解析能量最低原理的内涵之二

1、 量子三维常数理论 解析能量最低原理的内涵之二 胡 良深圳市宏源清实业有限公司摘要：能量最低原理的内涵是指能势最低；从另一个角度来看，就是对周围的引力最大，因此，也可称为引力最大原理。物质为了保持稳定，就会自动降低其能量，来保持平衡。由于，能量最低的状态比较稳定，体现为能量最低原理。能量最低原理与最小作用量具有相似性。关键词:能量，动量，量子，杠杆，质量，万有引力，质量场，作用力，反作用力，杠杆平衡，背景空间，光子，电子，质子，中子作者：总工，高工，硕士，副董事长 ,2320051422物理学研究物质，能量，空间及时间等的内涵。1能量最低原理的逻辑能量最低原理的内涵是指势能最低；从另一个角度来

2、看，就是对周围的引力最大，因此，也可称为引力最大原理。物质为了保持稳定，就会自动降低其能量，来保持平衡。由于，能量最低的状态比较稳定，体现为能量最低原理。能量最低原理与最小作用量具有相似性。任何满足边界条件的连续函数x(t)就是路径；对于每一条可能的路径x(t)，都可根据某个规则计算出相应的物理学量，可称为量子三维常数作用量（），即，。而最稳定的路径就是那条具有量子三维常数作用量（）的路径，即，能量最低原理。，其中，量子三维常数作用量，量纲，*L(3)T(-3)；，内禀空间，量纲，；，能量-动量张量，量纲，L(3)T(-3)；，能量，量纲，*L(2)T(-2)；，质量，量纲，；，路径，量纲，L

3、(1)T(0)L(1)T(-1)L(0)T(1)L(1)T(-2);F， electrostatic force, dimension, *L(1)T(-2);q， charge amount, dimension, .From another perspective, it can also be expressed as: E=U/(Sd）/q/(S*d=(U/d）/(q/d)=U/q,in,E， electric field strength, dimension, L(1)T(-2);U， voltage (volts), dimension, *L(1)T(-2);q， charge

4、 amount, dimension, ;S, area, dimension, L(2)T(0)L(1)T(0).According to classical physics, it is known that F=m；in,F，force, dimension, *L(1)T(-2);m， mass, dimension, ;， acceleration, L(1)T(-2)L(1)T(-1);0， vacuum permittivity, dimension, ;Xe， polarizability, dimension, L(0)T(0);E， electric field stren

5、gth, dimension, L(1)T(-2)L(3)T(-2)/L(2)T (0)L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(-1)L(0)T(-1)L(0)T(-1)L(0)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1);0， vacuum permittivity, dimension, ;E， electric field strength, dimension, L(1)T(-2)L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(-1)L(-2)T(1)L

6、(3)T(-2)L(1)T(-1)L(0)T(-1)L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(0)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1).The second case, if the medium is moving and absorbs photons;Then there is, Ekn=Q* H=Q（jfC）+QpDt+QVPSp+nf；in,Ekn, the total energy of the system, dimension, *L(2)T(-2);Q ，Total charge

7、(total effective charge), dimension, ;H， auxiliary magnetic field (equivalent to electric flux), dimension, L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(0)T(0);， Plancks constant of photon, dimension, *L(2)T(-2)L(0)T(-1)-L(3)T(-1)L(3)T(-2);(Vpfp)， express charge, dimension, ;(C2p)

8、， express the electric field (flux) corresponding to the charge, dimension, ;(Vpfp)f，the relative magnetic charge expressed in the wire, dimension, -L(3)T(-2)L(3)T(-1);(Vpfp)fp，express magnetic charge, dimension, ;Cp(2， express the magnetic field (flux) corresponding to the magnetic charge, dimensio

9、n, .Ve，the space charge of the electron, dimension, ;Ve， electron intrinsic one-dimensional space velocity (signal velocity), dimension, L(1)T(-1)L(0)T(-1)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)/L(2)T (0) L(2)T(0)L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(-2)L(3)T(-2)/L(2)T (0) L(2)T(0)L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(-2)L(3)T(-2)/

10、L(2)T (0) L(2)T(0);, negative charge unit (convergence property), dimension, ;, vacuum permittivity, dimension, ;, the number of charges (free charge and bound charge), dimension, L(0)T(0);, Planck frequency, dimension, .2 The meaning of electric and magnetic fieldsFor electrons, the expression is:

11、；in, express a negative charge (convergence property), quantization, dimension, ;, express electric flux (divergent property), dimension, L(3)T(-2).For spin electrons, its expression is, ；in, expressing the magnetic charge of the electron (convergent property), quantization, dimension, ;, expressing

12、 the magnetic flux (divergent property), dimension, L(3)T(-1).For protons, the expression is:；in, express positive charge (convergent property), quantization, dimension, ;, expressing electric flux (divergent property), dimension, L(3)T(-2).For spin protons, the expression is, ；in, express the magne

13、tic charge of proton (convergent property), dimension, ;, expressing the magnetic flux (divergent property), dimension, L(3)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)*L(1)T(-2)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(0);, Planck frequency, dimension, ;， Planck space, dimension, .3 The meaning of Maxwells equationsMaxwells equations express the partial

14、differential equations of the connection between electric field, magnetic field, charge density, and current density; it consists of four equations: first, Gausss law, which expresses how electric fields are generated by electric charges; second, Gausss law of magnetism; third , Faradays law of indu

15、ction, which expresses how a time-varying magnetic field produces an electric field; fourth, Maxwell-Amperes law, which expresses how a current and a time-varying electric field produce a magnetic field.Maxwells equations are composed of four equations:First, Gausss law,This law expresses the relati

16、onship between the electric field and the distribution of electric charges in space; electric field lines start with positive charges and end with negative charges.The total charge contained within a given closed surface can be known by counting the number of electric field lines (electric flux) pas

17、sing through that closed surface. In more detail, the law expresses the connection between the electric flux through any closed surface and the charge within that closed surface.Gausss law can be expressed as: ；in,，, electric field strength, dimension, L(1)T(-2)L(2)T(0);, charge (convergence propert

18、y), dimension, ;, vacuum permittivity, dimension, ;, the volume enclosed by the closed surface, dimension, L(3)T(0)L(0)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)/L(3)T(0) L(3)T(-2).This means that the electric field flux passing through an arbitrary closed surface is proportional to the amount of electric charge inside it; the

19、 electric field flux (field property) cannot disappear out of thin air after starting from the electric charge (particle property), nor can it be created out of thin air. That is, the electric charge (particle property) and the corresponding electric field flux (field property) make up a whole subst

20、ance (eg, electron).Obviously, the left side of the equation reflects the field property; the right side of the equation reflects the charge property.Furthermore, assuming that there is no source of charge (passive field), the electric flux () entering the closed surface is equal to the electric flu

21、x () leaving the closed surface.It is worth noting that elementary particles with positive electrical properties (containing positive charges) are elementary particles; elementary particles with negative electrical properties (containing negative charges) are also elementary particles and can exist

22、independently.It is worth mentioning that, according to the quantum three-dimensional constant theory,For electrons, its expression is: ；in, express a negative charge, quantized, dimension, ;, expressing electric flux (divergent property), dimension, L(3)T(-2).Assuming that there are N electrons con

23、tained in the closed surface, there are,In the first case,The total charge is, , dimension, ;The corresponding number of electric field lines (electric flux) passing through a given closed surface is,NC2*p, dimension, L(3)T(-2)L(3)T(-2).In other words, magnetic charge (), convergence property, dimen

24、sion, .Electric flux (), divergence property, dimension, L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)/L(2)T (0) L(2)T(0)L(3)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-2)L(3)T(-2)/L(2)T(0) ;, Planck length, dimension, ;, closed curve, dimension, L(1)T(0)L(3)T(-1)L(2)T(0)L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)/L(2)T(0) L(0)T(1)L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(

25、-1)L(3)T(-1)/L(2)T(0) ;, Planck length, dimension, ;, closed curve, dimension, L(1)T(0)L(1)T(-1)L(2)T(0)L(1)T(-1);, vacuum permittivity, dimension, ;, Planck time, dimension, .On the right side of this formula,The first, reveals that an electric current （I ） can generate a magnetic field (eg, an ene

26、rgized coil acts as a magnet).The second term, reveals that the accumulation of the induced magnetic field on the space loop is proportional to the rate of change of the electric field flux.In short, the equation reflects the conservation of magnetic flux (), dimension, L(3)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)L(3)T(-1).c

27、harge (), convergence property , dimension, ;Magnetic flux (), divergence property , dimension, L(3)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)/L(2)T (0) L(2)T(0)L(3)T(-1)L(0)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)/L(3)T(0) .， vacuum permittivity, dimension, ;， Planck length, dimension, ;t,time, dimension, L(0)T(1);0, vacuum permeability, dime

28、nsion, ;， vacuum permittivity, dimension, ;J, conduction current, dimension, L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-2)L(3)T(-2)/L(2)T(0) L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)/L(2)T (0) L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(-1);0, vacuum permeability, dimension, ;0， vacuum permittivity, dimension, ;S， surface area, dimension, L(2)T(0)L(1)T(-2)L(3)

29、T(-2)/L(2)T(0) L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1)L(0)T(-1)-L(3)T(-1)/L(3)T(0) L(1)T(-1)L(2)T(0)L(2)T(0);Qf, free charge inside the closed surface ( ), dimension, .Second, Gausss law of magnetismdifferential expression, B=0；in,B, magnetic field strength, dimension, L(1)T(-1)L(2)T(0)L(2)T(0)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-2)L(1)T(-1

30、);p, Planck length, dimension, ;t, time, dimension, L(0)T(1L(1)T(-2)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(0);p, Planck length, dimension, ;B, the magnetic flux passing through the surface (S ) enclosed by the closed path, dimension, L(3)T(-1)L(0)T(1)L(3)T(-2)-L(3)T(-1)/L(2)T(0), or, L(1)T(-1) ;0, vacuum permeability, dimen

31、sion, ;D, electric displacement, dimension, L(1)T(-1);p, Planck length, dimension, ;t, time, dimension, L(0)T(1)L(3)T(-2)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)L(0)T(1)L(1)T(-2)L(0)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)/L(3)T(0) ;0=tp, vacuum permittivity, dimension, ；tp, Planck time, dimension, 。Integral expression, SEda = Q0

32、；in,E, electric field strength, dimension, L(1)T(-2)L(2)T(0)L(2)T(0);Q, the total charge in the closed surface (S), dimension, ;0=tp, vacuum permittivity, dimension, ;tp, Planck time, dimension, .Second, Gausss law of magnetismDifferential Expressions, B=0；in,B， magnetic field strength, dimension, L

33、(1)T(-1)L(2)T(0)L(2)T(0)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-2)L(1)T(-1);p, Planck length, dimension, ;t, time, dimension, L(0)T(1L(1)T(-2)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(0);p, Planck length, dimension, ;B, the magnetic flux passing through the surface ( S) enclosed by the closed path, dimension, L(3)T(-1)L(0)T(1)L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)/L(3)T

34、(0)L(0)T(-1) ;0, vacuum permeability, dimension, ;0, vacuum permittivity (vacuum dielectric constant), dimension, ;, electric field strength, dimension, L(1)T(-2)L(0)T(1)L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(0)L(3)T(-2);Q, the total charge in the closed surface, dimension, ;0, vacuum permeability, dimension, ;, th

35、e total current passing through the surface (S ) enclosed by the closed path, dimension, L(1)T(-1)L(0)T(1)L(1)T(-1);Q, the total charge in the closed surface, dimension, ;B,magnetic field strength, dimension, L(1)T(-1);0, vacuum permittivity (vacuum dielectric constant), dimension, ;S,the operation

36、surface of surface integral, dimension, L(2)T(0)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(0)L(1)T(-1);0, vacuum permeability, dimension, ;t, time, dimension, L(0)T(1)L(1)T(-1);, permittivity (dielectric constant), dimension, ;, electric field strength, dimension, L(1)T(-2)L(1)T(-1);, permeability, dimension, ;H, auxili

37、ary magnetic field (equivalent to electric flux), dimension, L(3)T(-2).Maxwells equation proves from another angle that matter is composed of charges (electric charge, magnetic charge, mass charge) and corresponding fields (electric field, magnetic field, mass field).The movement speed of the charge

38、 (electric charge, magnetic charge, mass charge) cannot exceed the speed of light in vacuum (the maximum signal speed), and the connection between the fields is over-distance.This means that matter has the duality of signal speed and over-distance.It is worth mentioning that,Article 1,An electrostat

39、ic field cannot generate a magnetic field;Article 2,The directional movement of charges produces conduction current (I); the essence of conduction current (I) is the directional movement of free charges; the current (I) generates Joule heating when passing through a conductor.Article 3,At the two po

40、les of the parallel capacitor plate, the increase (or decrease) of the charge can generate a displacement current (D); the essence of the displacement current is a changing electric field; the displacement current does not generate Joule heat.Article 4,Displacement current (D) and conduction current

41、 (I) have in common that both can excite magnetic fields in space.For physical systems, the sources of magnetic moments fall into two broad categories:first categoryA magnetic moment is created due to the movement of the electric charge to generate an electric current. If all current density distrib

42、utions (all charge positions and velocities) are known, the magnetic moment can be calculated.Magnetic moment (vector) refers to a physical property of a magnet; a magnet in an external magnetic field will be affected by the moment, causing its magnetic moment to be aligned along the direction of th

43、e magnetic field lines of the external magnetic field. The direction of the magnetic moment of the magnet is from the south pole of the magnet to the north pole of the magnet.According to the right-hand rule, four fingers are bent towards the direction of the current, and the thumb is straightened,

44、then the direction pointed by the thumb is the direction of the magnetic dipole moment; the magnetic dipole moment of a current-carrying cycle can be expressed as, =I(2)a；in, magnetic dipole moment, dimension, *L(1)T(0)L(1)T(-1)L(2)T(0)L(3)T(-1)*L(1)T(-2)L(1)T(0)L(5)T(-3);, magnetic dipole moment, d

45、imension, *L(1)T(0)L(1)T(-1)L(3)T(-1)*L(1)T(-2)*L(1)T(0) L(5)T(-3).The second categoryElementary particles (electrons and protons, etc.) generate magnetic moments due to their intrinsic spin; however, the magnitudes of the intrinsic magnetic moments of elementary particles (electrons, protons, etc.)

46、 are all physical constants.The direction of the magnetic moment depends on the spin direction of the particle, for example, if the measured value of the electrons magnetic moment is negative; this means that the electrons magnetic moment is in the opposite direction to its intrinsic spin.Electron c

47、an be expressed as: C2p =Cp(2)=(Cp)p=Cp=Ve Ve(3) =（Vefe )Ve(2)e = meVe(2)*e .Obviously, the intrinsic magnetic moment of the electron can be expressed as: =geBSi ;in,=(Vpfp)fpp, the intrinsic magnetic moment of the electron,Dimension, *L(1)T(0);ge, the electrons Lande factor, dimension, ;Si=, electr

48、on intrinsic spin, dimension, ;, Plancks constant, dimension, *L(2)T(-2);B=(eme), Bohr magneton, dimension, ;e=(Vpfp), the basic charge of the electron, dimension, ;me, the mass of the electron, dimension, .The meaning of resistance and currentResistance (R) is a physical quantity that expresses the

49、 electrical conductivity of a conductor. Resistance (R) can be defined by the ratio of the voltage across a conductor (U) to the current (I) through that conductor, and can be expressed as, R=U/I ;in,R, resistance, dimension, ;U, voltage, dimension, *L(1)T(-2)L(1)T(-1).The resistance (R) can be used

50、 to measure the strength of the resistance of the conductor to the current (the quality of the electrical conductivity).However, the reciprocal of resistance (1/R) is called conductance (), which is a physical quantity that expresses the conductivity of a conductor.Resistance (R) is a parameter that

51、 reveals the conductive properties of a conductor; for a cylindrical uniform conductor made of a certain material, its resistance (R) is proportional to its length (L) and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area (S);It can be expressed as: R= LS ；in,R, resistance, dimension, ;, resistivit

52、y, dimension, ;L, the length of the conductive material, dimension, L(1)T(0)L(2)T(0);, conductance, dimension, .It is worth mentioning that the resistivity () is determined by the material of the conductor and the surrounding temperature, etc. It can be expressed as: =0（1+T）；, resistivity, dimension

53、, ;0, the temperature is the resistivity at 0, dimension, ;, is the temperature coefficient of resistance, dimension, ;T, temperature, dimension, L(3)T(-2),Or, *L(2)T(-2)L(3)T(0).It is worth noting that the resistivity of semiconductors and insulators, unlike metals, does not vary linearly with temp

54、erature. As the temperature increases, their resistivity decreases sharply (indicating a nonlinear change).the nature of current,Under the action of electric field force, the free charges in the conductor can make regular directional movements to form current; however, the direction of directional f

55、low of positive charges is the current direction.Electric flux (E) is the flux of the electric field, which is proportional to the number of electric field lines passing through a curved surface, and is a physical quantity that characterizes the distribution of the electric field. The electric flux

56、(E) is intrinsically related to the current (I) in the metal conductor, and its microscopic expression is: I=E/neS=E/S；in,I, current, dimension, ;E, electric flux, dimension, L(3)T(-2)L(-3)T(0);e, charge (free charge), dimension, ;, charge density, dimension, L(0)T(-1)L(2)T(0)L(3)T(-2);Q, charge, di

57、mension, ;t, time, dimension, L(0)T(1)L(1)T(-2)L(3)T(-2)L(2)T(0).It is worth mentioning that the force between the magnetic charges can be expressed as: Fqm=qm1 qm2r00=qm1 qm2rC;in,Fqm, the force between magnetic charges, dimension, *L(1)T(-1);qm1， the size of the first magnetic charge, dimension, ;

58、qm2， the size of the second magnetic charge, dimension, ;r， the distance between the two magnetic charges, dimension, L(1)T(0);0， vacuum permeability, dimension, ;0， vacuum permittivity, dimension, ;C， the maximum signal speed, dimension, L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1);U， voltage, dimension, *L(1)T(-2)L(3)T(-2)

59、;Ek， kinetic energy of electron gas, dimension, *L(2)T(-2);p， momentum of electron gas, dimension, *L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(-1);0, vacuum permeability, dimension, ;q, free charge, dimension, ;I, current carrying, dimension, L(1)T(-1)L(1)T(0)L(0)T(0)L(0)T(0).It is worth mentioning that,When, 1=0，and, 2=， when

60、; the magnetic field strength of an infinitely long straight cut-off wire can be expressed as: B=(0qI)/2a。The intrinsic properties of isolated quantum systems are absolute; the properties between isolated quantum systems are relative.Assuming that the charge （q） moves through an electromotive force