Lecture 3 句子成分分析(F)

1、句子的成分句子的成分(sentence element) 在句中起不同语法作用的词，短语等称为句子成分（sentence element） 笼统地讲，一个句子主要包括两大部分，即主语部分和谓语部分。 Books are the ever-burning lamps of wisdom. I value the rights, freedom, and responsibilities of our society. 具体而言，句子成分主要有八种，分为主语(subject)，谓语(predicate)，宾语(object)，表语(predicative)，定语(attribute)，状语(adv

2、erbial)，补语(complement)和同位语(appositive)。 Q: 如何判断句子中的每一种成分？如：主语？谓语？ 宾语？ 主语主语(subject)(subject)，是交际双方已经知道的信息，即“已知信息”(known information)，它是信息传递的出发点，因此主语通常是由一些带有事物性或实体性的词语来表示的。主语是句子的核心主题，多为名词，代词等，名词，代词等，或相当于名词的短语，从句或相当于名词的短语，从句，通常位于句首句首。 e.g: The future doesnt belong to the faint-hearted. He broke the st

3、ick in two. To teach is to learn twice. Ais the first letter of the English alphabet. Once will be enough. 主语通常位于句首，但主语较长时，为使句子前后平衡，常常把主语移到句尾而用先行代词it等代替主语。这种主语称为形式主语(formal subject)，原来的主语称为真正主语(real subject).存在句中的there也是形式主语。主语通常位于谓语之前，但有时需后置或倒装。 e.g: It is so kind of you to help me. It is your own

4、concern whether you believe it or not. 谓语谓语(predicate) 描述或阐明主语的情况，表明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样。为动词动词，常位于主语之后主语之后。 The dream shall never die. Power brings responsibility. 宾语宾语(object) 动词的动作对象或介词的联系对象,可以是名词，代词，或相当于名词的动名词，不定式，从句，位于动词或介词之后, 即构成所谓的动宾或介宾关系。 除此，还有形容词宾语。动词宾语动词宾语 He asked some questions. Winners expect t

5、o win in advance. Temptation discovers what we are.介词宾语介词宾语 Thank you for giving us so much help. Im in a puzzle as to what to do. He goes furious against whoever opposes him. What can we get in here?形容词宾语（理解内容）形容词宾语（理解内容） 有些形容词和及物动词一样，本身意义不完整，需要名词或名词等同位补充说明。这种用于形容词后补充说明形容词使之意思完整的名词或名词等同语叫做形容词的宾语(ob

6、ject of the adjective)形容词带宾语有下列几种情况形容词带宾语有下列几种情况 1.worth可以直接用名词，代词，-ing分词作宾语。 The place is worth a visit. The book is worth reading. 2.正如某些不及物动词和一定的介词构成短语动词可以带宾语一样，有些形容词也和一定的介词构成短语形容词，后面接宾语，补充说明形容词。这种带宾语的短语形容词不多，常见的有afraid of, aware of, certain of, clear about, concerned about, confident of, conscio

7、us of, dependent on, deserving of, desirous of, eager for, familiar with, fond of, greedy for, ignorant of, intent (up)on, interested in, keen on, positive of, sick of, subject to, sure of, thirsty for, tired of, worthy of等 e.g: She is afraid of the danger. She was ignorant of his presence. 3.有些形容词可

8、以用不定式（包括wh-词引导的不定式和带逻辑主语的不定式复合结构）及其短语作宾语。常见的这类形容词有afraid, anxious, curious, desirous, determined, disposed, eager, impatient, inclined, interested, ready(=willing), willing, unwilling, worthy等。 Are you willing to help? Im not sure what to do. He is impatient to see his wife. 4.有些形容词可以用从句作宾语。常见的这类形容词

9、有afraid, aware, careful, certain, clear, confident, conscious, convinced, desious, determined, doubtful, eager, hopeful, insistent, positive, sure, unaware, willing等。 e.g: Im positive that it was a Wednesday. Im convinced that he is innocent. Im not certain whether he will come or not. 表语表语(predicat

10、ive) 位于于系动词之后系动词之后的成分，可以是名词，名词，形容词，或从句形容词，或从句。 Life is not a bed of roses. He seems much pleased. The reality is that difficulties seldom defeat people. 修饰或限定名词，代词等，可以是形形容词或相当于形容词的短语，从句容词或相当于形容词的短语，从句(attributive clause)。 Little drops of water make the mighty ocean. The time to act is now. There are

11、 many reasons why honesty is important. 状语状语(adverbial) 修饰动词，形容词，副词或句子动词，形容词，副词或句子等，可以是副词或相当于副词的短语，从是副词或相当于副词的短语，从句句。 adverbial clause of (time, place, condition, result, purpose, concession, manner, etc) Those who dare to fail miserably can achieve greatly. To leap better you can draw back. You mus

12、t overcome fear before it overcomes you. I always get where I want to go because I plan my life beforehand. 补语补语(complement) 补充主语或宾语主语或宾语的意义，可以是名名词，动词或形容词词，动词或形容词等。 Histories make men wise. Men was made wise by histories. One day we will make the rough places plain. One day the rough places will be

13、made plain. 同位语同位语(appositive) 是句中的一种特殊成分。它补充说明或进一步解释句中的一个词或短语等，并和它起相同的语法作用。即表示前面人或事物的所指，可以是名词或从是名词或从句句。 His brother John is a doctor. It was all game, life and its affairs. She was homely, that is, plain. He always wrote so-childishly but legibly. The fact that you have tried your best is in itself

14、 a huge victory.Attention: 同位语通常位于它说明的词语之后，但有时也可以位于它说明的词语前。 Finacial expert Tom Timbers will begin writing a weekly column on the national economy. 同位语通常和它说明的词连在一起，但有时也可分开。 My best friend was here last night-Peter. 同位语可以由插入语引导。 We had a meeting the next day, that is, June the third. He knows four la

15、nguages ,namely, Chinese, Japanese, English and French. 同位语还可以由and或or 引导。 This medcine, or drug, has a violent effect. 此外，句子中还可能出现独立成分包括插入语，称呼语和感叹语，与全句不存在语法关系。 插入语插入语(parenthesis) 插在句中或句末，表示补充说明。 Management, remember, is clearly different from leadership. True science teaches, above all,to doubt and

16、 be ignorant. Happiness, I have discovered, is nearly always a rebound from hard work. 称呼语称呼语(salutation) 对受话人的称呼。 My friends, love is a fruit of love. Dear,you cant talk your way out of problems. 感叹语感叹语(interjection)(interjection) 表示情绪或态度，由感叹词担当。 Oh, life itself is a miracle. His father, alas, is no better today.他的父亲，哎，今天还是老样子。句子成分小结句子成分小结 1.在完整的句子中，一定不可缺少的成分是_ 2.能起补充说明作用的成分是_ 3.在句中起修饰作用的成分是_ 4.可以独立于句子存在的成分是_主语谓语表语宾语补语同位语定语状语呼语感叹语插入语状语 严格来说，只有主语和谓语是完全句不可缺少的成分，我们称为直接成分。表语，宾语，补语和同位语表示补充说明，通常是短语的组成部分，我们称为补充成分。定语修饰名词，是名词短语的组成部分