Best Management Practices for Aquaculture

1、Generic Environmental Best Management Practice Guideline for Aquaculture Development and Operation in the Western CapeProvincial Government of the Western Cape:Department of Environmental Affairs and Development PlanningEdition1October 2007Prepared by: Etienne HinrichsenDivision of Aquaculture Unive

2、rsity of StellenboschGeneric Environmental Best Management Practice Guideline for Aquaculture Development and Operation in the Western CapeEdition 1Issued by:Provincial Government of the Western CapeDepartment of Environmental Affairs and Development PlanningUtilitas Building, 1 Dorp StreetPrivate B

3、ag X9086Cape Town, 8000South AfricaPrepared by:E. HinrichsenDivision of Aquaculture, Stellenbosch UniversityPrivate Bag X1Matieland, 7602South AfricaCoordinated by:Division of Aquaculture, Stellenbosch UniversityPrivate Bag X1Matieland, 7602South AfricaCOPYRIGHT Republic of South Africa, Provincial

4、Government of the Western Cape, Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning 2007. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.This document is copyright under the Berne Convention. Apart from the purpose of private study, research or teaching, in terms of the Copyright Act (Act No. 98 of 1978) no part of t

5、his document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning. Likewise, it

6、 may not be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise disposed of by way of trade in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published.This guideline should be cited as:Hinrichsen, E. 2007. Generic Environmental Best Practice Guideline for Aquaculture Development and Operation in the

7、Western Cape: Edition 1. Division of Aquaculture, Stellenbosch University Report. Republic of South Africa, Provincial Government of the Western Cape, Department of Environmental Affairs & Development Planning, Cape Town.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe compilation of this document was made possible through a co

8、llective effort in which the following people and organisations played a significant role:The project team from the Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning, which was led by Mr. Z. Toefy.The project review committee, consisting of the officials from the Department of Environment

9、al Affairs and Development Planning, The Western Cape Provincial office of the National Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, the Marine and Coastal Management Branch of the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, CapeNature, the Western Cape Provincial Department of Agriculture and the

10、 Aquaculture Institute of South Africa.Special appreciation is given to the Aquaculture Institute of South Africa for providing guidance with regard to the content and framework of this document, as well as coordinating the review committee.The project implementation team from the Division of Aquacu

11、lture of the Stellenbosch University, which was led by Prof. D. Brink.Participants in the aquaculture sector at large who participated in various discussion forums and gave much input around the content of the document. PREAMBLE The Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning (DEA&D

12、P or “the Department” hereafter) have compiled this Best Management Practice (BMP) guideline to be used as the baseline from which to develop an environmentally sound and sustainable aquaculture sector. As much as it is intended that this guideline be integrated into the standard operational procedu

13、res of any aquaculture activity, it represents a starting point from which all stakeholders in the aquaculture sector may develop species -, sub-sector - and farm / operation specific environmental management programmes.During the authorisation of new aquaculture projects or during the expansion of

14、existing projects, this guideline should be read in conjunction with the Guideline to the Authorisation Requirements of Aquaculture Activities in the Western Cape. This related guideline outlines the authorisation process and thus plays an important role in ensuring the creation of a legally complia

15、nt, environmentally responsible and sustainable aquaculture sector.NOTE:This guideline has been specifically compiled for use in the Western Cape Province. Use outside of this province must be sanctioned by the Western Cape Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning.EXECUTIVE SUMMA

16、RYThis guideline is one of two documents that have been compiled by DEA&DP to assist aquaculturists with the development of an environmentally responsible and sustainable sector. The objective of the guideline is to provide best management concepts that can be used in the aquaculture sector. The gui

17、deline is divided in various sections that deal with different aspects of best practice. In order to provide a general introduction to the aquaculture sector, the first section deals with the nature of aquaculture, globally and locally in the Western Cape. This section also investigates the roles of

18、 the various stakeholders in the aquaculture sector and clarifies the best practice approach.The second section of the guideline provides a detailed outline of the methodologies required in the planning of an aquaculture venture in a manner which is conducive to the implementation of best practices.

19、 Such integrated planning will also assist with compliance issues in the authorisation of new projects.The third section deals with the authorisation process required for new aquaculture ventures. This is done by reference to the associated guideline which is entitled, Guideline to the Authorisation

20、 Requirements of Aquaculture Activities in the Western Cape.The fourth section contains all the environmental, management and operational specifications that make up best practices around aquaculture. These specifications are divided into: The approach required towards the surrounding biophysical en

21、vironment.The approach required towards the infrastructure environment.The approach required in the operation or production activities in aquaculture.The approach required in dealing with the social environment.Each of the subsections above contains many aspects, each of which are discussed and foll

22、owed by recommendations as to achieving best practices.The firth section deals with best practice standards. Although few standards of this nature exist in South Africa, examples are given of what steps can be taken in achieving acceptable standards around general environmental management, the maint

23、enance of water quality, product safety and acceptable social interaction.The sixth section provides examples of contingency planning in aquaculture by giving the basic steps that can be taken in events such as water contamination, the escape of production organisms, disease breakout and fire. The s

24、eventh section deals with monitoring, auditing and review of best practices by providing guidance on audit methodologies and outlining the approach required in the review and update of project specific best practices.The last section deals with the steps that need to be taken in the decommissioning

25、of aquaculture activities, including informing of authorities on rehabilitation. CONTENTS TOC o 1-3 h z HYPERLINK l _Toc160165131 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PAGEREF _Toc160165131 h ii HYPERLINK l _Toc160165132 PREAMBLE PAGEREF _Toc160165132 h iii HYPERLINK l _Toc160165133 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PAGEREF _Toc1601651

26、33 h iv HYPERLINK l _Toc160165134 CONTENTS PAGEREF _Toc160165134 h v HYPERLINK l _Toc160165135 SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION PAGEREF _Toc160165135 h 1 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165136 WHAT IS AQUACULTURE PAGEREF _Toc160165136 h 1 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165137 THE STATUS OF AQUACULTURE PAGEREF _Toc160165137 h 2 HYPER

27、LINK l _Toc160165138 THE PROFILE OF AQUACULTURE IN THE WESTERN CAPE PAGEREF _Toc160165138 h 4 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165139 THE ROLE OF THE DEPARTMENT IN TERMS OF AQUACULTURE PAGEREF _Toc160165139 h 5 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165140 BACKGROUND TO BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE (BMP) PAGEREF _Toc160165140 h 5 HYPERL

28、INK l _Toc160165141 THE IMPORTANCE AND AIMS OF BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN AQUACULTURE PAGEREF _Toc160165141 h 6 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165142 STRUCTURE AND APPROACH IN THE BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE GUIDELINE PAGEREF _Toc160165142 h 7 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165143 HOW TO USE THE BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE GUI

29、DELINE PAGEREF _Toc160165143 h 8 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165144 LEGAL STANDING AND LEGISLATIVE MANDATES PAGEREF _Toc160165144 h 9 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165145 LINKAGES IN ENVIRONMENTAL BEST MANAGEMENT OF AQUACULTURE PAGEREF _Toc160165145 h 10 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165146 SECTION 2: integrated planning aquacult

30、ure PROJECT FORMULATION PAGEREF _Toc160165146 h 11 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165147 CONSIDERATIONS AROUND THE MACRO-PLANNING ENVIRONMENT PAGEREF _Toc160165147 h 11 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165148 AQUACULTURE SITE SELECTION CRITERIA (MICRO-PLANNING) PAGEREF _Toc160165148 h 12 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165149 LAND, RESOU

31、RCE AND SITE ACCESS PAGEREF _Toc160165149 h 12 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165150 LAND OWNERSHIP AND TENURE PAGEREF _Toc160165150 h 12 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165151 ACCESS TO NATURAL RESOURCES PAGEREF _Toc160165151 h 12 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165152 PHYSICAL ACCESSIBILITY PAGEREF _Toc160165152 h 12 HYPERLINK l _Toc1

32、60165153 EXISTING AND NEW SERVICE AND INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS PAGEREF _Toc160165153 h 13 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165154 THE CAPACITY OF THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT PAGEREF _Toc160165154 h 13 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165155 THE ENVIRONMENTAL VALUE OF A SITE PAGEREF _Toc160165155 h 13 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165156 SHARED

33、 RESOURCES AND OTHER USERS PAGEREF _Toc160165156 h 14 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165157 FLOODS, TIDES AND OTHER WATER CHARACTERISTICS PAGEREF _Toc160165157 h 14 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165158 CONSIDERING THE SURROUNDING LAND USE PAGEREF _Toc160165158 h 14 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165159 UNIQUE MANAGEMENT AREAS PAGEREF

34、 _Toc160165159 h 14 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165160 GEOLOGY, TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE PAGEREF _Toc160165160 h 14 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165161 PERSONNEL AND SKILL REQUIREMENTS PAGEREF _Toc160165161 h 15 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165162 DETERMINING THE RESOURCE NEEDS FOR A NEW AQUACULTURE PROJECT PAGEREF _Toc160165162

35、h 15 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165163 FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC VIABILITY PAGEREF _Toc160165163 h 15 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165164 WATER RESOURCE NEEDS PAGEREF _Toc160165164 h 15 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165165 FEED RESOURCE NEEDS PAGEREF _Toc160165165 h 16 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165166 STOCK AND SPECIES RESOURCE

36、S PAGEREF _Toc160165166 h 16 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165167 HUMAN RESOURCE AND SKILL REQUIREMENTS PAGEREF _Toc160165167 h 17 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165168 DETERMINING THE SCALE OF AN AQUACULTURE OPERATION PAGEREF _Toc160165168 h 17 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165169 CONSIDERATIONS AROUND THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT PAGERE

37、F _Toc160165169 h 18 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165170 SECTION 3: AUTHORISATION PROCEDURES FOR AQUACULTURE PAGEREF _Toc160165170 h 19 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165171 SECTION 4: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF AQUACULTURE PAGEREF _Toc160165171 h 20 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165172 SECTION 4.1: BMP: THE

38、 SURROUNDING BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT PAGEREF _Toc160165172 h 21 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165173 MANAGEMENT OF VEGETATION PAGEREF _Toc160165173 h 21 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165174 MANAGING NON-PRODUCTION AND NON-PREDATORY ANIMALS (FAUNA) PAGEREF _Toc160165174 h 21 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165175 STABILISATION AND SOI

39、L MANAGEMENT PAGEREF _Toc160165175 h 22 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165176 MANAGING SENSITIVE AREAS PAGEREF _Toc160165176 h 23 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165177 FIRE MANAGEMENT PAGEREF _Toc160165177 h 23 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165178 NOISE, LIGHT AND ODOUR MANAGEMENT PAGEREF _Toc160165178 h 24 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165179

40、SECTION 4.2: BMP: THE iNFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT PAGEREF _Toc160165179 h 25 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165180 APPROACH TO THE RESPECTIVE CULTURE SYSTEMS PAGEREF _Toc160165180 h 25 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165181 MANAGING ROADS, ACCESS AND SECURITY PAGEREF _Toc160165181 h 27 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165182 MANAGING ELEC

41、TRICITY SUPPLIES AND COMMUNICATIONS PAGEREF _Toc160165182 h 27 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165183 MANAGING NON-PRODUCTION WATER SUPPLIES PAGEREF _Toc160165183 h 28 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165184 REFUSE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT PAGEREF _Toc160165184 h 28 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165185 MANAGING SEWERAGE AND ABLUTION FACILIT

42、IES PAGEREF _Toc160165185 h 29 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165186 CHEMICAL AND HYDROCARBON FUEL MANAGEMENT PAGEREF _Toc160165186 h 30 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165187 MANAGING BUILDINGS AND STORAGE PAGEREF _Toc160165187 h 31 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165188 PLANNING FUTURE ACTIVITIES AND EXPANSION PAGEREF _Toc160165188 h

43、31 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165189 SECTION 4.3: BMP: the PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES PAGEREF _Toc160165189 h 32 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165190 MANAGING SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION CAPACITIES PAGEREF _Toc160165190 h 32 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165191 WATER MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT PAGEREF _Toc160165191 h 33 HYPERLINK l _Toc160

44、165192 MANAGING SPECIES AND SPECIES ESCAPE PAGEREF _Toc160165192 h 35 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165193 FEED MANAGEMENT PAGEREF _Toc160165193 h 36 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165194 DISEASE MONITORING, CONTROL AND TREATMENT PAGEREF _Toc160165194 h 37 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165195 MANAGING MORTALITIES PAGEREF _Toc1601651

45、95 h 38 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165196 MANAGING AQUACULTURE CHEMICALS PAGEREF _Toc160165196 h 39 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165197 GRADING, MOVING AND HARVESTING PAGEREF _Toc160165197 h 42 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165198 MANAGING POSTPRODUCTION AND PROCESSING ACTIVITIES PAGEREF _Toc160165198 h 42 HYPERLINK l _Toc16016

46、5199 MANAGING AND CONTROLLING PREDATION PAGEREF _Toc160165199 h 44 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165200 PRODUCTION RECORDS PAGEREF _Toc160165200 h 45 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165201 SECTION 4.4: BMP: THE SURROUNDING SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT PAGEREF _Toc160165201 h 46 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165202 MANAGING EMPLOYEE FACILITIES

47、AND EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS PAGEREF _Toc160165202 h 46 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165203 MANAGING EMPLOYEE TRAINING, EDUCATION AND AWARENESS PAGEREF _Toc160165203 h 46 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165204 MANAGING COMMUNITY INTERACTION AND ENHANCEMENT PAGEREF _Toc160165204 h 47 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165205 DEALING WITH COM

48、PLAINTS PAGEREF _Toc160165205 h 47 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165206 SECTION 5 Best MANAGEMENT practice STANDARDS IN AQUACULTURE PAGEREF _Toc160165206 h 48 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165207 SECTION 6 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTINGENCY PLANNING IN AQUACULTURE PAGEREF _Toc160165207 h 49 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165208 SECTION 7 mon

49、itoring, AUDITING AND REVIEW PAGEREF _Toc160165208 h 50 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165209 INTRODUCTION TO AUDITING PAGEREF _Toc160165209 h 50 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165210 APPOINTMENT OF AN EXTERNAL AUDITOR PAGEREF _Toc160165210 h 51 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165211 FREQUENCY OF AUDITS PAGEREF _Toc160165211 h 51 HYPER

50、LINK l _Toc160165212 RECIPIENTS OF AUDIT RESULTS PAGEREF _Toc160165212 h 51 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165213 REVIEW AND UPDATE OF THE BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE GUIDELINE PAGEREF _Toc160165213 h 51 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165214 SECTION 8 AQUACULTURE DECOMMISSIONING PROCEDURES PAGEREF _Toc160165214 h 52 HYPERLINK

51、 l _Toc160165215 INFORMING THE RELEVANT AUTHORITIES OF DECOMMISSIONING PAGEREF _Toc160165215 h 52 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165216 REMOVAL OF THE AQUACULTURE ORGANISMS PAGEREF _Toc160165216 h 52 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165217 REMOVAL OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE PAGEREF _Toc160165217 h 52 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165218 SIT

52、E REHABILITATION PAGEREF _Toc160165218 h 52 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165219 ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT AFTER DECOMMISSIONING PAGEREF _Toc160165219 h 52 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165220 SECTION 9 CONCLUSION PAGEREF _Toc160165220 h 53 HYPERLINK l _Toc160165221 SECTION 10:acronyms PAGEREF _Toc160165221 h 54 HYPERLINK l _T

53、oc160165222 SECTION 11:glossary PAGEREF _Toc160165222 h 55RELEVANT CONTACT DETAILSDepartment of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning1 Dorp Street, Cape TownPrivate Bag X9086, Cape Town, 8000Tel: 021 483 4643Fax: 021 483 3211Department of Water Affairs and ForestryPrivate Bag X16, Sanlamhof

54、, 7532Tel:021 950 7100Department of AgricultureMuldersvlei Road, Elsenburg BuildingPrivate Bag X1, Elsenburg, 7607Tel:021 808 5005Fax: 021 808 5000Web: wMarine and Coastal Management Branch: Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism2nd Floor, Foretrust Building, Foreshore, Cape TownPrivate Bag

55、 X2, Roggebaai, 8012Tel: 086 112 3626 or 021 402 3036 Fax: 021 402 3009Web: CapeNatureCapeNature House, Belmont Park, Belmont Road, RondeboschPrivate Bag X29, Rondebosch, 7701Tel: 021 659 3400Web: HYPERLINK :/ .za Aquaculture Institute of South AfricaPO Box 51743, West Beach, 7449Tel:

56、021 556 7339Fax: 021 556 4428Web: South African Bureau of StandardsLiesbeek Parkway, Rosebank, Cape TownPO Box 615, Rondebosch, 7701Tel: 021 681 6700Fax: 021 681 6701Web: Aquaculture Association of Southern AfricaPO Box 71894, The Willows, 0041Tel: 012 807 6720Fax: 012 807 4946Web: SECTION 1: INTROD

57、UCTIONIt is intended that this BMP guideline assist in minimising the potential environmental impacts of aquaculture activities on the surrounding environment. Furthermore, a recent national questionnaire based survey (Botes et al. 2006) indicated that sector participants regarded such a BMP guideli

58、ne as a necessary tool in the development of the aquaculture sector. Nevertheless, the success of this BMP guideline depends on the willingness and acceptance of its application by the respective stakeholders in the aquaculture sector.WHAT IS AQUACULTUREAquaculture is defined as the propagation, imp

59、rovement, trade or rearing of aquatic organisms (i.e. plant and animal) in controlled or selected aquatic environments (i.e. fresh, sea or brackish waters) for any commercial, subsistence, recreational or other public or private purpose. Aquaculture does not include capture fisheries, which entails

60、the harvesting of aquatic organisms from an environment in which no attempt has been made to manage or otherwise influence any organisms by containment, feeding or application of any husbandry techniques. The aquaculture sector employs a range of production techniques that can be classified accordin