阅读备课材料

1、Part 川 Reading Comprehension （ 40 minutes ）Sectio n AA rat or pige on ?p?d? ?n 鸽子 might not be the obvious choice to tend to some one who is sick, but these creatures have some?26 K superior ?skills that could help the treatme nt of huma n diseases.Pigeons are often seen as dirty birds and an urban?

2、27 D nuisanee ?, but they are just the latest in a long line of ani mals that have bee n found to have abilities to help huma ns. Despite havi ng a brain no bigger tha n the?28 M tip?of your in dex fin ger （食指），pige ons have a very impressive?29 O visual memory. Recen tly it was shown that they coul

3、d be trained to be as accurate ?kj?r?t精确的 as humans at detecting（探测，检查）breast （胸部）cancer in images （影像）.Rats are often?30 A associated?with spreading disease rather than?31 F preventing?it, but this Iong-tailed ani mal is highly?32 H sen sitive ?. In side a rat's nose are up to 1,000 differe nt

4、types of olfactory receptors （ 嗅觉 感受器）,whereas humans only have 100 to 200 types. This gives rats the ability to detect 33 I slight ?smells. As a result, some rats are being put to work to detect TB（肺结核）.When the rats detect the smell, they stop and rub （擦，摩擦） their legs to?34 C indicate ?a sample i

5、s infected.Traditi on ally, a hun dred samples would take lab tech nicians more tha n two days to?35 B exam ine?, but for a rat it takes less tha n 20 minu tes. This rat detect ion method does n't rely on specialist equipme nt. It is also more accurate the rats are able to find more TB infection

6、s and, therefore, save more lives. 一只老鼠或鸽子可能不 是照顾生病的人的明显选择，但这些生物拥有大约的高级技能，可以帮助治疗人类疾病。鸽子通常被视为肮脏的鸟类和城市的滋扰，但它们只是最近发现的一长串动物，有能力帮助人类。 尽管有大脑 不大于28米的食指尖，鸽子有一个非常令人印象深刻的视觉记忆。最近的研究表明，他们 可以被训练得和人类一样精确地在图像中检测乳房。大鼠通常与传播疾病有关，而不是阻碍，但这种长尾动物高度敏感。在老鼠的鼻子里有多达1000种不同类型的奥尔法而人类只有100到200种类型。这使大鼠有能力检测出轻微的气味。结果，一些老鼠被投入到检测结核病

7、（肺结核）的工作中。当老鼠发现了气味，他们停下来，把腿摩擦，表明样本被感染了。传统上，一百个样本需要实验室技术人员两天以上的时间来进行检测，但对于一只老鼠，它所需的 时间不到20分钟。这种老鼠检测方法不依赖于专家装备。这也是更准确的-老鼠能够发现更多的结核病感染，因此，拯救更多的生命。Section BDo In-Class Exams Make Students Study Harder?.在课堂上考试使学生学习更努力吗？Research suggests they may study more broadly （完全地; 大体上）for the unexpected rather than

8、 searchfor answers研究表明，他们可能会研究更广泛，以寻找意想不到的答案，而不是寻找答案。我一直是个 很差的应试者。所以我回来了可能有点奇怪44A I have always bee n a poor test-taker. So it may seem rather stra nge that I have retur ned to college toColumbia University, surrounded by students who quickly supply the verbal 言语的;口头的 answer while I am still process

9、ing?pr?sesn.（过程；工序vt. 加工；处理）the question.我一直是个很差的考生。因此，我 回到大学完成了 40年前未完成的学位，这似乎有点奇怪。我要通过哥伦比亚大学在我还在处理这个问题的时候，学生们迅速地提供了口头的答案。40B Since there is no way for me to avoid exams, I am currently （当前， 目前）questioning what kind are the most taxing （繁重的，费力的） and ultimately beneficial. I have already sweated （流汗

10、； 做苦工） through nu merous ?nju:m?r?s in-class midterms and fin als, and now I have a professor who issues （发布） take-home on es. I was excited when I learned this, figuring （算出）I had a full week to do the research, read the texts, andwrite it all up. In fact, I was still rewriting my midterm the morni

11、ng it was due（应有的权禾U ;应得至U的东西 ;）.To say I had lost the thread is putting it mildly.由于我没有办法避免考试，我目前在质疑哪种考试最费钱，最终是有益的。我已经在无数的期中和期末考试中汗流浃背。现在我有一位教授负责给我带回家。当我学到这个的时候，我很兴奋，我想我有整整一周的时间来做研究，阅读课文，然后把它全部写出来。事实上，我还在 在我期中考试即将到来的那一天。说我把线弄丢了，这是温和的说法。38C As I was sufferi ng through my week of an xiety, overth ink

12、ing the material and guess ing my grasp（控制; 控制力; 能力所及） of it, I did some of my own polling（对进行调查）among students and professors.David Eise nbach, who teaches a popular class on U.S. preside nts at Columbia, prefers the in-class variety （多样 化） . He believes students ultimately learn more and encourage

13、s them to form study groups. “That way they't happen without the pctassrExafran ” hesocialize over history outside the class, which would n explained, “ Furthermore）n-class exams force students to learn how to perform under pressure, and essentialwork skill.当我经历了一周的焦虑，过度思考和猜测我对它的掌握时，我在学生和教授中做了一些

14、自己的调查。大卫 艾森巴赫，教流行音乐在哥伦比亚大学的美国总统的班级，更喜欢课堂上的各种.。他相信这样，他们就可以在历史上进行社交活动了。学生最终会学到更多的东西，并鼓励他们组成学习小组。他解释道：课堂考试没有压力，课堂考试就不会发生， 而且，课堂考试迫使学生学习如何在压力下表演, 以及基本的滑雪作业。39D He also says there is less chanee of cheating with the in-class variety. In 2012, 125 students atthoucJHarvard were caught up in a sca ndal whe

15、n it was discovered they had cheated on a take-home exam for a class en titled"In troduct ion To Con gress.” Some colleges have what they call an“ honor code,eno ugh to get into these schools, you are either smart eno ugh to get around）（绕开） any codes （ 行为准贝 U ; 代 码） or hopefully , too ethical ?

16、e0 ?kdj.道德的） to consider doing so. As I sat blocked （圭寸锁的） andclueless （无能的） for two solid?s?l?d（固体的；实心的；结实的，可靠的） days, I momentarily ?m?m?ntr?li（马上） wondered if I couldn ' t just call an expert on the subject matter which I ckanga （解 决），or someone who took the class previously, to get me going.

17、他还说，在课堂上作弊的可能性较小。2012,有125名哈佛学生被发现在一次带回家的考试中作弊，从而卷入了一桩丑闻。题为 国会简介”的班级。有些大学有他们所谓的荣誉守则”，但如果你足够聪明进入这些学校，你要么聪明到可以绕过任何一所学校。或者希望是太道德了，不能考虑这么做。当我坐在那里呆了两天，毫无头绪的时候，我突然想，如果我不能找一个专家来研究我所做的事情，我会不会感到困惑？或者是以前上过课的人，让我开始上课。37E Following the Harvard scandal, Mary Miller, the former dean di:n教务长 of students at Yale, m

18、adean impassioned appeal to her school' s professors to（r忍忍住n f制止） take-home exams. Students risk体教职员）ofers take-home exams without clear, time-limited boundaries, ” she told me. “ Research now shows that regular quizzes, short essays, and other assig nments over the course of a term better enha

19、nce lear ning and retention r?ten?n（保留；记忆力）.在哈佛丑闻之后，耶鲁大学前系主任玛丽米勒（MaryMiller）强烈呼吁该校的教授们不要参加磨练考试。学生的健康和健康受到威胁。她对我说：除了在其他期末工作中的表现外，教师们还会在没有明确、有时间限制的情况下提供带回家的考试。”。现在的研究表明，定期的测验，短文，以及其他学期的作业，更能加强学习和留用。“43F Most college professors agree the kind of exam they choose largely depends on the subject. A qua nt

20、itative-based one, for example, is un likely to be sent home, where one could ask their older brothers and sisters to help. V ocati on al-type classes, such as computer scie nee or journ alism?d? ?:n? I?z?m（ 新闻学; 新闻工 作）,on the other hand, are often more research-oriented（定向的）and lend themselves to t

21、ake-home testing.Chris Koch, who teaches“ History of Broadcast Journalism” at Montgomery Community College in Rockville,Maryland , points out that reporting is about investigation rather than the memorization of minute details. field, it 'not what you know it 'what you know how to find out,

22、"says Koch. “Therms way too much information, and more coming all the time, for anyone to remember. I want my students to search out the answers to questions by using all the resources available to them.大多数大学教授都认为他们选择的考试类型 主要取决于这门学科。例如，一个基于数量的方法不太可能被送回家，在那里你可以问他们的哥哥们。和姐妹们一起帮忙。另一方面，职业类课程，如计算机科学或

23、新闻学，往往更注重研究，并适合于带回家 进行测试。克里斯科赫，世卫组织Teac马里兰州罗克维尔蒙哥马利社区学院的广播新闻史”指出，报道是关于调查的，而不是对细节的记忆。在我的小说里科赫说：事实上，这不是你所知道的-而是你知道如何发现。”。有太多的信息，而且越来越多的时刻到来，任何人都无法记住。我要我的学生去找他利用所有可用的资源来回答问题。42G Students 'testform preferences vary, too, often depending on the subject and course dificulty. “ I prefer take-home essay

24、s because it is then really about the writing, so you have time to edit ?ed?t（ 编辑; 校订） and do more research, s”ys Elizabeth Dresser, a junior at Barnard. Then there is the stress factor. Francesca Haass, a senior at Middlebury, says,the in-ciassi ones are more stressful in the short term, but there

25、isimmediate relief as you swallow （吞，忍受） information like mad, and then you get to forget it all. Take-homes require thoughtful en gageme nt which can lead to Ion ger term stress as there is n ever a mome nt whe n the time is up. ” Mean while, Olivia Rub in, a sophomore ?s?f?m?:（r） at Emory, says sh

26、e hardly even con siders take -homes true exams. “If you understand the material and have the ability to articulate说出）your thoughts, they should be a breeze bri:z（微风；轻而易举的事）."学生的考试形式偏好也各不相同，往往取决于科目和课程难 度。我更喜欢带回家的文章，因为它实际上是关于写作的，所以你有时间来编辑和做。更多的研究，” Barnard的一名三年级学生伊丽莎白德雷塞尔说。还有压力因素。米德尔伯里的大四学生弗朗西丝卡

27、哈斯说：我发现课堂上的学生在短期内压力更大。术语，但是当你像疯了一样吞下信息，你就会立刻得到解脱，然后你就会忘记它。带回家需要深思熟虑的参与，这可能会导致长期压力，因为有新的。等时间到了。与此同时，埃默里大学二年级的奥利维亚鲁宾（OliviaRubin）表示，她甚至几乎不考虑参加真正的考试。如果你了解材料，并且有发音的能力（说出）你的想法，应该是轻而易举的。“41H How stude nts ultimately han dle stress may depe nd on their pers onal test-tak ing abilities. There are people who

28、 always wait until the last minute, and make it much harder than it needs to be. And then there those who, not knowing what questi ons are coming at them, and hav ing no resources to refer to, can freeze. And the n there are we rare re?（r） folks 'f?ks（人们；家属） who fit both those descriptions.学生最终如

29、何处理压 力可能取决于他们的个人应试能力。有些人总是等到最后一刻，使事情变得比实际需要困难得多。然后 在 那里，那些不知道有什么问题在向他们提出，而且没有资源可供参考的人，可以冻结。然后，我们也有 罕见的人，他们符合这两种描述。36l Yes, my advaneed age must factor（ vt. 把因素包括进去）into the equation ?kwe?n（等式）,inpart because of my in ability to access the in formati on as quickly. As ano ther retur ning stude nt at

30、Columbia, Kate Marber, told me, “ We are learning not only all this information, but essentially how to learn again. Our fellow（ 同伴;男子 adj. 同伴的;同事的）students have just come out of high school. A lot has changed since wewere last in school.'是的，我的高龄必须考虑到方程式（等式），部分原因是我无法快速地获取这些信息。作为哥伦比亚大学的另一名返校学生，凯特

31、马伯告诉我：我们是利亚。不仅是这些信息，而且本质上是如何重新学习。我们的同学刚从高中毕业。自从我们上一次上一所学校以来，已经发生了很多变化。45J If nothing else, the situati on has give n my college son and me somethi ng to share, When I asked his opinion on this matter, he resp on ded,-class IeIXamin because the time is already reserved, as opposed tousing my free tim

32、e at home to work on a test," he responded.It seems to me that a compromise would be receiving the exam questions a day or two in advanee, and then doing the actual test in class the ticking ?t?k?（发出滴答声;）clock overhead.如果没有其他的事，情况已经给我上大学的儿子和我分享的东西，当我 问他对这件事的，看来他回答说：我喜欢在课堂考试，因为已经预留了时间，为他回答道：我反对利

33、用我在家的空闲时间去做一个测试。”在我看来，妥协的办法是提前一两天收到考题，然后再做实际的测试。把倒计时的钟记在头顶上。K Better yet, how about what one Hun ter College professor reportedly did recen tly for her final exam: She en couraged the class not to stress or even study, promis ing that,piecet of gakeg to be" a When thestudents came in, sharpened

34、 pencils in hand, there was not a blue book in sight. Rather, they saw a large chocolate cake and they each were given a slice.更好的是，据报道一位亨特学院教授最近为期末考试做了什 么：她鼓励全班学生不要有压力，甚至不要学习，并承诺说：这将是每一个c级的学生。 阿克。学生们进来时，手里拿着铅笔，眼前看不到一本蓝色的书。相反，他们看到了一个巨大的巧克力蛋糕，他们 每人都得到了一片。36. Elderly ?eld?li 较老的 stude nts find it hard

35、 to keep up with the rapid cha nges in educati on.37. Some believe take-home exams may affect stude nts' performa nee in other courses.38. Certain professors believe in-class exams are ultimately?lt?m?tli 最后 more helpful to students.39. In-class exams are believed to discourage cheat ing in exam

36、s.40. The author was happy to lear n she could do some exams at home.41. Students who put off their work until the last moment often find the exams more difficult than they actually are.42. Different stude nts may prefer differe nt types of exams.43. Most professors agree whether to give an in-class

37、 or a take-home exam depe nds on type of course being taught.44. The author dropped out of 退学 college some forty years ago.45. Some stude nts thi nk take-home exams will eat up their free time.Section CPassage OneQuesti ons 46 and 50 are based on the follow ing passage.That people often experienee t

38、rouble sleeping in a different bed in unfamiliar surroundings is a phenomenon known as the -nfgsit ” effect. If a person stays in the same room the following night they tend to sleep more soundly. Yuka Sasaki and her colleagues at Brown University set out to investigate the origins of this effect.Dr

39、. Sasaki knew the first -ni ght effect probably hassometh ing to do with how huma ns evolved. Thepuzzle was what ben efit would be gained from it whe n performa nee might be affected the follow ing day. Shealso knew from previous work con ducted on birds and dolph ins that these ani mals put half of

40、 their brains to sleep at a time so that they can rest while remaining alert eno ugh to avoid predators ( 捕食者).This led her to won der if people might be doing the same thing. To take a closer look, her team studied 35 healthy people as they slept in the unfamiliar environment of the universityDepar

41、tment of Psychological Sciences. Theparticipa nts each slept in the departme nt for two n ights and were carefully mon itored with tech niq ues that looked at the activity of their brains. Dr. Sasaki found, as expected, the participants slept less well on their first night than they did on their sec

42、 ond, tak ing more tha n twice as long to fall asleep and sleep ing less overall. During deep sleep, the participa nts' brains behaved in a similar manner see n in birds and dolph ins. On the first ni ght only, theleft hemispheres (半球)of their brains did not sleep n early as deeply as their righ

43、t hemispheres did.Curious if the left hemispheres were in deed remai ning awake to process in formatio n detected in the surrounding environment, Dr. Sasaki re-ran the experiment while presenting the sleeping participants with a mix of regularly timed beeps ( 蜂鸣声)of the same tone and irregular beeps

44、 of a different tone during the night. She worked out that, if the left hemisphere was stay ing alert to keep guard in a stra nge en vir onment, the n it would react to the irregular beeps by stirring people from sleep and would ignore the regularly timed ones. This is precisely what she found.46. W

45、hat did researchers find puzzli ng about the first -ni ght effect?A) To what exte nt it can trouble people. C) What circumsta nces may trigger it.B) What role it has played in evolutio n. D) In what way it can be ben eficial.47. What do we lear n about Dr. Yuka Sasaki doing her research?A) She found

46、 birds and dolph ins rema in alert while asleep.B) She found birds and dolph ins sleep in much the same way.C) She got some idea from previous studies on birds and dolph insD) She con ducted studies on birds ' and dolph ins ' sleep ing patter ns.48. What did Dr. Sasaki do when she first did

47、her experiment?A) She mon itored the brain activity of participa nts sleep ing in a new environment.B) She recruited 35 participa nts from her Departme nt of Psychological Scie nces.C) She studied the differences between the two sides of participants' brains.D) She tested her findings about bird

48、s and dolph ins on huma n subjects.49. What did Dr. Sasaki do whe n re-running her experime nt?A) She an alyzed the n egative effect of irregular tones on brains.B) She recorded participants ' adaptation to changed environment.C) She exposed her participa nts to two differe nt stimuli.D) She com

49、pared the resp on ses of differe nt participa nts.50. What did Dr. Sasaki find about the participants in her experiment?A) They ten ded to enjoy certa in tones more tha n others.B) They ten ded to perceive irregular beeps as a threat.C) They felt sleepy whe n exposed to regular beeps.D) They differe

50、d in their tolera nee of irregular ton es.Passage TwoQuesti ons 51 to 55 are based on the follow ing passage.It ' s time to reevaluate how women handle conflict at work. Being overworked or over -committed athome and on the job will not get you where you want to be in life. It will only slow you

51、 dow n and hin der your career goals.Did you know wome n are more likely tha n men to feel exhausted? Nearly twice as many wome n tha n men ages 18-44 reported feeling“ veryrtired exhausted ” , according to a recent study.This may not be surpris ing give n that this is the age range whe n wome n hav

52、e childre n. It's also the age range whe n many wome n are trying to bala nee careers and home. One reas on wome n may feel exhausted is that they have a hard time saying "no." Women want to be able todo it all volunteer for school parties or cook delicious meals- and so their an swer

53、to any request is ofte n“ Yes, I can. ”Women struggle to say "no" in the workplace for similar reasons, includig the desire to be liked bytheir colleagues. Un fortun ately, this in ability to say "no" may be hurting wome n's heath as well as their career.At the workplace, men

54、 use con flict as a way to positi on themselves, while wome n ofte n avoid con flictor strive to be the peacemaker, because they don't want to be viewed as aggressive or disruptive at work. For example, there ' s a problem that needs to be addressed immediately, resulting in a dispute over s

55、hould be the one to fix it. Men are more likely to face that dispute from the perspective of what ben efits them most, whereas wome n may approach the same dispute from the perspective of what's the easiest and quickest way to resolve the problem-eve nif that means doing the boring work themselv

56、es.This differenee in handling conflict could be the deciding factor on who gets promoted to a leadership positi on and who does not. Leaders have to be able to delegate and man age resources wisely -in cludi ng staff expertise. Shoulderi ng more of the workload may not earn you that promoti on. In stead, it may highlight your in ability to delegate effectively.51. What does the author say is the problem with wome n?A) They are ofte n un clear about the career goals to re