(英美国家概况课件)Unit-19-Literature

1、英美国家概况The United States of America第一页，共三十七页。 Unit 19Literature & Men of LettersThe United States of America第二页，共三十七页。Think about these questions before we start:1. What about the poetry writing in the early American literature?2. What are the forms of American Gothic?3. Why did the development of th

2、e self become a major theme for Romantic writers? Warming-up Activities 第三页，共三十七页。Contents 19th Century Since 20th Century Before 19th Century 第四页，共三十七页。Colonial Literature, 16071776Dominant Genres and Literary FormsWith the exception of the novel, colonial America produced literature in all the gen

3、res that were then popular in England. Before 19th Century 第五页，共三十七页。Dominant Genres and Literary FormsHistoriesBiographical and autobiographical writing, including journals and diariesDramaBelletristic essays Dominant Genres and Literary Forms第六页，共三十七页。John Winthrop (12 January 1587/8 26 March 1649

4、) was a wealthy English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the first major settlement in New England after Plymouth Colony. Winthrop led the first large wave of migrants from England in 1630, and served as governor for 12 of the colonys fir

5、st 20 years of existence. His writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan city upon a hill dominated New England colonial development, influencing the government and religion of neighboring colonies. Dominant Writers第七页，共三十七页。John Cotton (December 29, 1585 December 23, 1652) was an English clergy

6、man and colonist. He was a principal figure among the New England Puritan ministers, who also included Thomas Hooker, Increase Mather (who became his son-in-law), John Davenport, and Thomas Shepard and John Norton, who wrote his first biography. Cotton was the grandfather of Cotton Mather, who was n

7、amed after him. Dominant Writers第八页，共三十七页。Thomas Hooker (July 5, 1586 July 7, 1647) was a prominent Puritan colonial leader, who founded the Colony of Connecticut after dissenting with Puritan leaders in Massachusetts. He was known as an outstanding speaker and a leader of universal Christian suffra

8、ge. Dominant Writers第九页，共三十七页。Increase Mather (June 21, 1639 August 23, 1723) was a major figure in the early history of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and Province of Massachusetts Bay (now the Commonwealth of Massachusetts). He was a Puritan minister who was involved with the government of the colon

9、y, the administration of Harvard College, and most notoriously, the Salem witch trials. He was the son of Richard Mather, and the father of Cotton Mather, both influential Puritan ministers. Dominant Writers第十页，共三十七页。Mercy Otis Warren (September 24,1728 October 19, 1814) was a political writer and p

10、ropagandist of the American Revolution. During the years before the American Revolution, Warren published poems and plays that attacked royal authority in Massachusetts and urged colonists to resist British infringements on colonial rights and liberties. Dominant Writers第十一页，共三十七页。Thomas Paine (Janu

11、ary 29, 1737 (NS February 9, 1737) June 8, 1809) was an English-American political activist, author, political theorist and revolutionary. As the author of two highly influential pamphlets at the start of the American Revolution, he became one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Dominant W

12、riters第十二页，共三十七页。Early American Literature, 17761820Dominant Genres and Literary FormsPoetryNonfiction: Autobiography, Letters, EssaysNovelsSentimental FictionPicaresque Fiction Gothic Fiction Before 19th Century 第十三页，共三十七页。The Connecticut WitsOriginally the Connecticut Wits, this group formed in th

13、e late eighteenth century as a literary society at Yale College and then assumed a new name, the Hartford Wits. Their writings satirized an outmoded curriculum and, more significantly, society and the politics of the mid-1780s. Their dissatisfaction with the Articles of Confederation appeared in the

14、 “The Anarchiad” (17861787), written by David Humphreys, Joel Barlow, John Trumbull, and Lemuel Hopkins. In satirizing democratic society, this mock-epic promoted the federal union delineated by the 1787 Federal Convention at Philadelphia. Poetry第十四页，共三十七页。John TrumbullDavid HumphreysJoel Barlow第十五页

15、，共三十七页。Nonfiction in a variety of forms was very popular throughout the period. Biographies and autobiographies of famous people and less-famous people whose lives were considered exemplary in some way were popular, as were their letters. Nonfiction: Autobiography, Letters, Essays第十六页，共三十七页。Sentimen

16、tal Fiction NovelsSusanna Rowson, neHaswell(17621824) was a British-American novelist, poet, playwright, religious writer, stage actress and educator.第十七页，共三十七页。Picaresque FictionRoyall Tyler(June 18, 1757 August 26, 1826),Americanjuristandplaywrightwho wroteThe Contrastin 1787 and publishedThe Alge

17、rine Captivein 1797. Picaresque Fiction 第十八页，共三十七页。Gothic Fiction Gothic Fiction In America, Gothic novelists sometimes set their novels in Europe in order to have a good reason to include such gothic trappings as a castle; in other cases, they created fantastic scenarios to locate these settings in

18、 the United States. 第十九页，共三十七页。 19th Century Romanticism and Transcendentalism, 18201865 Realism and Regionalism,二十页，共三十七页。1. Romanticism and Transcendentalism, 18201865RomanticismThe Romantic Movement arrived in the United States around 1820, coinciding with the nations discovery of it

19、s distinctive artistic voice.第二十一页，共三十七页。1. Romanticism and Transcendentalism, 18201865TranscendentalismThe Transcendentalist movement was a reaction against 18th-century rationalism and a manifestation of the general humanitarian trend of 19th-century thought. The movement was based on a fundamenta

20、l belief in the unity of the world and God.第二十二页，共三十七页。1. Romanticism and Transcendentalism, 18201865The Brahmin PoetsIn their time, the Boston Brahmins (as the patrician, Harvard-educated class came to be called) supplied the most respected and genuinely cultivated literary arbiters of the United S

21、tates.Whitman, Melville, Thoreau, and Poe 第二十三页，共三十七页。1. Romanticism and Transcendentalism, 18201865Two Reformersabolitionist John Greenleaf Whittier and feminist and social reformer Margaret Fuller第二十四页，共三十七页。1. Romanticism and Transcendentalism, 18201865The RomanceHawthorne, Melville, and Poe第二十五页

22、，共三十七页。1. Romanticism and Transcendentalism, 18201865Women Writers and ReformersHarriet Beecher StoweHarriet Beecher Stowe(June 14, 1811 July 1, 1896) was an Americanabolitionistandauthor. Hernovel Uncle Toms Cabin(1852) was a depiction of life forAfrican-Americansunderslavery; it reached millions a

23、s a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and United Kingdom. It energized anti-slavery forces in theAmerican North, while provoking widespread anger in theSouth.第二十六页，共三十七页。2. Realism and Regionalism, 18651914These writersamong them, Mark Twain, Henry James, William Dean Howel

24、ls, Sarah Orne Jewett, Mary Wilkins Freeman, and John William De Forestchose not to allegorize or sentimentalize or sensationalize experience in their fiction, preferring instead to represent the world as objectively as possible.第二十七页，共三十七页。Realism and RegionalismMark Twain, Henry James, William Dea

25、n Howells, Sarah Orne Jewett, Mary Wilkins Freeman, and John William De Forest第二十八页，共三十七页。III Since 20th Century American Modernism, 191419451Postwar Literature, 194519702Contemporary Literature, 1970 to Present3第二十九页，共三十七页。1. American Modernism, 19141945Dominant Genres and Literary FormsAll literar

26、y genres thrived during the years between the world wars, but the achievements of the novelists were, arguably, the most impressive. With such a wide-open market, the short story flourished. Like the novel and the short story, American poetry was invigorated after World War I.In drama the towering f

27、igure who transformed a moribund American theater was Eugene ONeill. 第三十页，共三十七页。Movements and SchoolsThe School of ImagismModernismImagismObjectivismThe Harlem Renaissance, also known as the Negro Renaissance and the New Negro Movement (Claude McKay, Jean Toomer, Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, Arna Bontemps, Nella Larsen, Wallace Thurman, and Zora Neale Hurston)第三十一页，共三十七页。Main writersWilliam FaulknerErnest HemingwayRobert FrostEugene ONeill第三十二页，共三十七页。2. Postwar Literature, 19451970Dominant Genres and Literary FormsPostmodernismThe Beat movement第三十三页，共三十七页。Main Writ