed individually, and to be loaded and unloaded on a piece-by-piece or palletized basis Generally has high value per unit weightMove in smaller quantities This cargo tends to have numerous origins, destinations and clients. Before containerization, economies of scale were difficult to a

9、chieve with break-bulk cargo as the loading and unloading process was very labor and time consuming.10Neo-bulk cargo 件装货Uniformly packaged goods, such as automobiles and logs, which store as solidly as bulk, but that are handled as general cargo. 11Containerized cargo Generally high value cargo that

10、 need extra protection However, the ranges of containerized cargo is expending 12Container for bulk cargo 13Cargo, Trade and Ship CharacteristicsCargo TypeTrade CharacteristicsVessel SizeGeneral CargoBreak-bulk Varied small consignments, Numerous consignees, Slow handling rates, Various routes, Nume

11、rous portsSmallUnitized (containers)More uniform cargo, Rapid handling, Many portsSmall to mediumDry BulkOres/coal/cemetLarge consignments, Long hauls, Moderate handling rates, Specialized terminals, Few portsMedium to very largeLiquidCrude oilVery large consignments, Long hauls, Few routes, Special

12、ized terminals, Few portsVery large to ultra largeOil productsSmall shipments, Numerous consignees, Many portsSmall to medium14Maritime transport facility and infrastructure vesselschannelsports 15Vessel types (by function )Container vessels 集装箱船 p267Ro/ Ro vessels 滚装船Break-bulk vessels 杂货船Combinati

13、on vessels 多用途船LASH (Lighter Aboard Ship)载驳船 Oil tankers 油船Bulk/ Ore vessels 散货船Refrigerated ship冷藏船16Vessel types ( by size , in dead weight tons)17Size of vessels -measured by Dead Weight Tonnage-D.W.T. 载重吨D.W.T. is referred to the carrying capacity in transportation. It refers to the amount of ca

14、rgo that can be loaded on an empty ship without exceeding its operational design limits.It can be divided into 2 classes: gross D.W.T. and net D.W.T. 181)Gross Dead Weight Tonnage 总载重吨1)Gross Dead Weight Tonnage 总载重吨It refers to the maximum loaded weight that is restricted with the loaded line. It i

15、s the total of the weight of loaded cargoes, necessary fuel, freshwater and other spare material. Total loaded tonnage = full load displacement light displacement 192)Dead Weight Cargo Tonnage-D.W.C.T. 净载重吨It refers to the maximum weight of loaded cargoes that a ship is capable of transporting. It i

16、s also called as loaded-cargo tonnage. It is the margin of the amount of necessary storage of fuel, freshwater and other spare material subtracted from the total of shipload. 20Operating Costs of Panamax and Post-panamax Containerships (in USD)21Vessel types ( by size , in dead weight tons)22Domains

17、 of Maritime Circulation23Channel length (in km)24watch the vedio and find out how a port operates Discharge 卸货Container stacking area 集装箱堆场Load sequense 装载顺序Crane起重机, 吊车 Lorry 卡车,接驳车Straddle carrier 跨车25Types of ocean transportationPrivate fleets 私营船队Charter transportation 包船运输-shipload size shippe

18、rLiner transportation 班轮运输-less than ship load size shipper26Private fleets 私营船队Private ships are ships that are owned or leased on a long-term basis by the firm moving the goods.Another element of interest in international shipping is that of ship registry. Although a ship might be owned by an Amer

19、ican and ply a route between the U.S. and the Persian Gulf, it might be registered in and fly the flag of Liberia or Panama, it is called flag of convenience方便旗The owners derive certain benefits of taxes, manning, and some relaxed safety requirements by being registered in those countries, rather th

20、an in the United States, Canada, or wherever.27Charter services (also known as Tramp). In this form of service a maritime company rents a ship for a specific purpose, commonly between a specific port of origin and destination. This type of shipping service is notably used in the case of bulk cargo,

21、such as petroleum, iron ore, grain or coal, often requiring specialized cargo ships Liner shipping services. Involves a regular scheduled shipping service often calling several ports along a fixed route. This type of shipping service is notably used in the case of general cargo and containerized car

22、go 28Maritime Shipping Characteristics29Liner transportation Characteristics of Linerregular scheduled departuresspecified routeroutes with fixed base ports 根本港comparatively fixed freight rates费率30Liner transportation Types of linersConference linersFreight rate quoted by shipping conferenceStable f

23、reight ratesRegular servicesNon-conference linersFreight rate quoted by independent carriers or vessel operators Less dependable serviceHigh flexibility 31liner conference DefinitionAgreement between two or more shipping companies to provide scheduled cargo and/or passenger service on a particular t

24、rade route under uniform rates and common terms. Also called shipping conference.32班轮运输的货运程序承运人揽货,并向港口预订泊位Cargo canvassing , berth reservation 托运人填写托运单,租船订舱Reservation of Shipping Space 备货,报关Cargo preparation, custom clearances 装船换单/接货装船Cargo receiving, loading and obtaining bill of lading 海上运输作业Oce

25、an shipping 货物的卸船Cargo Unload 货物交付Cargo deliver to consignee 33Step 1,承运人揽货 Cargo canvassing What is Cargo canvassing (cargo collection)?How? 通过自己的营业机构或代理,中介Carriers collect cargo through its own office or agent 发布班轮船期表Liner schedule is published for space availability check 34华北东/美西周班航线(CEN) 船名航次大连

26、新港青岛横滨长滩奥克兰大连VSLVOYDALTXGQINYOKLGBOAKDALXI BO HE079E/079W11/1211/1311/1511/1811/2812/0112/17LUO BA HE078E/078W11/1911/2011/2211/2512/0512/0812/2435Step 2、托运人填写托运联单,租船订舱/承运人确定航次货运任务The shipper authorize his representative usually Clearing and forwarding agents (C&F agent) or forwarder)to apply for sh

27、ipping space from carrier or his agent 货主一般委托货运代理代为订舱The C&F agent fill in shipping bills (including Book Noting, Shipping Order, Mates receipt10 copies ) , present to carrier or his agent and conduct shipping reservation 托运人委托货运代理填制托运联单（包括托运单B/N、装货单S/O、收货单M/R等）,向承运人或其代理人办理托运Carrier or his agent exa

28、mine the shipping bills, issue the copies of B/N,S/O,M/R to C&F agent承运人或其代理人审核托运联单,确定运杂费后,留下托运单,签发相关联单（B/N(留底）,S/O,M/R（报关）给货代Carrier (or his agent) issue a Loading List according to all booking reservation and draft a stowage plan base on the L/L承运人或其代理根据订舱情况进行货物积载安排,出具装货清单L/L36托运单 （B/N,Booking Not

29、e）托运单又称为订舱单,是托运人根据贸易合同和信用证条款的内容填制的向承运人或其代理办理托运货物的书面凭证为承运人配载,通知港口仓库接受货物等作业提供依据托运单内容：托运人与收货人名称、启运港、目的港、货名、标记及号码、重量、件数、尺码、装船日期、运费支付方式、可否转船,分批装运等37装货单（S/O Shipping Order)装货单是接受了托运人提出装运申请的船公司,签发给托运人,凭以命令船长将承运的货物装船的单据。装货单既可用作装船依据,又是货主凭以向海关办理出口货物申报手续的主要单据之一,所以装货单又称“关单,对托运人而言,装货单是办妥货物托运的证明。对船公司或其代理而言,装货单是通知

30、船方接受装运该批货物的指示文件。38装货清单（LOADINGLIST,L/L）装货清单是承运人将全船待装货物按目的港和货物性质归类,依航次、靠港顺序排列编制的装货单汇总清单其内容包括装货单编号、货名、件数、包装形式、毛重、估计尺码及特种货物对装运的要求或本卷须知的说明等。装货清单是船上大副编制配载方案的主要依据,又是供现场理货人员进行理货,港方安排驳运,进出库场以及承运人掌握情况的业务单据。39Step 3 、托运人备货,报关Shipper prepare his cargoes for export (packaging, marking)托运人办妥出口货物的包装,刷唛(mark)Shipp

31、er or its C&F agent process custom clearance with relevant documents ,including bill of customs clearance , export contract；Commercial Invoice; Packing List;Certificate of Origin；Certificate of Inspection, Marine Insurance Policy；Shipping bills, custom officer endorse on S/O as let ship approval 托运人

32、或货运代理持出口货物报关单, 合同,发票,装箱单,原产地证明,商检证书、保险单和船运单据等证明报关,海关在S/O上盖放行章 The exporter makes necessary arrangements forcargo transportation to the port, cargo can either be place in ports warehouse or directly loaded on the vessel 托运人向港口仓库发货(集中装船)或直接装船40Step 4、接货,装船,换单Shipping agent receive the cargo on behalf

33、of the carrier装船往往是由承运人在各装货港指定装船代理人接收托运货物,办理交接手续C&F Agent turn in Shipping Order, Mates Receipt to tally company for Tally verification然后货运代理人将S/O、M/R送交理货公司,凭此理货装船注：Tally services provide assurance that the number or quantity of goods to be shipped or received is the same as those described in shipp

34、ing documents such as the bill of lading, letter of credit, mates receipt, or other documents. 41Step 4、接货,装船,换单After examination of cargos quantity and package condition , tally company turn in S/O and M/R to the Mate of vessel, the Mate keep shipping order and issue endorsed M/R to the C&F Agent 理

35、货公司理货后将S/O和M/R交大副,大副核对无误,留下S/O ,签发M/R,交还托运人 The C&F Agent surrenders the Mates Receipt to the Shipping Company for obtaining the Bill of Lading and pay the freight货运代理人根据M/R付运费,并凭缴费凭据换提单（B/L）Shipper collect payment from the bank (or importer) with Bill of lading 托运人持提单到银行结汇42收货单（M/R Mates Receipt) 收

36、货单是船舶收到货物的收据及货物己经装船的凭证,由大副签注,又称为大副收据货物装船时,如发现外表存在缺陷,大副可拒收或要求托运人予以调换。如不愿或不能调换,大副应早收货单上如实加以批注,以使船方免除赔偿责任托运人凭经过签注的收货单向承运人或其代理支付运费,换取提单43Common remarks on mates receipt常见大副批注SHORT SHIP FIVE CASES THREE BALES BURST, N/R FOR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSS OR SHORTAGE OF CONTENTSTWO CARTONS OPEN FLAPS FOUR LOOSE PIECE

37、S UNSECURELY PACKED ONE CARTON N0.23 MILDEW STAINED MARKS INDISTINCT PERISHABLE CARGO AT SHIPPERS RISK DAMAGE BY VERMINS (RATS)CARGO SWEATED N/R FOR LOSS OR SHORTAGE AND CONTENTS ALL TIMBER LOADED WET 44SHORT SHIP FIVE CASES 短装五箱THREE BALES BURST, N/R FOR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSS OR SHORTAGE OF CONTENTS 3

38、包破裂,船方对内容的灭失或缺少不负责TWO CARTONS OPEN FLAPS 两纸箱盖松开 FOUR LOOSE PIECES 四捆零散UNSECURELY PACKED 包装不固ONE CARTON N0.23 MILDEW STAINED 第二十三号箱有霉渍MARKS INDISTINCT 标志模糊PERISHABLE CARGO AT SHIPPERS RISK 易腐货物,发货人自负风险DAMAGE BY VERMINS (RATS)有虫或鼠咬CARGO SWEATED N/R FOR LOSS OR SHORTAGE AND CONTENTS 货物发汗,船方对货物损失,缺少和内容不

39、负责ALL TIMBER LOADED WET 全部木材水湿装船 45凭保函签发清洁提单实践中,当货物包装不良或存在缺陷时, 托运人会出具保函,要求承运人签发清洁提单,以便能顺利结汇,在当今航运实务中被普遍采用。也因为这种保函能使承、托运人之间就签发清洁提单与否发生争议时迅速得到“润滑,从而使予盾双方摆脱僵持的困境,防止双方一触即发的损失。这种保函实际上对促进经济和航运事业的开展起到了一定的积极作用。但长期以来,对这种保函的效力问题,不仅外国法院有不同的主张和判例,我国现行的海商法也无明确的规定,法学界和航运界各执一说,莫衷一是,至今国际间尚无统一的认识46Letter of Indemnit

40、y 保函a document which the writer issues to another party agreeing to protect them from liability for the performance of certain act. 47Case A shipper of orange juice in barrels prevailed说服upon the owners of the ship to issue a clean bill of lading acknowledging the receipt of the consignment “in appa

41、rent good order and condition in the knowledge that the barrels 桶were old, frail and leaking at the time of shipment. When the barrels of orange juice arrived at the port of discharge, considerable loss had been suffered and, because of the clean bill of lading, the carrier paid the claim. 48Thereaf

42、ter, the carrier brought a claim against the shippers under the terms of the letter of indemnity. The shipper, however, sought shelter behind the law and refused to pay, submitting that the letter was issued by them in pursuance of a conspiracy between themselves and the carrier in order to misrepresent the condition of the barrels and was, therefore, unenforceable不能执行的49The Court ruled that the carrier made a representation in the bill of lading which he knew