微生物题库英文

1、Test 1: Development of Microbiology Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. The fundamental unit （基本单位）of all living organisms is the: C .membrane .cell .nucleus .cell wall 2. Organisms that do not contain a true nucleus are referred to as:C .fungi 真菌 .eukaryotic 真核生物 .prokaryotic 原核生物 .nankaryotic 3.

2、 The three kingdom classification system （三界分类系统）of organisms was proposed by:D .Pasteur .Bacon .Winogradsky .Woese 4. Fungi differ from bacteria in a number of characteristics. The cell walls in fungi are composedof , while the cell walls of bacteria are composed of peptidoglycan. A .chitin 壳多糖 .ph

3、ospholipid 磷脂 .protein 蛋白质 .glucosamine 葡糖胺5. The first microscopes were developed by: C .Ehrlich .Metchnikoff .Leewenhoek .Lister 6. Control of microbial infections can be accomplished by chemical or immune mechanisms. The first report on the production of an antibiotic（抗生素） is credited to:C .Liste

4、r .Fleming .Ehrlich .Koch 7. The term "antibiotic" means:C .a substance produced by the laboratory that kills or inhibits other microorganisms .a substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits molds （霉菌） .a substance produced by microorganism that kills or inhibits other micro

5、organisms .a substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits cancer cells 8. The first documented use of a vaccine（疫苗） for smallpox天花was reported by the English physician:D .Lister .Florey .Fleming .Jenner 9. Active immunity （主动免疫）can be distinguished from passive immunity in that the fo

6、rmer requires:B .development of antibodies in one's own body by stimulation with external antibodies .development of antibodies in one's own body by stimulation with external antigens（抗原） .Flemingdevelopment of antibodies in a foreign host and transfer to one' s own body .development of

7、antigens in one's own body by stimulation with external antibodies 10. The process of nitrification （硝化作用）by bacteria described by Winogradsky converts:A .ammonia to nitrate ions 将氨转化成硝酸盐 .nitrate ions to ammonia 将硝酸盐转化成氨 .N2 to ammonia 将氮气转化成氨 .ammonia to urea 将氨转化成尿素11. The transfer of DNA fro

8、m one organism to another through the use of a viral vector （病毒载体）is referred to as:B .electroporation 电穿孔 .conjugation 接合生殖 .transformation 转化 .transduction 转导12. The genetic material of a bacteria is located in the molecule:B .RNA .DNA .protein .lipid Fill in the Blank1. Organisms that contain a t

9、rue nucleus are called_eukaryotic_ 2. Bacteria do not have a true nucleus and are considered _prokaryotic_ 3. Bacteria can be divided into two groups, the _archeabacteria_and the _eubacteria（真细菌）_. 4._anaerobes（厌氧菌）_ are organisms that can grow without using molecular oxygen.5. Microorganisms that c

10、an synthesize complex organic compounds from CO2:are called _autotrophs_（自养菌）_.6. _photoautotrophs（光能自养生物）_ are microorganisms that obtain their energy to synthesize organic compounds from light.7. _heterotroph_（异养菌）_ require organic compounds for growth. 8. Organisms that survive only at very high

11、temperatures are referred to as_thermophile_（适温性）_. 9. _methanogen_（产甲烷菌）_ are organisms that produce methane （甲烷）from CO2.10. _halophile_（好盐的）_organisms grow under conditions of high salinity.11. Eubacteria can exhibit a number of morphological shapes. Identify four: a._spherical or cocci_ b._cylin

12、drical or rod_ c._spirals_ d._irregular_12. Fungi, algae and protozoa can be differentiated from bacteria by the following characteristic:_eukaryotic_ .13. Fungi have cell wall consisting of _chitin（壳多糖）_. 14. Viruses consist of _nucleic acid_surrounded by a protein coat. 15. The scientific method u

13、tilizes deductive reasoning （演绎推理）and observations or experiments to prove or disprove a _hypothesis_（假说）_.16. The theory _spontaneous generation_of held that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter.（非生命物质）17. The process used to reduce the number of viable organisms（活菌） by moderate heati

14、ng is called:_pasteurization_（巴士消毒法）_ .18. The process of tyndallization（间歇灭菌法） uses repeated heating to eliminate or_sterilize（杀菌）_ microorganisms from solutions. 19.An _antibiotic（抗生素）_is a substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits or kills other microorganisms.20. The process of stimulat

15、ing the immune defenses of the body is referred to as_immunization_. 21. White blood cells that engulf （吞食）foreign particles（异物颗粒） are referred to as_phagocytes_（吞噬细胞）_.22. A substance in serum（免疫血清） that can neutralize（中和）foreign material is referred to as _antitoxin_（抗毒素）_or _antibody_（抗体）_.23. Ce

16、lls infected with a virus produce a substance called _interfewn_ that inhibits viral replication. 24. Avery, Colin and MacLeod first demonstrated that transformation of nonpathogenic（非病原的）to pathogenic strains （致病菌株）of bacteria could be carried out by the transfer of _DNA_. 25. Exchange of genetic i

17、nformation by direct contact is referred to as_conjugation_.26. _transformation_（转化）_ is the process in which DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another. Matching l. Francis Bacon a. phagocytosis 吞噬作用2. Anton Leeuwenhoek b. antibody 抗体3. Paul Ehrlich c. nitrification 硝化作用4. Hans Gram d. immuniz

18、ation 免疫法5. Louis Pasteur e. three kingdom classification based on rRNA 6. Robert Koch f. structure of DNA 7. Joseph Lister g. first microscope 第一台显微镜8. Alexander Fleming h. conjugation or transduction 接合和转导作用9. Edward Jenner i. differential stain for bacteria 10. Eli Metchnikoff j. interferon 干扰素11

19、. Emil von Behring k. rabies vaccine 狂犬病疫苗12. Alick Isaac 1. penicillin 青霉素13. Sergei Winogradsky m. antiseptic（防腐剂） technique 14. Joshua Lederberg n. established that bacteria can cause disease 15. Watson and Crick o. magic bullet 16. Carl Woese p. scientific method 1.p 2.g 3.o 4.i 5.k 6.n 7.m 8.l

20、9.d 10.a 11.b 12.j 13.c 14.h 15.f 16.e Test 2: Methods for Studying Microorganisms Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Light microscopy （光学显微镜术）is dependent on the interaction of light with on object. The ability of light to pass through an object is referred to as:B .transported light .transmitte

21、d light 透射光 .reflected light 反射光 .refracted light 折射光2. The resolving power (R)（分辨率） of a microscope is dependent on the wavelength（波长） of light (;) and the numerical aperture (NA) of the lens. The formula （公式）for R is: B .R = 0.5. xNA .R = 0.5;/NA .R = NA/0.5Jr .R = Square root of 0.5)./NA ？3. The

22、gram stain（革兰氏染色） uses as a mordant （媒染剂）to fix the primary stain:A .iodine 碘 .alcohol 乙醇 .acetone 丙酮 .safranin 番红4. The acid-fast stain （抗酸性染色）is useful in the identification of which of the following organisms:C .Staphylococcus aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌 .Mycoplasma mycoides 霉菌样支原体 .Mycobacteria tuberculosis

23、结核分枝杆菌 .Moraxella osloensis 奥斯陆摩拉克菌,5. Botulism（肉毒中毒） is a serious disease that can develop from the improper cooking of food containing bacterial spores（孢子）. Which of the following genera （属）are capable of producing spores?D .Salmonella 沙门氏菌属 .Listeria 利斯塔氏菌属 .Escherichia 埃希氏菌属 .Clostridia 梭菌属6. Wh

24、ich of the following types of microscopes utilizes electron beams （电子束）to visualize （使可见）objects?B .Nomarski .TEM 投射型电子显微镜 .PCM 脉冲 .Confocal 共焦的7. A mixture of organisms was isolated from a patient suspected of having "Strep Throat." （脓毒性咽喉炎）Which type of media would you use to isolate the

25、 suspected pathogen（病原体）? D .defined .enriched .selective .differential 8. Sterilization（灭菌）of material with an autoclave（高压灭菌锅） utilizes steam to kill microorganisms. The correct procedure for sterilization with an autoclave is:A .15 min at 121at 15 lb/in2 .15 min at 256 at 15 lb/in2 .15 min at 121

26、at 1 lb/in2 .15 rain at 121at 30 lb/in2 9. An antibiotic was added to a culture of bacteria to determine its effect. What method of enumeration would you use to determine the efficacy of the antibiotic? B .direct count 直接计数 .viable count 活菌数 .turbidimetric count 浊度计数 .absorbance 吸光度10. Identificatio

27、n of microorganisms（微生物）can be accomplished（完成）by a number of techniques. Which of the following requires the growth of the organism?C .enzyme linked assay （含量测定） .gene probe 基因探针 .metabolic 代谢 .fluorescent 荧光Fill in the Blank1. A media （培养基）where all the ingredients （成分）are known is called a _defin

28、ed_media. 2. _aseptic（无菌的）_technique is used to maintain a pure culture（纯培养物） and avoid contamination. （污染）3. Sterilization instrument（灭菌器械）that utilizes steam under pressure: _autoclave_（高压灭菌锅）_. 4.A_streak_ plate utilizes a loop （接种环）or needle（接种针） to distribute and isolate colonies on a culture p

29、late.（培养皿）5._serological（血清学的）_ identification utilizes antibodies（抗体） for naming of bacterial species. 6. Bacteria can be preserved（保藏） for long periods of time by freeze-drying（冷冻干燥） or_lyophilization_（冻干保藏法）. 7. The mrbidimetric method of counting bacteria utilizes a _spectrophotometer（分光光度计）_ to

30、 measure the amount of light passing through a solution. 8. The viable plate （平板细菌计数）count counts live bacterial colonies （菌落）in the range or_30_ to_300_ . 9. A counting chamber （计数板）and a microscope （显微镜）are used in the_direct_ count of bacteria. 10. The _gene probe_（基因探针）_technique utilizes a labe

31、led（示踪的）complementary strand of nucleic acid to identify specific bacteria in a specimen.（样本）MatchingMatching I: l. Primary stain for gram stain a. Negative stain 负染色2. Stains bacterial cell b. Carbohl fuchsin 品红3. Used to fix stain c. Crystal violet 结晶紫4. Decolorize脱色 d. Malachite green 孔雀绿5. Spore

32、 stain e. Safranin 番红6. Acid-fast stain f. Positive stain 正染7. Gram- bacteria take up this counterstain g. Alcohol 乙醇8. Stains background h. Mordant 媒染剂Matching II: 1. Media used to inhibit growth of unwanted organisms a. Enrichment 富集2. Media where all components are not known b. Selective 选择性的3. M

33、edia used to contrast organisms on same plate c. Differential 4. Media used to enhance growth d. Complex Matching I: 1.c 2.f. 3.h 4.g 5.d. 6. b 7.e 8.a Matching II: 1.b 2.d 3.c 4.a Test 3: Organization and Structure of Microorganisms Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Eukaryotic membranes can be

34、differentiated from prokaryotic membranes because eukaryotic membranes contain_as part of the lipid（脂质） component of the membrane. D .phosphates 磷酸盐类 .fatty acids 脂肪酸类 .proteins 蛋白类 .sterols 甾醇类2. The arrangement of proteins and lipids in the membrane is referred to as the:B .bilayer model 双层膜模型 .fl

35、uid mosaic model 流动镶嵌模型 .trilayer model .permeable（有渗透性的） model 3. The movement of water molecules across the membrane in response to a concentration gradient is referred to as: B .diffusion 扩散 .osmosis 渗透 .translocation 易位 .transport 运输4. The membrane of a cell is able to differentiate molecules th

36、at enter or exit the cell and act as a _ barrier（屏障）. C .semipermanent 半永久性 .semitransparent 半透明的 .semipermeable 半渗透性的 .semidiffuse 5. Movement of molecules at an enhanced rate across the membrane is called: A .facilitated diffusion 易化扩散 .passive diffusion 被动扩散 .osmosis 渗透作用 .permeation 6. Which of

37、the following mechanisms transports molecules without chemical alteration? A .active transport 主动运输 .group translocation基团转位 .facilitated diffusion易化扩散 .binding protein transport 蛋白质转运7. Which of the following transport mechanism occurs only in Gram-negative bacteria?D .active transport 主动运输 .group

38、translocation 基团转位 .facilitated diffusion 易化扩散 .binding protein transport蛋白质转运8. Which of the following transport mechanisms occurs only in prokaryotes? B .active transport .group translocation .facilitated diffusion .binding protein transport 9. Lysozyme（溶菌酶） and penicillin （青霉素）have activity again

39、st the cell wall. Lysozyme breaks this component;penicillin prevents its formation. C .lipopolysaccharide 脂多糖 .phospholipid 磷脂 .peptidoglycan 肽聚糖 .teichoic acid 磷壁酸10. Partial destruction of the cell wall with lysozyme leaves a cell called a: B .protoplast 原生质体 .spheroplast 原生质球 .periplast 周质体 .caps

40、ule 荚膜11. A capsule （荚膜）can be differentiated from a slime layers（粘液层） since the capsule: D .is made up of complex carbohydrates （复合糖）and the slime layer contains protein .is bound to the cell membrane .is bound to the cell wall .is bound to the outer membrane 12. The chromatin of eukaryotic cells i

41、s composed of DNA and_ A .histone proteins 组蛋白 .non histone proteins .RNA .ribosomes 13. DNA transfers information to make proteins in molecules referred to as:B .iRNA .mRNA .rRNA .tRNA 14. Mitochondrial ribosomes （线粒体核糖体）are_in size. C .40S .60S .70S .80S 15. The process whereby ATP is generated by

42、 the flow of protons （质子）across a membrane is: B .substrate level phosphorylation 底物水平磷酸化 .chemiosmosis 化学渗透作用 .protokinesis .glycolysis 糖酵解16. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)（内质网） is a membranous structure within eukaryotic cells. It is the site for protein synthesis and for storage and transportati

43、on of molecules out of the cell. Which part of the ER is used for protein synthesis? B .golgi apparatus 高尔基体 .rough ER 粗面内质网 .smooth ER 光面内质网 .microbody 微体17. Flagella of bacteria are composed of protein subunits called flagellin（鞭毛蛋白）; eukaryotic flagella are composed of subunits called: D .flagell

44、in鞭毛蛋白 .cilin .spectrin 血影蛋白 .tubulin 微管蛋白18. Flagella （鞭毛）are used to propel the cell in response to an environmental signal. Bacterial flagella and eukaryotic flagella can be differentiated since the former moves by:A .rotating around its base .pulling itself once it is attached to a surface or ma

45、te .waving or whipping to move the cell .twisting and releasing similar to a rubber band 19. Endospores（内生孢子） are multilayered structures that provide protection from environmental stress and are composed of: B .peptidoglycan（肽聚糖） and lipopolysaccharide （脂多糖） .peptidoglycan and calcium dipicolonate

46、.peptidoglycan and calcium bicarbonate 碳酸脂 .lipopolysaccharide and succinic acid （琥珀酸）20. Gram-positive bacteria can be differentiated from Gram-negative bacteria since the peptidoglycan （肽聚糖）layer of later comprises_% of the cell wall. D .90 .50 .30 .10 Fill in the Blank1. Most cells use energy in

47、the form of_ATP_ to run the cell. 2. Phospholipids（磷脂类） of eubacterial cells are composed of a _phosphate （磷酸盐）_group and a _fatty acid_on a glycerol（甘油） backbone.3. Membrane proteins found on the surface are called _peripheral（次要的）_ proteins. 4.The energy source for active transport in eukaryotes i

48、s derived from ATP.The energy for active transport in prokaryotes is derived from _protomotive force_.5. The region between the outermembrane in Gram-negative（革兰阴性） bacteria and the cell wall is called the _periplasmic space_（壁膜间隙）_. 6. Extrachromosomal（染色体外的）DNA elements found in bacteria are calle

49、d_plasmids_.7. Ribosomes are structures composed of _proteins_ and _rRNA_. 8. The fluid inside a cell is referred to as the _cytoplasm_. 9.The hereditary organelle （具遗传效应的细胞器）of eukaryotic cells is called the _nucleus_.10. The process by which a cell engulfs（吞食）and internalizes （陷入）particles such as

50、 bacteria or other cells is called _phagocytosis_（吞噬作用）_. Matchingl. Prokaryotes原核生物 a. hook and basal body 2. Eukaryotes真核生物 b. end of cell 3. hydrophobic 疏水的 c. microtubles 4. Hydrophilic亲水的 d. pill 5. Permease通透酶 e. eukaryotes 6. eubacteria 真细菌 f. surrounding cell 7. Archeobacteria古细菌 g. 9 + 2 arrangement 8. cellulose 纤维素 h. prokaryotes 9. chitin 几丁质 i. fatty acid 10. circular chromosome 环状染色体