托福阅读中的逻辑关系词

1、托福阅读中的逻辑关系词作者在阐述观点时会大量使用逻辑关系词来组织结构，展开论证。在阅读过程中，充分利用逻辑关系词（也称之为语言信号词）是定位主旨和查找细节信息的重要阅读应试技巧之一。通过寻找信号词可以寻找线索，快速定位答案所在。常见的信号词包括以下四类：- Comparison 比较关系词E.g. This approach is considered to be much more effective than the previous one. Mobile telephones are much thinner than they used to be. Australia is a d

2、ry continent, second only to Antarctica. Of the various strains of this crop, this new hybrid produces by far the highest yields. Most people studying intelligence and creativity in the new millennium now prefer a broader definition.Signal words:A. 同级比较 Equally; in the same way; likewise, similarlyB

3、. 比较级：more than， -er than， less thanC. 变化：change， alter， vary， modify， revise， increase， decrease， enhance， diminish， develop， progress， advance， improve， retreat， degenerate， continue， remainD. 差异：different， distinguish， separate， same， similar， comparable， compare to E. 超越：surpass, exceed, excel,

4、over, superior toF. 最高级 1)本身有最高级含义：maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top 2) 本身程度比较深：amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high, deeply3) 否定+比较=最高级 No one is more outstanding than him.G. 表示对比：while, whereas, in comparison- Contrast 转折关系词 （让步） 转折词+重点内容，让步词+背景之类的（次重点）E.g. In recent times,

5、however, that lofty ideal has not always been attained. Rather than=rather=instead of=not take responsibility for their weight, obese people have often sought solace in the excuse that they have a slow metabolism. Nuclear power supplies 5% of the worlds energy from more than 400 plants. But with the

6、 exception of France and Japan, the rich world has stopped ordering new reactors. Although the number of libraries multiplied, library users remained few in number until literacy became more widespread during the 18th century. While there is now broad agreement about the effects of high-level radiat

7、ion, there is controversy over the long-term effect of low-level doses.Signal words:Conversely, admittedly, ironically, however, while, but, although, by contrast, despite, even though, in contrast, in spite of, instead of, instead, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, othe

8、rwise, though, rather, yet, whereas- Cause and effect 因果关系词因：because、because of、for、as、by、since、in that、on account of、with果：so、so that、therefore、thereby、as a result、hence、thus、consequently、Accordingly,.因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。- 隐性因果：- A 导致(因-果)：cause、reason、lead to、give rise to、resu

9、lt in、render、make、let、ask、push、stimulate、fuel、produce、tempt、encourage、draw、trigger如：The increased pressures of expanding population have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and tow are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees.在这段话中，有lead to表示了导致的意思，即结果，而so that更进一步表示了

10、后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。- B 由而来(果-因)：result from、derive from、originate from、initiate from、stem from、be attributable to、attribute to如：“The extreme serious of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected，as well as from the great difficulty of reversi

11、ng or even slowing the process.”在这段话中，根据result from可以推断出有因果关系，那如果是解释句子题时，选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。- C 反映，体现(果-因)：reflect、show、present、demonstrate、suggest、imply- D 考虑到：given、considering、in view of、thanks to、according toHe succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort.- E 依赖于：rely on、depend on、resort toHe resort

12、ed to books when he had problems.- F 条件关系：when、once、as soon as、As long asAs soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once.- G 分词短语，不定式做状语：Failing in the final exam, she cried.- Negativity 否定关系词- 显性否定：no、not、never、nor、none、 neither- 隐形否定：fail to、refuse、remove、reject、lack of、deprive- 否定前缀：a-、ab-、