在湿滑跑道上的起飞性能

1、lBasic Regulations and Definitions Basic Regulations and Definitions 基本规则和定义基本规则和定义lPhysics of Contaminated Runways Physics of Contaminated Runways 受污染跑道的物理性质受污染跑道的物理性质lOperational Practice Operational Practice 运行常规运行常规lOperational Data/Applications Operational Data/Applications 运行数据运行数据/ /应用应用 lCon

2、taminated runway 受污染的跑道受污染的跑道Acceleration/deceleration capability (Slush, standing water, snow covered)加速加速/ /减速能力减速能力( (泥泞泥泞, , 积水积水, , 雪覆盖雪覆盖) )lSlippery runway 滑跑道滑跑道Deceleration capability (Ice covered, compacted snow, or wet)减速能力减速能力( (结冰结冰, , 压紧的雪压紧的雪, , 或湿或湿) )lFAA Operators 在在FAAFAA法规下运行的航空公

3、司法规下运行的航空公司Historically 过去过去No definitive regulatory requirements for No definitive regulatory requirements for contaminated or slippery runway performance contaminated or slippery runway performance adjustments in Part 25 or 121adjustments in Part 25 or 1212525和和121121部分部分, ,没有明确的法规要求湿或滑跑道起飞的性没有明确的

4、法规要求湿或滑跑道起飞的性能调整能调整Current (737-6/7/8/900) - 现在现在Wet runway is part of AFM certification basisWet runway is part of AFM certification basisNo definitive regulatory requirements for No definitive regulatory requirements for contaminated or slippery (non-wet)contaminated or slippery (non-wet)湿跑道是湿跑道是A

5、FMAFM认证基础的一部分认证基础的一部分, ,受污染或滑受污染或滑( (不湿不湿) )跑跑道没有明确的法规要求道没有明确的法规要求 lGuidelines for takeoff and landing with water, slush, snow or ice on runway 在积水在积水, ,泥泞泥泞, ,积雪或结冰跑道起飞积雪或结冰跑道起飞, , 降落的指南降落的指南 15-15-foot screen height for accelerate-go foot screen height for accelerate-go 加速起飞于跑道头达到机轮离地加速起飞于跑道头达到机轮离

6、地1515英尺高度英尺高度 Defines braking coefficient used for accelerate-stop Defines braking coefficient used for accelerate-stop distance calculation distance calculation 定明使用在加速定明使用在加速- -停机距离计算的刹车系数停机距离计算的刹车系数 Reverse thrust credit for accelerate-stop Reverse thrust credit for accelerate-stop 反推帮助加速反推帮助加速-

7、-停机停机lIncludes wet runway 包含湿跑道包含湿跑道lDefines contaminated runway 定义受污染的跑道定义受污染的跑道lPavement thoroughly soakedPavement thoroughly soaked道面完全湿透道面完全湿透lShiny in appearance Shiny in appearance 表面发亮表面发亮lDepth less than 1/8 inch (3 mm) of Depth less than 1/8 inch (3 mm) of waterwater积水厚度小于积水厚度小于 3 3 毫米毫米lMo

8、re than 25% of the surface to be used is More than 25% of the surface to be used is covered by standing water or slush more than covered by standing water or slush more than 1/8 inch (3 mm) deep1/8 inch (3 mm) deep超过超过25%25%的使用道面被厚度超过的使用道面被厚度超过3 3毫米的积水或泥泞毫米的积水或泥泞覆盖覆盖*As defined by FAA Advisory Circu

9、lar 91-6B FAA 咨询通告咨询通告 91-6Bl Has an accumulation of snow or iceHas an accumulation of snow or ice (Note: At Boeing, we consider compact snow (Note: At Boeing, we consider compact snow and Ice as slippery runway for data and Ice as slippery runway for data presentationpresentation purposes) purposes

10、) 积雪或结冰积雪或结冰( (注注: : 为了数据表达的目的为了数据表达的目的, , 波音公司波音公司认为压紧的雪和结冰是滑跑道认为压紧的雪和结冰是滑跑道) )lIf the contaminants are lying on that If the contaminants are lying on that portion of the runway where the high speed portion of the runway where the high speed part of the takeoff roll will occur, it may part of the t

11、akeoff roll will occur, it may be appropriate to consider the runway be appropriate to consider the runway contaminated.contaminated.如果跑道污染的部分是在起飞高速滑跑的位置如果跑道污染的部分是在起飞高速滑跑的位置, , 可可以认为跑道是受污染的以认为跑道是受污染的. .lDo NOT takeoff when the depth of standing Do NOT takeoff when the depth of standing water or slus

12、h is more than:water or slush is more than: 1/2 inch (13 1/2 inch (13 mm) deepmm) deep当积水或泥泞厚度超过当积水或泥泞厚度超过1/2 1/2 英寸英寸(13(13毫米毫米), ), 不要不要起飞起飞lBasic Regulations and Definitions 基本规则和定义 lPhysics of Contaminated Runways Physics of Contaminated Runways 受污染跑道的物理性质受污染跑道的物理性质lOperational Practice 运行常规lOpe

13、rational Data/Applications 运行数据/应用lLarge Acceleration (a)Large Acceleration (a) Short Takeoff Short Takeoff 大的加速度大的加速度 DistanceDistance 短起飞距离短起飞距离 lSmall Acceleration (a)Small Acceleration (a) Long Takeoff Long Takeoff 小的加速度小的加速度 DistanceDistance 长起飞距离长起飞距离1aFrictionFriction摩擦力摩擦力DragDrag阻力阻力ThrustT

14、hrust推力推力gWa =Thrust - Drag - Friction加速度加速度 = = 重力加速度重力加速度/ /重量重量 ( (推力推力- -阻力阻力- -摩擦力摩擦力) )gWa =Thrust - Drag - Friction - FrictionFriction摩擦力摩擦力DragDrag阻力阻力ThrustThrust推力推力加速度加速度 = = 重力加速度重力加速度/ /重量重量 ( (推力推力- -阻力阻力- -摩擦力摩擦力- -泥泞阻力泥泞阻力) )SlushSlush forceforce泥泞力泥泞力Ground speedGround speed地速地速VHP滑

15、水速度滑水速度All engine acceleration Kt/sec全发加速 海里/秒乾跑道6 毫米13 毫米747767757737乾跑道6 毫米13 毫米乾跑道6 毫米13 毫米乾跑道6 毫米13 毫米4.03.02.01.00.013 13 mm of slush - 30-110 % reduction in engine out mm of slush - 30-110 % reduction in engine out 7477470.00.01.01.02.02.03.03.04.04.06 6 毫米毫米1/41/41/41/41/21/213 13 毫米毫米1/21/2D

16、ry all Dry all engineengine乾跑道乾跑道全发加速全发加速-0.5-0.5单发失效单发失效乾跑道乾跑道7677677577577377376 6 毫米毫米13 13 毫米毫米单发失效单发失效乾跑道乾跑道6 6 毫米毫米13 13 毫米毫米单发失效单发失效乾跑道乾跑道6 6 毫米毫米13 13 毫米毫米单发失效单发失效乾跑道乾跑道Dry all Dry all engineengine乾跑道乾跑道全发加速全发加速acceleration acceleration Kt/secKt/sec加速加速, , 海里海里/ /秒秒Dry all Dry all engineengi

17、ne乾跑道乾跑道全发加速全发加速Dry all Dry all engineengine乾跑道乾跑道全发加速全发加速Deceleration Deceleration Kt/secKt/sec减速减速 海里海里/ /秒秒乾跑道乾跑道6 6 毫米毫米1/21/213 13 毫米毫米乾跑道乾跑道6 6 毫米毫米13 13 毫米毫米乾跑道乾跑道6 6 毫米毫米13 13 毫米毫米乾跑道乾跑道6 6 毫米毫米13 13 毫米毫米8.08.06.06.04.04.02.02.00.00.0747747767767757757737737lDry - AFM performance - includes

18、maximum braking, spoilers, Dry - AFM performance - includes maximum braking, spoilers, idle thrustidle thrust乾跑道乾跑道- -AFM AFM 性能性能- -包含最大刹车包含最大刹车, , 扰流板扰流板, , 慢车推力慢车推力lSlush - includes wheel braking, spoilers,Slush - includes wheel braking, spoilers, lBasic Regulations and Definitions基本规则和定义 lPhysic

19、s of Contaminated Runways 受污染跑道的物理性质lOperational Practice Operational Practice 运行常规运行常规lOperational Data/Applications 运行数据/应用lPackage 1 - Package 1 - All engines operatingAll engines operating 第一部第一部- - 全部发动机操作全部发动机操作 Weight reduction Weight reduction 减少重量减少重量 V1 adjustment provided V1 adjustment pr

20、ovided 没有没有提供提供 V V1 1 修正值修正值 Preserves 15% margin above Minimum FAR Required Dry Runway Preserves 15% margin above Minimum FAR Required Dry Runway Length Length 在最低在最低FARFAR乾跑道长度规定上乾跑道长度规定上, , 保留保留15%15%余度余度 l Package 2 - Package 2 - Engine failure is considered - Jarops 1 Engine failure is conside

21、red - Jarops 1 第二部第二部- - 考虑发动机故障考虑发动机故障 Weight reduction and VWeight reduction and V1 1 adjustment provided adjustment provided减少重量和提供减少重量和提供V V1 1修正修正 Credit for reverse thrust Credit for reverse thrust 计入反推作用计入反推作用 15 15 foot screen height foot screen height 在跑道头达到在跑道头达到1515英尺机轮离地高度英尺机轮离地高度Data pr

22、esented in airplane Data presented in airplane Operations Manual Operations Manual and and PEM PEM 飞机运行手册和飞机运行手册和PEM PEM 提供数据提供数据Note: Stop has not been considered nor has continued takeoff following engine failure 不考虑停机不考虑停机, , 不考虑单发失效时继续起飞不考虑单发失效时继续起飞Altitude 高度高度Temperature 温度温度Flap 襟翼襟翼 Field le

23、ngth跑道长度跑道长度FAR Dry Field LengthFAR FAR 乾跑道长度乾跑道长度 Brake release gross weight松刹车起飞全重松刹车起飞全重 Slush All Engine Field LengthIncreasedDistance增加的距离增加的距离泥泞泥泞, 全发全发跑道长度跑道长度Note: Stop has not been considered nor has continued takeoff following engine failure 不考虑停机不考虑停机, , 不考虑单发失效时继续起飞不考虑单发失效时继续起飞Altitude 高

24、度高度Temperature 温度温度Flap 襟翼襟翼Field length跑道长度跑道长度FAR Dry Field LengthFAR FAR 乾跑道长度乾跑道长度 Brake release gross weight松刹车起飞全重松刹车起飞全重 Slush All EngineWeight Reduction泥泞泥泞, , 全发重量减轻全发重量减轻D DWt (slush)重量差重量差泥泞泥泞, 全发全发跑道长度跑道长度Slush All Engine Field Length Brake release gross weight松刹车起飞全重松刹车起飞全重 Altitude 高度高

25、度Temperature 温度温度Flap 襟翼襟翼Field length跑道长度跑道长度FAR Dry Field LengthFAR FAR 乾跑道长度乾跑道长度Brake release gross weight 松刹车起飞全重松刹车起飞全重V1FAR V1Slush Field Length泥泞跑道长度泥泞跑道长度泥泞泥泞 Slush V1 Brake release gross weight 松刹车起飞全重松刹车起飞全重 Altitude 高度高度Temperature 温度温度Flap 襟翼襟翼Field length跑道长度跑道长度FAR Dry Field LengthFAR

26、 FAR 乾跑道长度乾跑道长度Brake release gross weight 松刹车起飞全重松刹车起飞全重V1FAR V1Slush Field Length泥泞跑道长度泥泞跑道长度泥泞泥泞 Slush V1Constant Field Length固定跑道长度固定跑道长度lNo effect on acceleration No effect on acceleration 对加速没有影响对加速没有影响l Engine out accelerate - go Engine out accelerate - go 单发失效单发失效, , 加速起飞加速起飞 Go to 15-ft scre

27、en height Go to 15-ft screen height 以机轮离地以机轮离地 15 15 英尺高度过跑道头英尺高度过跑道头l Accelerate - stop Accelerate - stop 加速加速- -停机停机 Reduce tire to ground friction Reduce tire to ground friction 减小轮和地面之间的摩擦减小轮和地面之间的摩擦Credit for reverse thrust Credit for reverse thrust 计入反推作用计入反推作用lAll engine - No effect on calcul

28、ation of all All engine - No effect on calculation of all engine takeoff distance engine takeoff distance 全发全发- -计算全发起飞距离没有影响计算全发起飞距离没有影响 = Average airplane braking coefficient during the stop 停机时停机时, , 平均飞机刹车系数平均飞机刹车系数(Note: this is not tire to ground friction) 注注: : 这不是轮胎对地面的摩擦这不是轮胎对地面的摩擦BL 升力升力W

29、重力重力Stopping Force due to wheel brakes从轮刹车来的停机力从轮刹车来的停机力 m mB ( W - L )=B Brake release gross weight松刹车起飞全重松刹车起飞全重 Altitude 高度高度Temperature 温度温度Flap 襟翼襟翼Field length跑道长度跑道长度FAR Dry Field LengthFAR FAR 乾跑道长度乾跑道长度Brake release gross weight松刹车起飞全重松刹车起飞全重V1FAR V1Slippery Field Length滑溜跑道长度滑溜跑道长度Slippery

30、 V1滑溜跑道滑溜跑道V V1 1 Brake release gross weight松刹车起飞全重松刹车起飞全重 Field length跑道长度跑道长度FAR Dry Field LengthFAR FAR 乾跑道长度乾跑道长度Brake release gross weight松刹车起飞全重松刹车起飞全重V1FAR V1Slippery Field Length滑溜跑道长度滑溜跑道长度slippery V1Constant Field Length固定跑道长度固定跑道长度Altitude 高度高度Temperature 温度温度Flap 襟翼襟翼滑溜跑道滑溜跑道, V1lBoeing

31、does not correlate “friction vehicle reported runway friction” to airplane braking coefficient. 波音没有将摩擦车辆报告跑道摩擦与飞机刹车系数相波音没有将摩擦车辆报告跑道摩擦与飞机刹车系数相连连lPilot reported runway braking condition advisory information only 驾驶员报告的跑道刹车情况仅作为咨询信息驾驶员报告的跑道刹车情况仅作为咨询信息优良优良0.20合宜合宜0.10不良不良0.05AssumedAirplaneBraking Coef

32、ficientGoodFairPoor假定的飞机刹车系数假定的飞机刹车系数V1 reductions associated with slippery and contaminated runways increases the possibility of being limited by V1MCG considerations.与跑道湿滑有关的与跑道湿滑有关的V V1 1减小减小, , 使考虑受到使考虑受到V V1MCG1MCG限制的可能增大限制的可能增大lBasic Regulations and Definitions 基本规则和定义 lPhysics of Contaminated

33、 Runways 受污染跑道的物理性质lOperational Practice 运行常规lOperational Data/Applications Operational Data/Applications 运行数据运行数据/ /应用应用 l737-300 / 737-300 / CFM56-3 20KCFM56-3 20KlTakeoff at ZBAA, Runway 36R Takeoff at ZBAA, Runway 36R 北京起飞北京起飞, , 跑道跑道 36 36R RlRWY Length 3800 M, Elev. 36 M RWY Length 3800 M, Ele

34、v. 36 M 跑道长度跑道长度 3800 3800 米米, , 标高标高 36 36 米米lOAT 4 Deg C, Zero Wind, A/C Auto, Flaps 5OAT 4 Deg C, Zero Wind, A/C Auto, Flaps 5 机场温度机场温度 4 4 摄氏度摄氏度, , 无风无风, , 自动空调自动空调, , 襟翼襟翼 5 5 泥泞厚度泥泞厚度 6 6 毫米毫米Step 1 -Step 1 - Determine MTOW for Slush Runway Determine MTOW for Slush Runway 第一步第一步- - 决定泥泞跑道决定泥泞

35、跑道, , 最大起飞全重最大起飞全重Step 2 -Step 2 - Check V1(MCG) Limit WeightCheck V1(MCG) Limit Weight检查检查 V1(MCG) V1(MCG) 极限重量极限重量Step 3 -Step 3 - Determine V1Determine V1 决定决定V1V1lDry MTOW = 57100 Kg Dry MTOW = 57100 Kg 乾跑道最大起飞全重乾跑道最大起飞全重lDry Field/Obstacle Limit Weight = 60500 Kg Dry Field/Obstacle Limit Weight

36、 = 60500 Kg 乾跑道乾跑道/ /障碍极限全重障碍极限全重lMax Certified Weight = 61234 Kg Max Certified Weight = 61234 Kg 最大审定全重最大审定全重 = 61234 = 61234 公斤公斤( (Climb Limited for Dry Runway)Climb Limited for Dry Runway) ( (乾跑道爬升极限乾跑道爬升极限) )( (V1/VR/V2 = 139/142/149 for Dry MTOW at OAT) V1/VR/V2 = 139/142/149 for Dry MTOW at OAT) ( ( V1/VR/V2 = 139/142/149 V1/VR/V2 = 139/142/149 乾跑道最大起飞全重乾跑道最大起飞全重) ) lApply 6 mm Slush Gross Weight Reduction 使用使用6 6毫米泥泞全重减载量毫米泥泞全重减载量 60500 - 8100 = 5240