第二章语法考点

1、第二章 语法考点动词的时态和语态一、时态概述英语中不同时间和方式发生的动作或状态要用谓语动词的不同形式来表示，这种表示动作或状态发生时间和方式的动词形式称作动词时态。时态列表如下：时态现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般一般现在时do一般过去时did一般将来时( will do)（be going to do）(shall do)一般过去将来时would do进行现在进行时be doing过去进行时was/were doing将来进行时will be doing过去将来进行时( would be doing)（was/were going to do）完成现在完成时have done过去完成时ha

2、d done将来完成时will have done过去将来完成时would have done完成进行现在完成进行时have been doing过去完成进行时had been doing将来完成进行时will have been doing过去将来完成进行时would have been doing一、一般现在时（一）用法：a.表示经常性的事情，经常性的动作或一般性事实。时间状语：often 经常，usually通常，always 总是，every每个，sometimes 有时，at 在几点钟b.在时间、条件等状语从句中，用现在时表示将来。c.表示客观事实、客观规律或客观真理。The ear

3、th moves round the sun. （二）动词的形式与变化方法：只有在第三人称单数时用动词的“单三变化形式”，其他用动词的原形。多数在动词后s （1）直接在动词词尾加-s, 清辅音后读/s/，浊辅音和元音后读/z/.e.g. askasks like likes workworks getgets staystays play plays（2）以字母s, x, ch, sh,或o结尾的动词，在词尾直接加-es，前者读/iz/，后者读/z/.e.g. watchwatches wishwishes fixfixes dodoes gogoes passpasses（3）以“辅音字母加

4、 - y”结尾的动词，要先变y为i再加-es, 读/z/.e.g. trytries studystudies crycries flyflies不规则变化：be is havehas真题练习1. We dont have to hurry as the bus _ for London at five in the evening.（2012.06）A. leaves B. left C. has been leaving D. has left2. According to the time table, the train for Beijing _ at 9:10 p.m. from

5、Monday to Friday. (2010.6)A. was leaving B. is leaving C. leaves D. has left二、现在进行时（一）用法：a.表示（说话瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作。可与now, at present, at this moment, these days 等时间状语连用。e.g. Why are you crying? b.也可表示当前的一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。e.g. George is translating a book now. c. 现在进行时可以表示将来时，常有“意图”、“安排”、或“打算”的含义，常表示最近或

6、较近的将来。e.g. When I grow up, Im joining the army.d. 现在进行时与频度副词always, constantly, continually, forever等连用，常表示令人不满或烦恼的事。e.g. Its always raining. You are forever looking for faults. (吹毛求疵)（二）构成方式：be (am/ is/ are)v-ing （动词的现在分词） e.g. Im watching TV now. / Theyre playing football.（三）现在分词的变化规则（1）一般情况下在动词词尾

7、加ing。e.g. gogoing ask asking looklooking （2）以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e加ing。e.g. have having taketaking makemaking writewriting（3）以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，双写最后一个字母，再加-ing。e.g. getgetting sitsitting putputting runrunning swimswimming beginbeginning (四)现在进行时与一般现在时的区别（1）现在进行时表示动作的暂时性，而一般现在时表示动作的习惯性和经常性以及长久性动作。e.g. I am wat

8、ching TV now. （暂时性） I watch TV every day. （经常性）Lucy is living in Beijing.（短时间居住）Lucy lives in Beijing. （长久性居住）（2）现在进行时表示的动作可带有感情色彩，而一般现在时所表述的动作通常是事实。e.g. You are always forgetting the most important things. （责备）He is always helping others. （赞扬）He often helps others. （事实）（3）有些动词不能用进行时，know, understan

9、d, love, like, hate, wish, want, think, hope, have, believe, agree, hear, see, notice，等等。这些动词通常用一般现在时表示说话时发生的动作。e.g. I have a lot of friends here. She wants to buy a new bike. 三、一般过去时（一）一般过去式用法： a.表示过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态. 可用时间状语词last night, yesterday, last week, some years ago, in 1995, in the past, the

10、other day, just now 等. eg: I got up at six this morning. (表示过去的动作) He was a child ten years ago. (表示过去的状态) b. 表示过去的习惯或经常发生的动作. eg: He used to get up early in the morning. When I was in the countryside, I often swam in the river.（二）结构: 主语 + did + 主语 + be ( was, were) + （三）动词过去式的变化规则： （1）一般情况下在动动词原形后加

11、 ed. 如: workworked jumpjumped looklooked （2）以e 结尾的动词, 直接加-d. 如: livelived （3）以辅音字母加y 结尾的动词, 先将y 变 i 再加-ed. 如: carry carried study studied try tried（4）以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的, 双写此辅音字母后再加-ed. 如: stopstopped planplanned 真题练习3. The student asked the librarian for help because he couldnt find the book he (n

12、eed) _.（2010.12）4. Most of the high school students who (interview) _ yesterday believed that they should continue with their education.5. 30 percent of the students who (interview) _ yesterday believe they should continue with their education until they have a university degree. (2009.12)答案与解析：四、过去

13、进行时（一）用法a. 过去进行时表示过去某段时间内持续进行的动作或者事情。常用的时间状语this morning， the whole morning， all day yesterday， from nine to ten last evening， when， while例如：We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.It was raining when they left the station.b. 过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情。时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。如：What was she doing

14、at nine oclock yesterday？c.在复合句中，如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的，那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。例如：While he was waiting for the bus， he was reading a newspaper.He was cleaning his car while I was cooking.d.通常不能用于过去进行时的动词主要有：agree， be， believe， belong， care， forget， hate， have（拥有）， hear， know， like， love， mean， mind， notic

15、e， own， remember， seem， suppose， understand， want， wish等。(二) 结构: 主语 + be ( was, were) + doing (三)英语中有四类动词一般不用进行时（不用现在进行时和过去进行时）(1)表心理状态、情感的动词，如love ，hate ，like ，care ，respect ，please ，prefer ，know 等，若用进行时则词意改变。e.g. Im forgetting it . （=beginning to forget ）(2)表存在、状态的动词，如appear，exist，lie，remain，stand

16、，seem等。(3)表感觉的动词，如see，hear，feel，smell，sound，taste等。（4）表一时性的动词，如accept，allow，admit，decide，end，refuse，permit，promise等。练习：6. As she _the newspaper ，Granny _ asleep . A. read /was falling B .was reading /fellC. Was reading /was falling D. read/fell7. Tom _ into the house when no one _ .A. slipped/was lo

17、oking B. Had slipped /lookedC. slipped/had looked D. was slipping /looked五、现在完成时(一)用法a.表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。I have spent all of my money (so far). (含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)b.表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.for+时间段since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从以来）since+时段+agosince+从句（过去时） e.

18、g. Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since 1998.（二）构成：主语 + have / has + 过去分词(done) + 其他(当主语是第三人称单数时用has，其余人称用have。过去分词：规则动词的过去分词构成与动词过去式相同；不规则动词需要特殊记忆。)（三）has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场) ，Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方），Have/has been in

19、：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）。e.g. Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai.My father has been to Shanghai.My father has been in Shanghai for two months.真题练习：8. He is one of the most qualified engineers our company (employ) _ in the last ten years. (2013.12)9. _ in the company for three years, Mark has become

20、experienced in business negotiations. (2009.12)A. Having worked B. Have been working C. Have worked D. worked六、现在完成进行时(一) 用法a.表示开始于过去的活动持续到现在，并且活动往往还没有结束，将继续持续下去。e.g. Tom has been playing the online games for more than twenty hours.b. 到目前为止的一段时间内重复发生的活动。e.g. He has been going to Seattle for half a y

21、ear.(二)构成：主语 + have / has + been +doing +其他(三)现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别：(2)现在完成时强调完成和影响，现在完成进行时强调未完成和动作。e.g. I have thought it over.我已经考虑过了。(现在可以给回复)I have been thinking it over.我一直在考虑这件事。(还未考虑清楚)(2)现在完成时经常表单个事件，现在完成进行时可表重复事件。e.g. He has gone to the library. 他去图书馆了。He has been going to the library for a year

22、. 他在一年间经常去图书馆。(3) 现在完成时陈述事实，现在完成进行时表感情色彩。Where have you been? I have been waiting for you in the rain for two hours.你去哪了？我在雨中等了你两个小时。(不满)（4）表重复时：完成时强调成果，讲次数；完成进行时强调持续，不讲次数。e.g.：I have sent thirty e-mails this morning.我今天上午发了三十封电子邮件。I have been sending e-mails this morning.我今天上午一直在发电子邮件。真题练习：10. In t

23、he last few years, our company _ a great deal of attention to building up company culture. (2013.12)A. pays B. would pay C. is paying D. has been paying 11. The total output of this factory (double)_ since it was put into operation in 2006. (2010.6)七、过去完成时（一）用法：a.表示过去某个时间或动作之前所发生的事情(常用时间状语有already,

24、before, ever, just, never, still, yet).b.表示过去某个时间或动作之前所发生的动作一直持续到过去某个时间(常接时间状语：since +时间点, for + 时间段)。如：When I got to the station, the train had left. 当我到达车站时，火车已经开走了。另外，过去完成时强调“过去的过去”，而一般过去时只表示以现在时间为起点以前所发生的事情或存在的状态。如：He studied there two years ago. 他在那儿学习了两年。(离现在两年)He said he had studied there two

25、 years ago. 他说他在那儿学习了两年。(离他说话时两年)（二）构成：had + 过去分词（三）动词expect, hope, suppose, think, want等的过去完成时可用来表示未实现的计划、打算或希望。如：I had hoped to see you. 我本希望来看你。He had wanted to buy a house in Beijing. 他本想在北京买栋房子。真题练习：12. She was quite sure that she _ the door before she left the office.（2012.06）A. will lock B. w

26、ould lock C. has locked D. had locked 13. She described the ancient city in detail because she (live)_ there for years. (2009.12)八、过去完成进行时（一）用法：一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到另一个过去时刻。a. 过去完成时可以表示一个动作已经结束，但其结果仍然影响到过去的某一时刻。例如：It had been raining and the street was still wet. 天一直在下雨，街道仍然很湿。b. 用过去完成进行时可以表示一个动作一直延续到过去

27、某一时刻，通常强调动作的持续性和不间断性。例如：She had been studying for two hours when her classmate came to visit her. 当她的同学来看她的时候，她学习有两个小时了。（二）构成： had + been +doing At last the bus came. I had been waiting for half an hour. 最后公共汽车来了，我已等了半小时。九、一般将来时与将来进行时（一）用法：一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作，事情或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作或事情。（1） will/sha

28、ll+动词原形shall用于第一人称，常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。 will not=wont shall not=shant e.g. Which paragraph shall I read first？我先读哪一段呢？Will you be at home at seven this evening？今晚七点回家好吗？（2） be going to +不定式，表示将来。e.g. What are you going to do tomorrow？(意图，即将做某事) The play is going to be produced nex

29、t month. （计划安排） Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. （有迹象要发生）（3） be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。 e.g. We are to discuss the report next Saturday.（4） be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。e.g. He is about to leave for Beijing.他马上要去北京。另外，be to表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to表示主观的打算或计划。（5）有些动词可用现在进行时表一般将来时，如

30、go，come，fly，leave，start，begin，finish，end，arrive etc.e.g. she is leaving for Wuhan tomorrow.（6）一般现在时表一般将来时，主要用来表示在时间上已确定安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火车明天上午六开。以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。 e.g. Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.车来了。在时间或条件句中。 e.g. When Bill comes， ask him to wa

31、it for me. Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there. 在动词hope. take care that. make sure that等的宾语从句中。I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.（二）将来进行时用来表示已经决定的、肯定会发生的事，常与表将来时间的状态连用。一般用will+be+doing 结构表示。e.g. This time tomorrow, well be

32、travelling on the train.Ill be working all day tomorrow.真题练习：14. The team is going out to hold a party tomorrow after it _ the project.（2010.12）A. completes B. completed C. will complete D. will have completed15. The proposal about the annual sales (discuss) _ at the next board meeting. (2009.12)十一、

33、将来完成时与将来完成进行时（一）将来完成时表示事情在将来某个特定时间之前会发生。一般用 will+have+done结构表示。e.g. Next month today Ill have been here for five years. 下个月的今天，我到这里就满5年了。（二）将来完成进行时表示该事到将来某个时候已持续了一段时间。一般用will+have+been+doing结构表示。e.g. Ill have been teaching for thirty years in July. 到七月，我教书就满30年了。真题练习：16. By the end of next year, I _

34、 for the company for 10years. （2009.6）A. work B. am working C. had worked D. will have worked 十二、过去将来时（一）用法：在谈论过去的时候，有时要说到那以后的事，即当时还没有发生的事，这时候要用过去将来时。（二）结构：与通常表示将来的结构没有区别，只需要改变动词的形式。e.g. No one could tell when we would get to Manchester. 谁也说不出我们什么时候可以到达曼彻斯特。I thought for a moment that she was going

35、to cry. 有一会儿我以为她就要哭了。十三、被动语态（一）用法：语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”等词来表示被动意义。e.g.They didnt offer Ann the job. （主动语态） Ann wasnt offered the job. （被动语态） （二）构成：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部

36、分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。各种时态的被动语态举例（以动词do为例）如下： （1）一般现在时（am/ is/ are +done） e.g. The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 学生们每天都打扫教室。 （2）一般过去时(was/ were +done) e.g. My bike was stolen last night. 我的自行车昨天被偷了。 When was the book introduced to China? （3）一般将来时与过去将来时(will/ shall be +done; would/shoul

37、d be +done) e.g. A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一个演讲。 I thought thousands of people would be helped. （4）现在进行时与过去进行时(am/ is/ are being +done; was/ were being +done) e.g. The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天这时，机器正在被修理。 The problem is being discussed now. 问题正在被讨论。 A bu

38、s is being pushed by the passengers. （5）现在完成时(have/ has been + done) e.g. Two hundred trees have been planted by now.The book has been read many times by me. Several soldiers have already been killed in the conflict. （6）过去完成时 (had been+done) e.g. They said they had been invited to the party.She foun

39、d the house had been destroyed by the storm. 真题练习：17. The program _ to help students prepare for their first year at our college. (2013.12)A. is designed B. designed C. designs D. has designed18. Most customers were satisfied with the way their complaints (handle) _ by the company last month. (2013.

40、12)19. If you successfully complete the training program, you will (interview) _ by the company for the final decision.（2013.12）20. Last week two engineers _ to help solve the technical problems of the project. (2012.06)A. have sent B. were sent C. sent D. had sent 21. The manager promised that the

41、customers complaint would (look into)_ as soon as possible. (2012.06)22. Most of the new models displayed in the car exhibition (design) _ in Germany a few years ago. (2010.12)23. Having been badly damaged by the earthquake, the city has to be (rebuild) _. (2009.12)第二节情态动词（一）概述： 情态动词又称情态助动词，是表示说话人对动

42、作的观点，说话者对谈到的情况所持的态度，如需要、可能、意愿、怀疑、建议、义务和推测等，它和其他动词连用可表示说话人的语气，但它只有情态意义，无人称和数的变化，不能单独使用，必须与其后的动词原形构成谓语情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度。e.g.can(could),may(might),must,haveto,shall(should,will(would),dare(dared),need(needed),oughtto，usedto等。（二）常见情态动词的用法（1）can和coulda. 表示能力（体力、知识、技能）Canyouliftthisheavy box?（体力）Mr.pan

43、canspeakthreekindsoflanguages.（知识）Canyoudrive?（技能）b. 表示请求和允许。表示请求，口语中常用could代替can，使语气更委婉,主要用于疑问句。Can we turn the air conditioner on?I wonder if I could just ask you to sign this.c. 表示对现在的动作或状态进行主观的猜测，主要用在否定句和疑问句中。Can the man over there be our head master?d. 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度，主要用在否定句、疑问句和感叹句中。Can this b

44、e an excuse for not giving them help?（2）may和mighta. 表示允许、许可。否定回答一般用must not/mustnt,表示“禁止、阻止”之意，但也可以用had better not (最好别)或may not（不可以），语气较为委婉。May I smoke here?No, you mustnt.(或No, youd better not.)b. 表示可能性的推测，通常用在肯定句和否定句中，含有“或许”“大概”“可能”之意；用might代替may时，则语气显得更加不肯定。It may rain this afternoon.She might c

45、ome to join us this afternoon.c. may用于祈使句表示祝愿.May you succeed.May she rest in peace.愿她安息。d. 惯用句式：“may well+ 动词原形”，意为“完全能，很可能”，相当于to be very likely to“may as well或might(just)as well+动词原形”意为“最好，满可以，倒不如”，相当于“had better或there is no reason to do anything else.There may well be a real problem here.There i

46、s nothing to do, so I may as well go to bed.(3) must和have toa. must表示“必须，应该”之意，语气比should，ought to强烈。其否定形式mustnt表示“不准，不应该，禁止”等意。You must come to school on time.b.在回答带有must的问句时，否定回答常用neednt或dont have to，表示“不必”，而不用mustntMust I come back before ten?Yes，you must.(No, you neednt.)c. must表示有把握的推测，意为“一定、准是、

47、相必”，只用于肯定句中。You must be hungry after a walk.d. have to“必须，不得不”，意义与must相近。但must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而have to则往往强调客观需要。must只有一种形式，即现在式与过去式都是一种形式，而have to则涉及各种人称、时态等方面的变化形式。两者的否定意义不同，mustnt表示“禁止，不许”，dont have to表示不必。The film is not interesting. I really must go now.I have to go now, because my mother is in hos

48、pital.I had to work hard when I was your age.You mustnt go there.You dont have to go there.(4) shall和shoulda. shall用于第一、二、三人称构成的疑问句，表示征求对方意见或请求指示；用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。Shall I open the window?Dont worry, you shall get the answer this afternoon.(允诺)He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell

49、 you. （警告）b. should表示劝告或建议，意为“应该”;You should read his new book.should表示推测，用在肯定句中，对现在的情况或可能发生的事的主观推测或期待,意为“想必，大概，或许”;It should be a nice day tomorrow.should还可以用在if引导的条件句中，表示一件事听起来可能性很小，但也不是完全不可能，相当于“万一”的意思。从句谓语用should+动词原形构成，主句都一定用虚拟语气。Ask Tom to ring me up if you should see him.你万一见到汤姆，请让他给我打个电话。sho

50、uld用于疑问句或感叹句中，表示意外、惊异的情绪，意为“竟会”，与why，what，how，who连用，如果是疑问句，则不需要回答。Why should anyone want to marry Tony?（5）will和woulda. 用于表示意志或意愿。will指现在，would指过去。He is the man who will go his own wayThey said they would meet us at 10:30 at the station.b.表示请求、建议等，用would比用will委婉、客气。Will you please take a message for

51、him?Would you please tell me your telephone number?c.表示习惯或倾向，意为“总是，惯于”。will至现在，would指过去。Fish will die without water.When we worked in the same office, we would often have coffee together.d.表示推测，意为“很可能，大概”。will表示推测比should把握大，比must把握小。These things will happen. It would be about ten oclock when he left

52、 home.e. 表示功能，意为“能，行”。惯用形式：will do/would do表示“解决问题”、“就行”。It would not do to work too late.（工作太晚不行。）用于否定句中，意为“不肯”、“不乐意”。I wont listen to your nonsense.f. would与used to辨析would可用来表示过去反复出现的动作，但不能表示过去存在的状态，所以我们不能说：“she would be a quiet girl.”另外，would强调过去某种特定情况下的活动，是完全过去的事情，同现在没有联系。而used to则着眼于过去和现在的对比，隐含

53、现在已不存在，动作或状态都可表示。Would可以表示不规则的习惯，used to则不可。如： He used to be a naughty boy and cause trouble. I used to get up at six in the morning. Sometimes she would take a walk in the neighboring woods.(6) need和darea. need用于表示“需要，必要”之意。做情态动词时，仅用于否定句和疑问句，只有现在时，过去式要用neednt have，疑问式用need+人称?,否定式用need not(即neednt）

54、Need we leave soon?You neednt have hurried. (=It was not necessary for you to hurry，but you did). 你当时不必这么匆忙。b.做实义动词时，其变化与一般的实义动词相同，后接带to的不定式,过去式用needed、did you need?和didnt need,肯定式用needs/needed/need,疑问式用do、does、did提问， A job like nursing needs patience and understanding.(need+名词，need understanding=ne

55、ed to be understood,需要被理解)He needs to see a doctor.(need to do)Do you still need volunteers to help clean up after the party? c. dare用于表示“敢于”之意。做情态动词，没有人称和数的变化，主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中。Dare you tell her the truth?How dare you accuse me of lying!d. 用作实义动词时，其变化与一般的实义动词相同。在肯定句中，dare后接带to的不定式；否定句中，dare后既可接带t

56、o的不定式，也可接不带to的不定式。Only a few journalists dared to cover the story.He doesnt dare (to) go there alone.(7) ought的用法a.表示“应该”之意。You ought to take care of him.b.表示推测。注意与must表示推测的区别。He must be home by now. (断定他已到家)He ought to be home by now. (不十分肯定)This is where the oil must be. (比较直率)This is where the oi

57、l ought to be. (比较含蓄)c. should与ought to 表示“应该”时的区别。should 表示自己的主观看法，而ought to的语气中，含有“按道理应该”之意。若要反映客观情况或涉及法律义务和规定，一般用ought to。如： You should help them with their work. You are his father. You ought to get him to receive good education.(8) “情态动词+have done”用法a. must have done表示主观上对过去已经发生的行为进行推测，意为“想必，准是

58、，一定做了某事”。He must have visited the White House during his stay in the United States.b. may/might have done表示对过去已发生行为的推测，意为“也许/或许已经（没有）“。一般用于肯定句或否定句中，不用于疑问句。用might则表示语气更加不肯定。You may have learnt the news.c. cannot have done表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑和不肯定，通常用在否定句和疑问句中。（can换成could时语气委婉）Could he have done such a foolis

59、h thing?The boy cant have finished reading the book so soon because it is difficult even to an adult.d. could have done可用于肯定句中，表示“可能已经”之意，此外，还可以表示过去能做而没做的事，有一种对过去为付诸实施的事情的惋惜。You could have done better, but you were too careless.e. might have done表示“本来可能，但实际上没有发生的事情”。另外，还可以表示“本来应该或可以做某事”之意，含有轻微的责备语气。

60、You should not swim in that sea. You might have been eaten by a shark.He might have given him more help, thought he was busy.f. should/ought to have done用于肯定句时，表示本该做某事，而实际上未做；用于否定句时，则表示不该做的事反而做了。He should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing.You ought to have returned the