托福阅读中经常出现的四大逻辑关系

1、托福阅读中经常出现的四大逻辑关系逻辑关系(1:否定明显的否定:no, not, never, nor, none neither,deny隐含的否定:fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject,absence of, lack of ,little,few例如:I write to my parents every month.I never fail to write to my parents every month.-He is little known as an artist.He is not a famous artist否定前缀:o a-asex

2、ual 无性别的o ab-abnormal非正常的o anti-antisocial 与社会对立的o counter-counterrevolution 反革命o de-decontrol解除管理, 解除管制o dis- il- im- in- ir- mal- mis- non- un-.例如:In fact, he was so quiet that his parents thought he was not normal.In fact, he was so quiet that his parents thought he was abnormal.否定后缀:需注意的三个否定后缀:-

3、less、-free、-proofhatless: not wearing a hatsalt-free: without salt a bulletproof car: a car designed not to be harmed by bullets双重否定:not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon, not unavailable逻辑关系(2:因果-明显因:because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with果:so, so that, therefore, thereby

4、, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly逻辑关系(2:因果-隐藏1表示“导致”的词(因-果:cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support,push, stimulate, spark, spur, prompt,fuel, produce, be responsible for/to如:The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the

5、removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completelylacking in trees andshrubs。在这段话中,有lead to,表示了导致的意思,即结果;而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果。2表示“由而来”的词(果-因:result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, beresponsive to,be attributable to例如:“The extr

6、eme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing oreven slowing the process。”在这段话中,根据result from可以推断出有因果关系,那如果是解释句子题时,选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。3表示“反映,体现”(果-因:reflect, present, demonstrate, sugge

7、st, imply, show This resultdemonstrates that4表示“考虑到”:given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to例如:He succeeded thanks to (inview of his effort。5表示“依赖于”:rely on, depend on, resort to例如:He resorted to books when he had problems。6表示“条件关系”:when, once, as soon as, as long as例如:As soon as he

8、got the money, he would leavethe country at once。7分词短语,不定式做状语:例如:Failing in the final exam, she cried。逻辑关系(3:比较结构-隐藏1同级比较:asas2比较级:morethan, -er than, lessthan3变化:change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish,develop,progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, conti

9、nue, remain4差异:different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compareto5超越:surpass, exceed, excel, over6最高级(1本身有最高级含义:maximum, minimum, peak,outstanding, top(2 本身程度比较深:amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high(3 否定+比较=最高级:No one is more outstanding than him。例如:I've never

10、 heard a better voice.China is larger than any of the other countries in Asia.George did more work than anyone elseI like nothing better than swimming.逻辑关系(3-条件表示条件概念的词:if, unless, supposing (that, suppose (that, providing/ provided (that, in case, as long as, on condition that例如:In case the house b

11、urns down, well get the insurance money.You can go out, as long as you promise to be back before 11 oclock.You can borrow the book, on condition that you dont lend it to anyone else.逻辑关系(4对比与转折1.表示对比关系likewise,in (much the same way,similarly/similar to, vice versa,also/as well as,not only but also ,both and , neither nor , like/just like, equally,or/and,while,whereas, on the other hand在解释句子题、插入句子题中,一旦出现对比关系,学生在掌握的基础上就能非常快速的判定句间和句内的关系。While, whereas 前后连接的是平行结构,on the other hand前必定有on one hand,可以用来把握句间关系。2