考研英汉翻译实践笔记之放在名词后的分词

1、考研英汉翻译实践笔记之放在名词后的分词放在名词后的分词多数是分词短语,它可以变成一个定语从句(尽管定语从句不一定都能变成分词短语):1/表示一时动作的分词短语:Thedangerthreateningtheworld(=whichisthreateningthearea)istoomanypeoplewithtoolittlefood.Theylookedonatthecitybeingattackedbytheenemy(=whichwasbeingattackedbytheenemy).Themanbeingfollowedbyguards(=whoarebeingfollowedbygu

2、ards)isapartyleader.2/表示长久特点的分词短语:Amanrespectingothers(=whorespectsothers)willberespected.Canyouteachaboyrefusingtobetaught(=whorefusestobetaught)?Itisdifficulttosaveamanenchantedbythebeautyofawoman.Bookscalledthecomics(=thatarecalledthecomics)aresometimesharmfultochildren.Anybookswellread(=thatarew

3、ellread)aregoodbooksandanymenwelltreatedaregoodmen.2)名词前作定语的分词a)用在名词前的不及物现在分词名词前的现在分词多数为不及物动词Thetremblingcriminalhunghishead.Doyouseethefloatingbridgethere?Sheisadotingmother.Thee_istingsituationwilllastsomeyears.Inthefieldarenoddingtrees,murmuringrivulets,smilingflowers,singingbirds,swimmingducksan

4、dplayingchildren.Heisanuncompromisingdiplomat.Itprovesfutileinspiteofalluntiringefforts.Thisuprightmanalwaystakesanunswervingcourse.Itisanunavailingplot.Thereisanundyingfriendshipbetweenthem.b）用在名词前的及物现在分词1/意义上的宾语为人的情况:及物动词的分词也可用在名词前面,但它们大多表示情绪.它们的意义上的宾语指一般人或某些人,是不说出的.Itisacharmingstory=Itisastoryth

5、atcharmsus(me,youoranyone).Wehaveanencouragingprospect.=Wehaveaprospectthatencouragesus.Thise_citinge_periencemadehimsleepless.=Thise_perience,whiche_citedhim,madehimsleepless.Itisaninteresting(orsurprising,amazing,moving,entertaining,affecting)story.Hehasapuzzlingproblemtosolve.Intheforesttherehapp

6、enedashocking(orfrightening)caseofmurder.Herfascinatingeyesandhertemptingmouthputyouinareverie.Itisamisleadingstatement,adeceivingpromise.Anunconvincingrumorspreadoverthecity.2/意义上的宾语为物的情况:有少数及物动词的分词,它们的意义上的宾语也不说出,却是指物的,这时要经过琢磨才知道宾语是什么:Itisanarrestingsight(=asightthatarrestssomebodysattention),animp

7、loringlook(=alookthatimploressomebodyshelp),arevealingstory(=astorythatrevealsthingshiddenorkeptsecret),adeservingcause(=acausethatdeservessympathyorhelp).Heisagraspingattorney(anattorneywhoareeagertograspmoney).Aknowingman(=amanwhoknowsallthesecret),anunderstandingman(amanwhounderstandsothersfeelin

8、gs),aforbiddingheadmaster(=aheadmasterwhoforbidsotherstoapproachortolikehim),alovingfather(=afatherwholoveschildrenorothers),apromisingyouth(ayouthwhopromisestosuceed),adesigningbusinessman(=abisinessmanwhodesignssomeintrigues),anunfeelingjudge(=judgewhofeelsnosympathy),anunforgivingfather(=afatherw

9、hodoesnotforgiveanyfault),anunthinkingplayboy(=aplayboywhodoesnotthinkoftheconsequences)anunsparinghousewife(=housewilfewhodoesnotsparemoney),anunassumingscholar(=ascholarwhodoesnotassumeimportance),anunpretendingmanager(=amanagerwhodoesnotpretendimportance).c)用在名词前的及物过去分词1/一般过去分词:及物动词的过去分词常可用在名词前作它

10、的修饰语.它表示同句谓语动词所表示的动作发生时正在被进行的一个动作,也可以表示那时之前一个被动动作的后果Heisanhonouredabdrespectedprofessor(=professorwhoishonouedandrespected).Weliveinacrowdedarea.Theoppressednatonsarebeginningtorise.Thepersecutedpatriothidhimselfinthejungle.Idrinkboiledwater(=waterthathasbeenboiledbefore,butisnomoreboiledandisfreefr

11、omgermsnow).Therearemanytrainednurses(=nurseswhohavebeentrainedbefore,butareefficientnow)inthishospital.Donttreadonthebrokenglass(=glassthathasbeenbrokenbefore,butmayhurtsomebodysfeetnow).Usedcarscostcheaperthannewones.Therearethousandsofwoundedsoldiersinthislostbattle.Heisaqualifiedteacher.2/已失去动词特

12、点的分词:a/以-en(或-n)结尾的过去分词有不少过去分词已失去动词特点，成为纯粹的形容词，它们有些以-en（或-n）结尾:Hishonestyisaprovenfact.Ilikefrozenfruit.Thisisthetombofforgottenheroes.Howhotismolteniron?Itissaidthedevilhasclovenhoofs.Somedrunkensailorsarefightinginthestreet.Doyouseethehiddenmeaningofthisletter?下面词组中也包含这种分词:drivensnow,woventhread,s

13、awntimber,hewntimber,asunkencheek,shrunkenclothes,arottenegg,ashornlamb,agavenimage,aterror-strickenchild,adown-troddenpeople,ill-gottenmoney,aswollenface,acarvenimage,hisbrokenpromise.b/带un-前缀的过去分词:Thatisanunfoundedrumour.No,itisanundoubtedfact.Thereareunnumbered(oruntold)crimesinthissmallcity.Thee

14、nemysuddenlyattackedthisunguardedcity.Hisunaffected(orunfeigned)mannersmakemelovehim.Arichmanhastohearunearnedpraisefromtimetotime.Whatisthemostimportantthingforanunderdevelopedcountry?Thatisanunheard-of(=e_traordinary)caseofmurder.Hebacametheownerofundreamt-ofwealth.Anunlooked-for(=une_pected)lovel

15、ettercametomethismorning.Anunwished-for(orunhoped-for)(=undesirable)accidenthappenedtome.Nobodycanstandthisuncalled-for(=unnecessaryandimproper)insult.c/有特别意义的过去分词:有少数过去分词,用做纯粹的形容词时,意思发生一些变化,已不再是做动词时的意思,如动词celebrate表示庆祝,但形容词celebrated却表示著名的:Thisisacelebratedcity.Thisisthemostnoted(=famous)mounaininJ

16、apan.Heisaconfirmedpickpocket(=pickpocketwhoisunlikelytobechanged).Heisapast-master(=onewhohasmuche_perience)indeceit.Hewillsufferforhisill-advised(=unwise)action.Ihaveneverseensuchabeautifulplaceinmyborndays(=inmylifetime).d/有主动意义的过去分词:大多数过去分词都有被动意思,例如theunforgottenhero的意思是theherothathasbeenforgott

17、en,又如boiledwater的意思是waterthathasbeenboiled.但有少数过去分词却有主动意思,它们甚至起及物动词作用,可以有一个说不出的宾语.例如adrunkensailor意思是asailorwhohasdrunktoomuchliquor.Alearnedscholar(=Ascholarwhohasleanredverymush)usuallylookssilly.E_periencedmen(=Menwhohavee_periencedalot)inthismatterarenotnumerous.Apractisedman(=Amanwhohasoftenpra

18、ctiseddoingthis)candomorethanagreenhorn.Thesecultivatedpeople(=Thesepeople,whohavecultivatedtheirminds)aremygoodfriends.Thekingloveshisdevotedsubjects(=hissubjects,whodevotesthemselvestohim).Adissipatedyouth(=Ayouthwhodissipateshistimeandmoney)willruinhimself.Isacontentedman(=amanwhocontentshimselfw

19、ithwhathehas)alwayshappy?Themistakentravellerhashadanarrowescape.d)用在名词前的宾补动词的过去分词某些宾补动词的过去分词可以用在名词前面做定语.这是一类特殊的宾补动词,它们用在下面这类句子中:Theydeclaredhimtobeatraitor.Theyprovedthestatementtobefalse.Heprofessedhimselftobeascientist.下面句子包含了以这类动词作定语的过去分词Thisisthereputedscene(=theplacewhichisreputedtobethescene)

20、ofrobbery.Johnisthesupposedfather(=themanwhoissupposedtobethefather)ofthischild.Heisanavowedmember(=amanwhohasavowedhimselftobeamember)ofthisparty.Heisaprofessedscientist.Theconfessed(oradmitted)thiefwassenttoprison.e)用在名词前的不及物动词的过去分词有几十个不及物动词的过去分词可用在名词前作定语.它们多数表示一种变化,表示一种完成的动作,一种状态.它们已失去动词的特点,不再有被动

21、意义,几乎成了形容词:Aretiredofficial(=Anofficialwhohasretiredorisretired)livesne_tdoor.Heisareturnedstudent(=astudentwhohasreturnedfromabroad).Thedecayedtoothshouldbepulledoff.Amarriedmanismorestableincharacterthanabachelor.Thousandsofpeoplemournedforthedeceasedactress.Bothfadingandfadedflowerswereblownabout

22、inthestrongwind.Hereandthereweredecayingordecayedleaves.Weseechangingandchangedmodesoflifeeveryyearandeveryday.下面词组中各包含一个这样的过去分词:abdictedemperor,obsconeddebtor,agedpoet,arrivedguest,assembledcompany,elopedpair,escapedprisoner,failedcandidate,fallenangel,fledrobber,perjuredwitness,travelledwritterdep

23、artedglories,e_piredlease,foregoneconclusion,moulderedtemple,risensun,rottenfruit,shrunkenclothes,sunkenrocks,vanishedcivilization,witheredleaves,well-readandwell-behavedyoungman,plain-spokenpolitician,free-spokenman,full-growngirl,full-blownroses3)在名词后作定语的分词分词也可以放在它们所修饰的名词的后面a)简单分词简单分词,不管是现在分词还是过去分

24、词,放在名词后的情况是比较少的,但在下面情况下可以放在名词后面:1/如果它受到强调,感到像一个从句:Iwanttoknowthepersoncoming(=whocomesoriscoming)Whowerethepeopleparticipating(=whoparticipated)?Iwentintotheroomadjoining-andsawsomethingIcanttell.Nomanlivingcandothat.Iwenttomeetherattheplaneindicated(=whichhadbeenindicated).Theythrewintoprisonallthe

25、personsallthepersonssuspected(=whoweresuspected).Theprisioneracquittedwenthomedirectly.Thematterbeinginvestgiated(=thatisbeinginvestigated)isamilitarysecret.Theworkbeingdone(=thatwasbeingdone)preventedhisfromgoing.下面词组中各包含一个这样的词Themoneyspent,thedayappointed,thefactalleged,thereasongiven,theplansugge

26、sted,thepartyinterested,theguestsinvited.2/如果它用来进行对比:Thevisitorscomingandgoingaresonumerous.Heisapersonreveredandbeloved.Inmanycountries,wordspokenaredifferentfromwordswritten.3/如果名词是一个不关紧要的词或被修饰的是一个代词Thoseremaininghadtowaittwodaysmore.Virtueisathingunseen.Heislikeonecharmed.Allinvolvedwillbesenttojail.Thepointcontrovertedisinsignificant.4/如果名词前有一个形容词最高级或类似的形容词Thisisthemostdifficultjobknown.HeisthefattestmanlivingThechief(oronly,one)guestinvitedwasme.Thisistheonlychanceleft.Wewelcomedevery