2020版高考英语大二轮复习专题一语法填空与短文改错第二部分语法精析第三节名词、冠词和数词课件新人教版(103页PPT)

1、第二部分语法精析专题一语法填空与短文改错第1页，共103页。题型一关于名词、冠词和数词的语法填空题型二关于名词、冠词和数词的短文改错第三节名词、冠词和数词增分训练第2页，共103页。考向分析热考点语法填空：名词考查重点为单复数，变动词和形容词；冠词是考查热点，多关注固定结构；数词考查较少。短文改错： 名词重点考查可数名词未用复数和不可数名词误用复数；冠词的误用和漏用都要关注；数词考查基数词变化为序数词。新考向2019全国卷中减少了对名词单复数的考查，加强了对名词变动词或形容词的考查。第3页，共103页。PART 1题型一关于名词、冠词和数词的语法填空第4页，共103页。解析考查名词复数。根据设

2、空前的修饰词various可知，此处要用名词的复数形式。故填activities。1.No matter what you like to do，there is a way to get involved in various_(activity) on Earth Day.(2019北京)activities 考点一名词单复数 记牢标志词妥妥得分第5页，共103页。2.Making Chinese (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.(2018浙江)dishes解析考查名词复数。dish菜肴，为可数名词，中式菜肴有很多种，故此处用dish的复数

3、形式。第6页，共103页。3.A mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all (cause).(2018全国)causes解析考查名词复数。cause表示“原因，起因”时是可数名词，前面有all，故填cause的复数形式。第7页，共103页。4.This trend，which was started by the medical community(医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease，h

4、as had some unintended side (effect) such as overweight and heart diseasethe very thing the medical community was trying to fight.(2017全国)effects解析考查名词复数。side effect副作用，由前面的some和下文中的两个例子overweight and heart disease可知名词effect用复数形式effects。第8页，共103页。5.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed

5、people to avoid terrible_(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.(2017全国)crowds解析考查名词复数。crowd是可数名词，且前面没有限定词，故应用复数形式。第9页，共103页。6.She has turned down several (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.(2017全国)invitations解析考查名词复数。several表“几个”，其后要用名词invita

6、tion的复数形式。第10页，共103页。7.Last October，while tending her garden in Mora，Sweden，Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small (carrot) and was about to throw them away.(2017浙江)carrots解析考查名词复数。a handful of一把，几个，后接可数名词的复数形式。a handful of carrots几个胡萝卜。第11页，共103页。8.Recent (study) show that we are far more prod

7、uctive at work if we take short breaks regularly.(2016全国)studies解析考查名词复数。根据后面的谓语动词show，表示复数形式，故主语也应是复数形式。第12页，共103页。技法指导提示词是名词，首先分析句子，确认不需要改变词性，就可以考虑用名词复数形式。一些标志词可以快速确认。1.修饰词one of名词复数。大于2的基数词，different，various，many，these/those，few，a few，several，all，both，other，a (large) number of，a couple of，a dozen

8、 of，dozens of，a handful of 后用名词复数。some后如果名词可数，要用复数。2.谓语动词：如果所填的名词作主语，谓语动词是复数形式are，were，have或动词原形，则用名词复数。第13页，共103页。3.特殊的复数名词 belongings n.财产possessions n.财产congratulations祝贺surroundings n.环境findings n.发现good/bad manners n.有礼貌/没礼貌take turns轮流in all directions四面八方in ruins严重受损；破败不堪第14页，共103页。解析考查名词。根据其

9、前不定冠词和其后的同位语从句可知，空格处为名词形式，故填belief。1.In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements，leading to a _(believe) that populations are increasing.(2019全国)belief 考点二高频考点 名词动词互换 名词变形容词第15页，共103页。2.We are so proud of her.Its (wonder).(2019全国)wo

10、nderful解析考查形容词作表语。根据句子结构可知，在系动词is之后应用形容词作表语，故填wonderful。第16页，共103页。3.When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting (compete) to watch，together with the story behind it.(2019全国) competition解析考查名词。由空前的an interesting可以确定空格处应该填名词形式。故填competition。第17页，共10

11、3页。4.They also shared with us many (tradition) stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.(2019全国)traditional解析考查形容词。空格处修饰名词stories，应用形容词，tradition的形容词形式为traditional，故填traditional。第18页，共103页。5.Other American studies showed no (connect) between uniforms and school performance.(2019浙江

12、)connection/connections解析考查名词。no是形容词，修饰名词，connect的名词形式为connection表示“联系，关联”，为可数名词，故填connection/connections。第19页，共103页。6.School uniforms are (tradition) in Britain，but some schools are starting to get rid of them.(2019浙江)traditional解析考查形容词。are是系动词，其后常用形容词作表语，tradition是名词，“传统”的意思，因此，用其形容词形式。故填tradition

13、al。第20页，共103页。7.Its never too early to make necessary preparations for a healthy and _(meaning) college experience.(2019北京)meaningful解析考查形容词。这里与前面的healthy并列，修饰后面的名词college experience，故此处也要用形容词形式。故填meaningful。第21页，共103页。8.Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food

14、 eaten outside the home and the rise in (weigh) problems.(2018浙江)weight解析考查词形转换。此处应用名词作定语修饰problems，weight problems意为“体重问题”。第22页，共103页。9.To avoid knee pain，you can run on soft surfaces，do exercises to _(strength) your leg muscles(肌肉)，avoid hills and get good running shoes.(2018全国)strengthen解析考查词性转换之

15、名词变动词。此处不定式短语作目的状语，故填strength的动词形式strengthen。第23页，共103页。10.Running is cheap，easy and its always (energy).(2018全国)energetic解析考查词性转换之名词变形容词。连系动词is后接形容词作表语，故填energy的形容词形式energetic。第24页，共103页。11.According to the World Bank，China accounts for about 30 percent of total _(globe) fertilizer consumption.(201

16、8全国)global解析考查词性转换之名词变为形容词。修饰名词短语fertilizer consumption应用形容词，名词globe的形容词形式是global。第25页，共103页。12.My name is Mireya Mayor.Im a (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.(2018全国)scientist解析考查词形转换之名词构词法。由空后的who可知，定语从句的先行词是表示人的名词。scientist科学家。第26页，共103页。技法指导(一)提示词是名词，首先分析句子，如需要改变词性，根据语境确认用哪种

17、词性。构词法常见的词根词缀-en动词后缀strengthstrengthen加强frightfrighten使害怕lengthlengthen延长-fy 动词后缀beautybeautify美化qualificationqualify使取得(资格)classclassify分类第27页，共103页。-ize/-ise动词后缀apologyapologiz(s)e道歉memorymemorize记住常见形容词后缀sunsunny阳光充足的fogfoggy有雾的wealthwealthy富有的healthhealthy健康的noisenoisy吵闹的名词-y第28页，共103页。adviseadv

18、isable明智的，可取的comfortcomfortable舒服的acceptacceptable可接受的educationeducational有教育意义的seasonseasonal季节的additionadditional附加的，额外的accidentaccidental意外的动词-able名词-al第29页，共103页。woodwooden木制的goldgolden金色的differdifferent不同的insistinsistent坚持的dependdependent依赖的foolfoolish愚蠢的selfselfish自私的childchildish孩子气的名词-en动词-e

19、nt名词-ish第30页，共103页。actactive积极的impressimpressive印象深刻的powerpowerful强有力的peacepeaceful和平的beautybeautiful美丽的wonderwonderful很棒的helphelpful有帮助的动词-ive名词-ful第31页，共103页。homehomeless无家可归的hopehopeless绝望的helphelpless无助的famefamous有名的envyenvious羡慕的humorhumorous幽默的ambitionambitious有野心的cautioncautious谨慎的名词-less(-fu

20、l的反义)名词-ous第32页，共103页。friendfriendly友好的orderorderly有秩序的timetimely及时的monthmonthly每月的daydaily每天的名词-ly第33页，共103页。promisepromising有前途的rewardrewarding值得的lastlasting持续的appealappealing吸引人的inviteinviting诱人的varietyvarious多种多样的valuevaluable珍贵的benefitbeneficial有益的energyenergetic充满活力的动词-ing构成的形容词特殊变化第34页，共103页。

21、名词以-ce结尾，形容词以-t结尾confidenceconfident自信的 eleganceelegant优雅的 patiencepatient有耐心的evidenceevident明显的intelligenceintelligent有才智的，智能的violenceviolent暴力的，剧烈的第35页，共103页。(二)提示词是动词，首先分析句子并根据语境标志词确认是否需要填名词。1.句子结构设空作主语，或者作及物动词、动词短语或介词的宾语，填名词。系动词之后，含义是“什么”，用名词。2.语境标志词冠词 (形容词)名词。形容词性物主代词、所有格、数词、量词、形容词之后， 往往用名词。and

22、/but/or 并列连词连接并列成分。第36页，共103页。3.动词变名词规律常见的名词后缀-ness，-ment，-tion，-ance，-siondescribedescription描述 permitpermission允许applyapplication申请；应用argueargument争论concludeconclusion结论dependdependence依赖第37页，共103页。动词-al变成名词arrivearrival到达approveapproval批准；赞同withdrawwithdrawal撤回；取款disposedisposal处理proposeproposal建

23、议；求婚survivesurvival幸存第38页，共103页。1.Of nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations，three are declining，six are stable，one is increasing，and nine lack enough data.(2019全国)the解析考查定冠词。此处为特指，意为“在已知的19个北极熊亚种群中”，故填the。 考点三冠词 基本用法定江山第39页，共103页。2.When we got a call saying she was short-listed，we thought it

24、was _ joke.(2019全国)a解析考查冠词。根据句意“我们还以为这是一个玩笑” 可知，此处joke为泛指，且joke的发音以辅音音素开头故填a。第40页，共103页。3.Everybody wears same style of clothes.(2019浙江)the解析句意为：每个人都穿相同风格的衣服。same是形容词，意思是“相同的”，常与the连用修饰名词。故填the。第41页，共103页。4.Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over past 25 years，while rice has increased onl

25、y 7 percent.(2018全国)the解析考查冠词。此处特指过去的25年，故用定冠词the。第42页，共103页。5.Unexpectedly，Im face-to-face with the gorilla，who begins screaming at _top of her lungs.(2018全国)the解析考查冠词。at the top of ones lungs用最响亮的声音，放声大叫，为固定搭配。第43页，共103页。6.As result，people will eat more food to try to make up for that something mi

26、ssing.(2017全国)a解析考查固定搭配中的冠词。as a result结果。第44页，共103页。7.Instead，she is earning 6,500 a day as model in New York.(2017全国)a解析考查冠词。句意为：相反，她在纽约作为一名模特每天收入6 500英镑。用不定冠词a表泛指。第45页，共103页。8.For Pahlsson，its return was wonder.(2017浙江)a解析考查冠词。a wonder一个奇迹。第46页，共103页。技法指导1.定冠词the 上文提及，独一无二，普通名词构成的专有名词前，西洋乐器前，序数词前

27、，最高级前，用定冠词the。含有修饰限定词的结构中“theadj.”表示一类人the定语名词the名词定语从句/非谓语作定语the very/only名词the same第47页，共103页。2.泛指，表“一个”用a/an。往往没有修饰限定词，a/an(形容词)单数可数名词首字母是元音字母，但发辅音，用冠词a，如a university，auseful/usual/unique/united/European/one-eyed/one-way 名词以u开头，但用an(往往是un-否定前缀)：anunusual/unhappy/unforgettable名词，an umbrella雨伞首字母是辅

28、音字母但发元音： an hour，an honor，anhonest名词第48页，共103页。3.固定搭配中的冠词定冠词thecatch/hit/takesb. 介the身体部位，in the 1990s，on the Internet，in/over/during the past days/months/years在过去的日/月/年，make the most/best of充分利用，in the countryside在乡下，be in the habit of有的习惯，at the same time同时，at the top of在的顶端，for the time being暂时，t

29、he other daya few days ago几天前，on the way在途中，in the long term/run长远看来，the more.，the more.句型第49页，共103页。不定冠词a/anhave a good time玩得高兴，make a living谋生，as a result因此，for a while一会，in a hurry匆忙地，in a word总之，at a distance离一段距离，a waste of.浪费，a matter of.的问题，have a good knowledge of 精通；掌握，make an apology道歉，pa

30、y a visit to拜访，keep an eye on照看；关注抽象名词具体化：表示一个的人/事a success/pleasure/comfort/surprise/failure第50页，共103页。onefirst，twosecond，threethird，fivefiftheighteighth，nineninth，twelvetwelfth，twentytwentieth，thirtythirtieth 考点四数词 基数词变成序数词的特殊变化第51页，共103页。PART 2题型二关于名词、冠词和数词的短文改错第52页，共103页。 考点一名词的数 可数用复数不可数没有复数1.

31、All the football player on the playground cheered loudly.(2019全国)players解析考查名词的数。“player(运动员)”为可数名词，all(所有的)后需要用player的复数形式。故将player改为players。第53页，共103页。2.Since I was a kid，Ive considered different job I would like to do.(2019全国)jobs解析考查名词的数。“job(工作；职业)”为可数名词，用different(不同的)修饰时意思为不同种类的工作，应该用名词的复数形式。

32、故将job改为jobs。第54页，共103页。3.I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city.(2019全国)cities解析考查名词的数。many different后跟可数名词的复数形式。故把city改为cities。第55页，共103页。4.Last winter when I went there again，they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.(2018全国)chickens解析考查名词的数。dozens of许多，修饰可数名词复数。第56页

33、，共103页。5.After supper，we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room.(2018全国)sorts解析考查名词的数。all后跟可数名词复数。of all sorts各种各样的。第57页，共103页。6.The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks，and mistake as well.(2018全国)mistakes解析考查名词单复数。mistake是可数名词，且由textbooks可知此处所指

34、的“错误”不止一个，应用其复数形式。第58页，共103页。7.The instructor kept repeating the word，“Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turn left！”(2017全国)words解析考查名词单复数。根据后面引号内的内容可知word应该用复数形式words。第59页，共103页。8.Besides，they often get some useful informations from the Internet.(2017全国)information解析考查名词的数。information是不可数名词，没有复数形式。第60页，共103

35、页。技法指导1.不可数名词furniture家具information信息progress进步advice建议equipment设备knowledge知识homework家庭作业housework家务活第61页，共103页。wordnews消息luggage/baggage行李air空气space空地；空间 room空间；余地2.不用冠词月/季/星期/节假(day构成)/洲/呼语/头衔/职务(作表语、补语、同位语时)/三餐/球类惯用语/学科/棋类与by连用的交通工具前零冠词by sea，by car，by air第62页，共103页。固定词组at war在交战中in peace处于和平状态in

36、 good condition情况良好catch/lose sight of 看(不)到do harm to对有害in place 在恰当的位置第63页，共103页。1.Suddenly football fell just in front of me and almost hit me.(2019全国)解析考查冠词。一般情况下，可数名词单数前需加限定词，football为可数名词，且其发音以辅音音素开头，故需加不定冠词a，表示泛指。 考点二冠词错用、多用或者漏用 基本用法定江山 a第64页，共103页。2.Each of my cafes will have a different the

37、me and an unique style.(2019全国)a解析考查冠词的用法。an用在元音音素前，a用在辅音音素前。unique的发音以辅音音素开头，其前应用a。故把an改为a。第65页，共103页。3.During my last winter holiday，I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.(2018全国)解析考查冠词。go to the countryside表示“去乡下”，是固定搭配。the第66页，共103页。4.As the kid，I loved to watch cartoons，

38、but no matter how many times I asked to watch them，my parents would not let me.(2018全国)a解析考查冠词。此处表示泛指而非特指。第67页，共103页。5.I still remember how hard first day was.(2017全国)解析词法错误。句意为：我仍然记得第一天有多艰难。表示第几天，序数词前要加定冠词the或者用限定词进行修饰。the或my第68页，共103页。6.They live far from the school，and it takes them about a hour

39、and a half to go to work every day.(2017全国)an/one解析词法错误。hour的发音以元音音素开头，前面要用不定冠词an。表示“一个小时”可以用an hour也可以用one hour。第69页，共103页。技法指导1.漏用定冠词the 2.定冠词the 和不定冠词a/an的混用3.有冠词和没有冠词含义有区别in front of 在前面(在范围之外)/in the front of 在前部(在范围之内)in control of 控制/in the control of被控制in charge of 管理/in the charge of受管理in w

40、ord 口头上/in a word 总而言之第70页，共103页。take place 发生/take the place of 代替out of questionbeyond question毫无疑问/out of the questionimpossible 不可能by day在白天/by the day 按天计算in possession of sth. 拥有某物/in the possession of sb. 为某人所拥有in place of 代替/in the place of 在地方第71页，共103页。1.To everyones surprising，the ball we

41、nt into the net.(2019全国)解析考查固定搭配。to ones surprise意为“使某人惊讶的是”。故将surprising改为surprise。考点三名词所有格和数词surprise第72页，共103页。2.Then，when I was in the five grade，I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher very much.(2019全国)fifth解析考查序数词。年级、班级是按数字顺序排列的，所以“在几年级”中的数词需要用序数词，前面要有定冠词。故将five改为fifth。第73

42、页，共103页。3.When I was little，Fridays night was our family game night.(2018全国)Friday解析考查名词作定语。Friday morning/afternoon/night星期五的上午/下午/晚上。第74页，共103页。4.In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday，I took driving lessons.(2017全国)eighteenth解析考查序数词。表达多少岁生日用序数词，因此eighteen应该改为eighteenth。第75页，共103页。技法

43、指导1.名词所有格表示和名词之间的所属关系；构成“ones名词”结构。2.名词作定语修饰另外一个名词，表示材料、类别或用途。3.表示顺序或等级，用序数词。4.分数：基数词为分子，序数词为分母。分子大于一，分母序数词s。第76页，共103页。PART 3增分训练第77页，共103页。.单句语法填空1.Well-off families are ruled by calendars，with children participating in ballet，soccer and after-school programs，according to _ new Pew Research Center

44、 survey.(2019湖南师大附中模拟)增分单句训练a解析第一次提到这个调查，表示“一个”，用a/an，又因为new的发音是以辅音音素开头，所以用不定冠词a。故填 a。第78页，共103页。2.It is unforgettable for me to see the huge coca cola billboard shown on _ unnamed long and narrow street.(2019山东烟台莱山实验中学模拟)an解析此处是泛指一条无名的长而狭窄的街道，所以用不定冠词。因为unnamed的发音以元音音素开头，所以用an。第79页，共103页。3.It also s

45、tressed that admissions are not only based on test scores but a comprehensive (assess) of each applicant.(2019山东潍坊二模)assessment解析此处是“aadj.n.”的结构，assess的名词形式为assessment，意为“一个综合评价”。第80页，共103页。4.In January，many Shanghai youngsters handed in proposals on issues ranging from network security and the futu

46、re city to the protection of _(tradition)culture.(2019河南郑州质检)traditional解析根据后面的名词可以确认前面需要填形容词。所以填traditional。第81页，共103页。5.Despite a vague (describe) of the remote mountain village，the explorers had no difficulty finding it with the help of the locals.description解析此处是“aadj.n.”的结构。特别注意describe变成名词是不规则

47、变化，其名词形式为description。第82页，共103页。6.If we can give more than receive，well (strength) the harmony among people and live in a better world.(2019河南名校联盟冲刺卷)strengthen解析此处需要动词与and后的live并列作谓语，所以应变为 strengthen表示“加强；强化”。第83页，共103页。7.There is，for example，a passionate letter from Huang Yongyu to playwright Cao

48、Yu 30 years ago to criticize his lack of (create).(2019湖南六校联考)creativity解析介词of后跟名词，故用名词形式creativity “创造力”。第84页，共103页。8.The Pacific Ocean contains about 25,000 islands.The (major) of them are found south of the equator(赤道).(2019山东潍坊模拟)majority解析通过the可以判断，需要填名词形式。第85页，共103页。9.They are by the coast and

49、 known for having some of sunniest weather in the UK.(2019山西新绛汾河中学三模)the解析后面有最高级，意为“阳光最充沛的天气”，所以判定需要用定冠词the。第86页，共103页。10.And he has seen rapid (grow) in music，film，fashion in China，which offers opportunities to people from _(variety) backgrounds.(2019山东实验打靶)growth解析rapid为形容词，空格处应为has seen 的宾语，所以gro

50、w应变为名词形式growth；第二个空格处，由后面的名词backgrounds判断，此处需要填形容词，所以变为形容词形式various。various第87页，共103页。.易错练习1.In addition to top scores on gaokao，_(apply) also need to meet English language requirements，participate in an interview and take a subject-specific written admission assessment.(2019四川成都七中三诊)解析句子缺少主语，可以判断需要

51、填名词。根据含义判断，此处说的是申请者，需要用复数形式，所以填applicants。applicants第88页，共103页。2.Experts note that _(chemical) against the worms are costly，dangerous and do not always work.(2019四川绵阳三诊)解析通过分析可知that从句中缺少主语，所以chemical 此处用作名词。谓语动词为are，所以应该用复数形式。chemicals第89页，共103页。3.Beijing，the capital of China，remained the most attra

52、ctive city for Chinese _(graduate)，followed by Shenzhen and Shanghai.解析graduate此处作名词，意为“毕业生”，为可数名词，此处表复数概念，故填graduates。graduates第90页，共103页。4.France sent a senior (represent) to the second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation in Beijing in April,2019.解析此处是“aadj.n.”的结构，所以填representative。r

53、epresentative第91页，共103页。5.Clones of different kinds are produced in various ways，and they have become _(value) in many medical applications and biological experiments.解析考查名词变形容词。become为系动词，所以此处用形容词形式作表语。valuable第92页，共103页。.单句改错(除注明，其余每小题仅有1处错误)1.By using these simple technique，Ive improved my efficiency and made a good use of my time.(两处错误) (2019山东滕州滕东中学调研)解析these后面需要用名词复数，所以改成techniques；make good use of为固定搭配，没有冠词。techniques第93页，共103页。2.Every time I read the poem，a sad-looking woman standing in the rain and wind seems to appear in the front of me，waiting for her husb