[考研英语]考研英语常考语法难点讲义

1、考研英语常考语法难点讲义南京跨考2013仇永香1第一讲 While 的用法（1）基本词性词义n. 一会儿，一段时间，wait for a while V. 消磨（时光），轻松度过，while away He whiled away the whole afternoon surfing the internet. Conj. 当的时候 we must strike while the iron is hot. I will take care of the baby while you are away. 而，然而， 表对比。做并列连词 Some people waste food while

2、 others still suffer starvation. The son was having a good meal at home, while the parents were working in the field. I like the banana while he likes pineapple. 2(2) 重点词义Conj. 虽然但是，尽管但是 多放于句首, 引导让步状语从句While he loves his students, he is very strict with them.While these experiments are interesting a

3、nd useful, it is important to remember that they may not always tell us much. 只要， 引导条件状语从句While there is life there is hope.While there is a will there is a way.(3) 真题链接 One Italian example would be the Berluconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind. （05年翻译） While the quality of lega

4、l journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretation supplied to them by lawyers.34.联想记忆：(1) While 与when 的区分when 后面引导的从句，谓语动词可以是延续性动词也可为短暂性动词，且可做并列连词，表示 ：“这时” 但是在接下来几种情况下，只能用when.A: be about towhen正打算这时(发生了另外一件事)B：was / were doingwhen 正在.这时（发生了另外一件事）C：ha

5、d donewhen 刚要做这时（发生了另外一件事）eg. When we were about to set out when it began to rain. He had hardly sat down when his mobile phone rang.While 后面引导的谓语动词必须为延续性动词，强调主从句的两个动词同时发生；The baby fell asleep in the sofa while his mother was cooking in the kitchen.(2) While 表示 “然而 时”, 与but 的区分 Honey is sweet, but t

6、he bee stings. I ought to have helped her but I never could. While作并列连词用，意思为“而，然而”，表对比。而but表转折。 注意用心比较体会while与but的句中用意. 45.Writing tips:some people/students prefer sth while others would rather doThere are many reasons for this: first of all, parents tend to be conservative and satisfied with what t

7、hey have, while children are always keen to experience something new, and are quick to adopt new fashion and ways of thinking. Parents, because they have a better understanding of the dangers in society, criticize their youngsters behavior and are reluctant to let them have their own way. 594单选1.By

8、the time you arrive in London, we _ in Europe for two weeks.A. shall stay B. have stayed C. will have stayed D. have been staying2. I appreciated _ the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.A. having been given B. having given C. to have been given D. to have given3. Living in the central Austra

9、lian desert has its problems, _ obtaining water is not the least.A. of which B. for what C. as D. whose4. The heart is _ intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.A. not so B. not much C. much more D. no more5. _ the fact that his initial experiments had failed, Prof. W

10、hite persisted in his research.A. Because of B. As to C. In spite of D. In view of66. Jean Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it _ in religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzedC. be analyzed

11、D. should have been analyzed7. The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, _ all practical value by the time they finished.A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost8. No bread eaten sweet as _ earned by his own labor.A. one B. that C. such D. what9.

12、It isnt cold enough for there _ a frost tonight, so I can leave Jims car out quite safely.A. would be B. being C. was D. to be10. Scientists generally agree that the Earths climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years _ it has warmed in the 20,000 years since the Ice Age.A. as long as B. as mu

13、ch as C. as soon as D. as well as711. Please do not be _ by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.A. disregarded B. distorted C. irritated D. intervened12. Craig assured his boss that he would _ all his energies in doing this new job.A. call forth B. call at C. call on D. ca

14、ll off13. Too much _ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.A. disclosure B. exhibition C. contact D. exposure14. When confronted with such questions, my mind goes _, and I can hardly remember my own date of birth.A. dim B. blank C. faint D. vain15. It is well known that

15、knowledge is the _ condition for expansion of mind.A. incompatible B. incredible C. indefinite D. indispensable816. More than two hundred years ago the United States _ from the British Empire and become an independent country.A. got off B. pulled down C. broke away D. attached to17. Care should be t

16、aken to decrease the length of time that one is _ loud continuous noise.A. subjected to B. filled with C. associated with D. dropped off18. Some of the most important concepts in physics _ their success to these mathematical systems.A. oblige B. owe C. contribute D. attribute19. As your instructor a

17、dvised, you ought to spend your time on something _ researching into.A. precious B. worth C. worthy D. valuable20. As a defense against air-pollution damage, many plants and animals_ a substance to absorb harmful chemicals.A. relieve B. release C. dismiss D. discard921. Without the friction between

18、their feet and the ground, people would _ be able to walk. A. in no time B. by all means C. in no way D. on any account22. While typing , Helen has a habit of stopping _ to give her long and flowing hair a smooth. A. occasionally B. simultaneously C. eventually D. promptly23. One reason for the succ

19、esses of Asian immigrants in the U.S. is that they have taken great _to educate their children. A. efforts B. pains C. attempts D. endeavors24.If any man here does not agree with me, he should _his own plan for improving the living conditions of these people. A. put on B. put out C. put in D. put fo

20、rward 25.I support your decision, but I should also make it clear that I am not going to be _to it. A. connected B. fastened C. bound D. stuck1026.The English language contains a(n) _of words which are comparative seldom used in ordinary conversation.A. altitude B. latitude C. multitude D. attitude2

21、7. In my opinion, you can widen the _of these improvements through your active participation.A. dimension B. volume C. magnitude D. scope28.Your improper words will give _to doubts concerning your true intentions.A. rise B. reason C. suspicion D. impulse29.The news item about the fire is followed by

22、 a detailed report made _.A. on the spot B. on the site C. on the location D. on the ground30.The remarkable _of life on the Galopagos Islands inspired Charles Darwin to establish his theory of evolution. A. classification B. variety C. density D. diversion11语法归纳：(1) no more than 不多于，仅仅，只有，形容少 The e

23、xpert advised no more than 3 grams for healthpeople.not more than 为 more than 的否定形式 不多于，不超过no less than 不少于，多则，I have not more than 3 relatives in this city.not less than 为less than 的否定式 不少于 (2) if 引导的虚拟语气 三种基本形式与现在事实相反，从句的谓语动词用were/did 主句的谓语动词用could/would/might+ do与过去事实相反，从句 had done, 主句的谓语动词用would

24、/could/might have done与将来事实相反，从句用 were/were to do/did/ should do主句用would doIf 引导的虚拟语气的倒装形式If省略，从句中的were, should, would提到主语之前。1295年单选1.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed _. A. had produced B. have been produced C. would have produced D. had bee

25、n produced 2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than _ in the public mind today. A. exists B. exist C. existing D. existed3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds _ his argument in favor of the new theory. A. which to base on B. on which to base C. t

26、o base on which D. which to be based on4. _ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction. A. Everybody B. Anybody C. Somebody D. Nobody5. How many of us _, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion? A. attended B. Attending

27、 C. to attend D. have attended136. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe _ it provides he building blocs from which the other elements are produced. A. so that B. but that C. in that D. provided that7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style _ in a pers

28、onal one. A. rather than B. Other than C. better than D. less than8. _ is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production. A. What B. That C. It D. As9. It is believed that todays pop music can serve as a creative force _ stimulating the thinking of its li

29、steners. A. by B. with C. at D. on10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, _ the atmosphere. A. as it is B. the same as C. so is D. and so is1411. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly _ if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party d

30、ate. A. admired B. regarded C. expected D. worshipped12. A _ of the long report by the budget committed was submitted to the mayor for approval. A. shorthand B. scheme C. schedule D. sketch13. A man has to make _ for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old. A. supply B. assuran

31、ce C. provision D. adjustment14. The newly-built Science Building seems _ enough tolast a hundred years. A. spacious B. sophisticated C. substantial D. steady15. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are _ free medical care.A. entitled to B. involved in C. associated with D. assig

32、ned to1516. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at _. A. danger B. stake C. loss D. threat17. I felt _ to death because I could make nothing of the chairmans speech. A. fatigued B. tired C. exhausted D. bored18. When the engine would not start, th

33、e mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at _. A. wrong B. trouble C. fault D. difficulty19. Your advice would be _ valuable to him, who is at present at his wits end. A. exceedingly B. excessively C. extensively D. exclusively20. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contr

34、act, and now he has to _ the consequences. A. answer for B. run into C. abide by D. step into 1621. The river is already _ its bans because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatened with a likely flood. A. parallel to B. level in C. flat on D. flush with22. People _ that vertical flight tran

35、sports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today. A. convinced B. anticipated C. resolved D. assured23. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or _ for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programmed for the reading skil

36、ls. A. adapted B. acknowledged C. assembled D. appointed24. The mother said she would _ her son washing the dished If he could finish his assignment before supper. A. let down B. let alone C. let off D. let out25. We should always keep in mind that _ decisions often lead to bitter regrets.A. urgent

37、B. hasty C. instant D. prompt1726. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages _ in the dictionary. A. missing B. losing C dropping D. leaking27. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women _ this field is climbing. A. engaging B. devoting C. registe

38、ring D. pursuing28. The supervisor didnt have time so far to go into it _, but he gave us an idea about his plan. A. at hand B. in turn C. in conclusion D. at length29. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest _ of being met. A. prospect B. prediction C. prosperity D. permission30. Its usu

39、ally the case that people seldom behave in a _ way when in a furious state. A. stable B. rational C. legal D. credible18第二讲 as 的用法1.基本词义：prep. 作为,以.的身份 当作 像;如同conj. 像.一样;依照;像 such as 当.时 随着 因为 虽然 Tired as he was, he sat up late.ad. 跟.一样地,同样地 如同;例如pron. 1. (与such, the same, as等连用,引导关系从句)与.相同的事物(或人) 2

40、. (引导从句,对前述内容作补充)本情况,该事实 She has married again, as was expected.19A. as 的介词结构 “作为”，以身份By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested.For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and pub

41、lic interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in court of law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators.20B. As 引导的连词结构用作连词引导时间状语从句 as与w

42、hen，while都是引导时间状语从句的从属连词，含义都是当的时候。但它们有区别：用when时，从句的动作可以与主句的动作同时发生，也可以先于主句的动作发生；用while时，从句的动作为一过程，主句动作与从句动作同时进行或在从句动作过程中发生；用as时，主句和从句的动作同时发生，具有延续的含义。例如： (1)It was snowing when he arrived at the construction site.他到达工地时，天正在下雪。 (2)He was watching TV while his mother was cooking.他母亲做饭时他在看电视。 (3) You wil

43、l grow wiser as you grow older.你会随着年龄的增长而越来越聪明。212. as用作连词引导原因状语从句 as，because，since都可以表示因果关系，连接原因状语从句，含义是因为，由于，但它们有区别：because表示的语气最强；as一般放在句首，语气较弱，较口语化；since常常用在书面语中，表示多为对方已知的、或稍加分析便可得知的原因，有时可译作既然。例如： (1) He will succeed because he is in earnest.他一定会成功，因为他很认真。 (2) Since you are so sure of it he”ll b

44、elieve you.既然你对此如此有把握，他会相信你的。 (3) As rain has fallen, the air is cooler.因为下过雨，空气比较清爽。22作连词引导让步状语从句 as与although (或though)，however (或no matter how)等都可以引导让步状语从句，含义是虽然，尽管，但它们有区别：although语气稍正式些，可放在句首，也可放在句中，主句中不能再用but，但可以用yet；as所表示的语气较强，引导的让步状语从句用倒装语序；however引导让步状语从句时，它的后面可跟形容词或副词，也要用倒装语序。例如： (1) Althoug

45、h he is quite old, he still jogs every day.他虽然年纪相当大，仍然每天慢跑。 (2) Strange as it may seem, nobody was injured in the accident.这次意外虽然显得令人不可思议，却没有人受伤。 (3) However hard he may try, he will not attain his goal.无论他怎样努力也达不到目标。23 真题链接：Plenty of good writers dont use outline at all but discover ordering princi

46、ples as they write.Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious.As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feeling, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a

47、technology of behavior may therefore become available.Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry a

48、re at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.24C. as 相关的固定结构Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society.On one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and free

49、dom.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands.This theory was known as diffusionism.25In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible,

50、he became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.At least, that is how it looks as a whole.The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.But he does expe

51、ct social problems as a result of technological advances.26D. as 与动词固定结构It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.Any regard for suffering of animals is seen as a mistake a sentimental displacement of feeling that

52、 should properly be directed to other humans.Later, the idea become to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate.The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities.This definition excludes many individu

53、als usually referred to as intellectuals the average scientist, for one.27Friendly tips:as单独引导定语从句 as单独引导定语从句时，先行词可以是一个词，也可以是一个句子或短语。例如： (1) She is late, as is often the case.她迟到了，这是经常的事。(先行词是整个主句) (2) To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.对事实视而不见-你们好多人都是如此的愚蠢。(先行词是不定式短语)28 第三讲 并

54、列平行结构29一.and 连接的并列句 and 连接名词的平行结构eg. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. Kids need a range of authentic role models-as opposed to members of their clique, pop starts and vaunted athletes.They shou

55、ld know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy.Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. 30and 连接动词的平行结构He visited the

56、casino, lost the 20 and left.Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met.You should go through the paper many timesand then again working to substantiate and clarify your ideas.Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, had a single origin and pas

57、sed from society to society.The tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternatives.31and 连接形容词的平行结构Now gambling is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.They were, by far, the largest and most

58、 distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth.32and 连接两个副词He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and conciselyPredictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.and 连接两个介词

59、的并列结构He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a

60、riverboat casino ( a place where gambling games are played).33and 连接两个非谓语动词的并列结构What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood?Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society?Rel