创造性解决问题

1、“Imagination is more important than knowledge.”“想象力比知识更重要。”- Albert EinsteinCreative Problem Solving创造性解决问题创造性解决问题Course Objective: 课程目标：课程目标：To develop techniques for resolving work based problems in a creative and innovative way.以一种创造和革新的方式发展解决以一种创造和革新的方式发展解决工作中问题的技巧。工作中问题的技巧。You will learn:nTo id

2、entify clearly objectives to be achieved. 清楚地了解要取得的目标nThe barriers to problem solving 解决问题的障碍nHow to develop a problem-solving model 如何发展一种解决问题的模式Creative Problem Solving创造性解决问题创造性解决问题You will learn:nTo improve problem solving skills by the use of the fishbone and why-why techniques. 利用鱼骨法和为什么-为什么法提

3、高解决问题的技巧nHow to develop a decision-making model 如何发展一种决策模式nHow to develop creative and internal thinking 如何发展创造性和内在思维Creative Problem Solving创造性解决问题创造性解决问题How to Perceive Problems?如何看待问题？如何看待问题？nThere are no problems. 没有问题。nEvery problem is an opportunity in disguise. 每一个问题都是一个潜在的机会。What is a proble

4、m?问题是什么？问题是什么？“It is a gap between a current and a desired state” 问题就是目前的情况和你渴望得到的状态之间的差距。It is a barrier, obstacle, restrain, etc. that hinders smooth progress, reduces effectiveness and requires analysis before action is taken.问题是一种障碍、阻拦、抑制，它阻碍问题是一种障碍、阻拦、抑制，它阻碍着事情的顺利发展，使我们在行动之前着事情的顺利发展，使我们在行动之前减少对

5、有效性及需求的分析。减少对有效性及需求的分析。Creative Problem-solving Model 创造性解决问题模式创造性解决问题模式7 步步1. Problem Finding (Problem definition) 发现问题（问题的定义）2. Fact Finding (Problem description) 找到事实根据（问题的描述）3. Cause & Effect Analysis (Problem Analysis) 因果分析（问题的分析）4. Problem Statement问题的表述5. Imaginative Idea Production (Iden

6、tify solutions) 产生富有想象力的办法(找到解决办法)6. Idea Screening (Verification of solution 筛选各种想法（确认解决办法）7. Implementation Plan 实施计划Problem Finding发现问题Symptoms 症状Problems 问题The Real Problesms真正的问题1. Problem Finding 发现问题发现问题Bank declined the loan request 银行拒绝了你的贷款要求Bank thinks that you have no debt paying ability

7、银行认为你没有还债能力Bank learns that your company made a large investment in a project wihich has not been completed 银行获悉你的公司在一个尚未完成的项目上投入了大笔资金One of your competitors made up the rumour that your company suffered a great loss in that project你的一个竞争对手散布谣言说你的公司在那个项目上损失巨大Identify the Problem 找出问题3. Cause-and-Eff

8、ect Analysis 因果分析因果分析The “Fishbone Diagram” “鱼骨图”The “Why-Why Diagram” “为什么-为什么分析法图”Analyzethe Problem 分析问题Steps to Develop a Fishbone Diagram 发展鱼骨分析法的步骤发展鱼骨分析法的步骤nIdentify the effect 明确现象nIdentify the major cause categories明确主要原因的种类nBrainstorm the possible caues of the problem 对产生问题的可能原因进行集思广益nAsse

9、ss each major cause category评定每个主要原因的种类nReach an agreement on the most likely cause(s) 在最可能的原因上取得一致意见Fishbone Diagram鱼骨分析图鱼骨分析图IncreasedProductCosts产品成本增加Possible “Cause” Categories可能的可能的“原因原因”种类种类nPeople, Places, Policies & Procedures (4 Ps) 人、地点、政策及程序nSuppliers, Skills, Systems & Surroundi

10、ngs (4 Ss) 供应商、技巧、系统及环境nMethods, Materials, Machines (3Ms ) 方法、原料、设备和人# You can have any categories that suit your needs 你可能有适合你需要的别的分类IncreasedProductCosts产品成本增加Fishbone Diagram-Cause Categories鱼骨法分析原因种类鱼骨法分析原因种类Place地点Procedure程序People人Policies政策Building A Fishbone Diagram勾画一幅鱼骨图勾画一幅鱼骨图IncreasedPr

11、oduct cost产品成本增加Raw materialprice increased原材料价格上涨Land use rent increased土地租金上涨Electricitycost increased电的成本增加Transportationcost increased运输成本增加Bank interestrate increased银行利率上升Labour wages increased劳动工资增长Drawing A Why-Why Diagram画一幅为什么画一幅为什么-为什么分析图为什么分析图WHY?WHY?WHY?Market demanddecreased市场需求下降Produ

12、ct qualitylowered产品质量下降SalesReduced销售减少Costincreased成本增加The Companysuffered a loss公司遭受损失4. Problem Statement 阐述问题阐述问题nStated in short and precise words 以简短和准确的语言陈述nClear and unambiguous 清晰而不含糊nDefined in terms that will assist in the measurement of the outcome 按照有助于衡量结果的方式阐述问题5. Imaginative Idea Pro

13、duction 展开想象，产生主意展开想象，产生主意nBrainstorming 集思广益nTrigger Sessions 举一反三nScenario writing or scenario daydreaming 场景写作或场景幻想nSuggestion schemes 建议方案GenerateSolutions产生解决办法Brainstorming集思广益集思广益Brainstorming is a technique to encourage group creativity: this process allows you to use the right brain which i

14、s the creative part when compared to the logical thinking left brain. 集思广益是一种鼓励小组创造性的技巧：这一过程让你运用右脑的创造性功能，而不是左脑的逻辑思维。The Rules of Brainstorming集思广义之规则集思广义之规则nGo for Quantity 追求数量追求数量nPostpone Judgement 不急于判断Two types of brainstorming:集思广益的两种类型：集思广益的两种类型：nFreewheeling: Share ideas all at once and list

15、 all ideas as they are “shouted out”. 随心所欲式：随心所欲式：大家座在一起立刻分享主意，并且列出大家“喊出”的所有主意。nRound Robin: Everyone takes a turn offering an idea, anyone can pass on any turn, all continue until there are no more ideas and all ideas are listed as they are offered. 循环式：循环式：每个人依次提供一个主意，任何人也可随时插入主意，这样，一直循环直到没有主意再产生，

16、同时这期间大家提供的所有主意应该被列出来。The process of a brainstorming session: 集思广益方法：集思广益方法：nDont edit what is said and remember not to criticise ideas 不要改变或纠正别人所说的，并记住不要批评任何创意。nGo for quantity of ideas at this point; narrow down the list later 在这一阶段追求的是创意的数量，以后再缩减创意列单。nencourage wild or exaggerated ideas (creativit

17、y is the key) 鼓励疯狂而夸张的创意(创造性是关键)nBuild on the ideas of others (e.g., one member might say something that spark another members ideas) 抛砖引玉(例如，可能某个人说出的某个主意突然就点燃了另一个人创意的火花。)Creative Thinking创造性思维创造性思维ZWhat blocks creativity? 是什么阻碍创造性？ZWhat encourages creativity? 是什么激励创造性？The Four Barriers to Creativit

18、y - BARS 阻碍创造性的阻碍创造性的4个障碍个障碍B Brain Activity 脑力活动Assumptions That Arent True 不正确的假设Routines 常规Skepticism 怀疑论ARSEnviromentalChange 环境改变Competition 竞争Lack of precedence没有先例Required by Leaders 被领导要求Increaseorganisationaleffectiveness 提高工作的有效性Emphasis onmanagerial control 强调管理控制Short-term thinking 短期考虑O

19、ver-analysis of ideas对想法的分析过多Pressure to domore with less工作太多，压力大，没有时间多考虑Creativity创造性Factors pushing for creativity 促进创造性的因素Factors pushingagainst creativity阻碍创造性产生的因素Creative Thinking Technique创造性思维的技巧创造性思维的技巧nBrainstorming 脑力风暴 nThinking Languages 思想语言nIrrelevant Origins 无关根源nRelabeling 重新命名nNetw

20、ons Third Law牛顿第3定律nAnalogies比喻Creative Thinking创造性思维创造性思维RBrainstorming 集思广益RDe Bonos Six thinking hats De Bono的六顶思考的帽子Six Thinking Hats 六顶思考的帽六顶思考的帽子子by Edward de BononEmotions: 情感nSpeculation: 思索nCreativity: 创造The “Hat” you wear affects how you 你戴的你戴的“帽子帽子”将影响你的将影响你的nthink 思考nact 行为nfeel 感觉nrelat

21、e to others 与别人的关系Emotions - The White Hat情感白帽子情感白帽子nObjective/No emotion 客观的/无情感色彩nFocuses on facts & figures 注重事实和数字nJudgement not based on feelings 不是靠感觉来作判断Emotions - The Red Hat情感情感红帽子红帽子nEmotion oriented 情感导向nNo Justification Needed 无需正当理由nIntuition or “Hunches” are legitimised 直觉或“预感”都是合理

22、的Speculation - The Black Hat思索黑帽子思索黑帽子nNegative disposition 消极的性格倾向nPessimistic in outlook 对前途悲观nFinds problems & faults in all ideas对任何主意都要找出问题和错误nCautious 谨慎Speculation - The Yellow Hat思索思索黄帽子黄帽子nPositive disposition 积极的性格倾向nOptimistic orientation 乐观倾向nExplores the benefits & opportunity i

23、n ideas 探索创意中的利益和机会nFeasible/why it could work 切实可行的/为什么它有用Creativity - The Blue Hat创造创造蓝帽子蓝帽子nOrganised & controlled 有组织的和可控制的nCool & clear thinking 冷静及清晰的思考nQuestions are focused 专注问题nRules are followed 遵循规则nSynthesis (builds & pulls together)合力（齐心协力，共同建造）Creativity - The Green Hat创造创造

24、绿帽子绿帽子nCreative Thinking 创造性思维nProvocative 煽动性nGeneration of new ideas 新主意的产生nSeeks alternatives 寻求可供选择的办法Six Thinking Hats六顶思考的帽子Pure Facts纯事实PureEmotions纯情感Negative消极的Positive积极的Focus专注Creative创造You should use all of the hats when addressing any problem 当你着手解决任何问题时，都应该运用上面这些帽子进行思考。6. Idea Screenin

25、g 筛选各种想法筛选各种想法nForce-field Analysis 力量分析nThe “How-How Diagram” 怎样怎样分析VerifySolutions验证解决办法Force Field Diagram is an analysis tool that is used力量分析是一种分析工具，可用于 Identify obstacles to reaching a goal 找出达到目标的障碍 Identify possible causes & solutions to a problem 找出问题的可能的原因及解决办法 Individual or team is un

26、able to proceed any further 个人或团队无法进一步前进Force Field Diagram力量分析图Current Situation:目前情况目前情况Goal 目标目标:Situation情况Goal目标Worse更糟(Driving Forces)动力(Restraining Forces)阻力Force Field Diagram力量分析图Current Situation: Stocks levels 25% too high目前情况：大大高于库存标准25Goal: Reduce stock levels by 25%目标：减少库存标准到25Situatio

27、n情况Goal目标Worse更糟Force-field Analysis力量分析学生数量增加.动 力.好的教学设施灵活的学习方式课程的质量竞争增加行政人员缺乏经验政府资助的取消阻 力Idea Screening筛选各种想法筛选各种想法How-How Diagram 怎样-怎样分析图nAssists in the implementation process 有助于完成程序nFollows the Why-Why thinking process 遵循“为什么-为什么”思考程序The How-How Diagram怎样怎样-怎样分析图怎样分析图反驳你的竞争者散布的谣言尽快完成项目找到一个强大的合

28、作伙伴组成联盟从银行那里获得贷款给银行提供日期举行一个新闻发布会怎样怎样7. Implementation Plan 实施计划实施计划nPreparation 准备nExecution 执行nCheck 检查Implementthe solution实施解决办法Implementation Plan 实施计划实施计划: Preparation 准备准备nIdentify your target audience 明确你的目标听众nSell the benefits of your solution 讲出你的解决办法的好处nExplain & communicate effectivel

29、y解释并有效沟通nInvolve all concerned to overcome resistance 涉及所有有关的，克服阻力。Implementation Plan 实施计划实施计划- Execution 执行执行nSet goals & deadlines 设立目标及最终期限nEstablish who will do what, when & how 确定谁做什么，何时，怎样做nMotivate members 激励成员nHave contingency plans 有预防突发事件的计划Implementation Plan 实施计划实施计划 - Verificat

30、ion 验证验证nHave objectives been achieved? 已经达到目标了吗？nHas the problem been solved totally? 问题完全解决了吗？FishboneDiagram鱼骨分析法Problem(s)问题Brainstorming集思广益Why-Why为什么-为什么Implementation实施Force Field/ How-How力量分析法怎样-怎样分析SolutionScreening解决办法筛选Creative Problem Solving创造性解决问题创造性解决问题Expanding the Boundaries of the

31、Term Measuring Cup4. Any container with a known volume that would hold liquid.3. Any container with volumemarkings that would hold liquid.2. Any type of measuring cup-glass, plastic, or metal.1. Clear glass pitcher with red markings.Supplemental Brainstorming ProceduresnKeep the problem statement narrow and specific.nEncourage off-the-wall and provocative ideas.nEncourage people to piggyback on