2017年新课标高考英语阅读理解猜测词意词义解题策略附带答案

1、2017届新课标高考英语阅读理解猜测词意（词义）解题策略高考考情分析解读：词义猜测题是高考阅读理解题中的一种常见的题型。词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义推断，也可以是对一个短语或一个句子的意义推断，既可以是生词生义，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。通过对近年新课标全国卷分析统计来看，词义猜测题一般有12题。考查相对比较稳定，但难度略有增加，需要在复杂的句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。在词义猜测题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。2016年全国卷设问形式例子：(1)Wha

2、t does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？(2016年课标全国卷)(2)What does the underline phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean？(2016年课标全国卷)(3)What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to？(2015年课标全国卷)常见的命题形式有：The underlined word in the second paragraph means

3、“_”Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph?The underlined word “_” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “_”What does the phrase “_”in Paragraph 1 mean?利用定义definition或同义解释本学案结构：重述举例利用构词法word-building利用语境和逻辑关系单词或短语反义（同义第一部分已讲）根据语法知识猜测意思猜测题因果利用构

4、词法word-building根据常识common sense判定代词指代猜测题目句子猜测句意题目附：典故谚语知识储备单词或短语意思猜测题该题型着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出“未知”的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。考查范围涉及对某个生词或短语的含义的猜测、对某个熟词进行生义的猜测或考查该词能被哪个单词或短语代替等。定义或者同义解释：作者常常通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中，定义解释作者所用词的准确含义。下定义时，作者通常使用信号词，如

5、i.e., is, are, is/are called, mean, refer to, known as等等。利用同义解释猜词同义解释形式多样，有的利用下定义，有的利用or，that is(to say)，in other words，namely等引出后面的解释，有的利用破折号、同位语(从句)、定语从句或同义词、近义词等引出后面的解释。1).Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 2).It will be very hard but very brittle that is , it will break easily.3). This

6、 was a very domesticated bird that needed help or it would not survive.A. Having been abandonedB. Having been used to home lifeC. Having been used to life in the wildD. Having been weak and hungry4). He is a resolute man. Once he sets up a goal, he will not give it up easily.5). She is bilingual. In

7、 other words, she speaks English and French equally well.6). Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. 7). The schools are reluctant to take time offeven teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off. Th

8、e underlined word “reluctant” may probably mean_.A. kind B. unwilling C. free D. careless同义词（近义词 ）在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。并列关系(同义关系）提示词：and, also, as as, the same as利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义 。例如.I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem courier. Since March

9、2012, Ive done 89 trips- of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干细胞）in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, weve got

10、 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.题目.Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph1? A. provider B. delivery man C. collector D. medical doctor9).Mr. White loves to talk , his wife is also as loquacious as him. 10).Mark Twain was not the authors real

11、 name; it was a pseudonym. 11).The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year.12).If you agree, write “Yes”; if you dissent, write “No”. 13).Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. 利用构词法猜词英语中有大量的单词是通过

12、合成或加前后缀构成的，运用构词法判断生词的意义是一种快速有效的解题方法。根据构词法猜测词义英语中的许多词汇，特别是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的。因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。根据词根、前缀、后缀、复合、派生等猜测词义。super- inter- mini- micro- -some anti- co- post- pre- -shippro- 表示“往前”progress prugres n./v. 进步 promote v.增进，促进，提高pre- 提前，领先 predict vt. 预测 prevent vt. 预防；妨碍 preview n./v. 预览；预习preven

13、t 记：预先pre 走掉（-vent，似went）是预防 Timely repetition will prevent you from forgetting words. 及时重复才能预防忘记单词。 timely adv. 及时地 repetition n. 重复per “每个，都，一直”person n. 人 percent n. 百分比 persist v. 坚持 persuade psweidvt.说服，劝服 记：一直（per）碎碎（sua）念就 可以说服re-表示“再次，重复，往回，”repeat n./v. 重复 rewrite v. 重写，改写recall v.回想，记起；召回

14、recover v. 重新获得，恢复report n./v 报告 表示“往上”的前缀 up-和in- “向下”的前缀 de grade n. 等级，级别，成绩upgrade _ degrade _increase n./v 上升 增加 decrease n./v 减少，减小in-除了表示“往上”， 更重要的意思是“往里”。 和它音近的im-，en-，em- 都是“往里”的含义inside a.里面的import vt. 进口记：port港口，进到（im-）港口来，叫进口invite v. 邀请ink n. 墨水in-是“往里”，那想想“往外”怎么说？往外 ex-，e-export v./n 出

15、口 expand v. 扩张 exit v. 出口 eksit experience n. 经历，经验 vt.体会 explain v.解释 exhibit v. 展览 igzibit; eg-表示否定的前缀： un- unfair,unhappy non-nonsmoker (常用在n. adj. adv. 前) in-inactive, inhuman, indirect (常用在adj.) dis-disagree,disappear im-impolite,impossible (用在b,p,m 开头的词前) il-illegal ir-irreal, irregular(B).表示错

16、误或失当的前缀: mis-misjudge, misdirect(误导)(C).表示向背的前缀: pro-(亲，支持) pro-Chinese, pro-American anti-（阻止，抗） antiwar, anti-Japanese war(D).表示程度、大小的前缀super- superstar,supermarket, superman, superpowerover- overhead, overeat, overusemini- minibus, miniskirt, mini-carunder- underground, underestimatesemi-(半，部分) s

17、emicircle, semiskilled, (E).表示时间的前缀 pre- prewar post- postwar fore-(前，预先) foretell, forecast, foresee, weather forecast(F).表示方位的前缀： sub- subway, submarine inter- international, interclass(年级之间的） trans-(横过，通过，超越，进入) transplant, transatlantic （横渡大西洋的）常见的后缀-ment 名词性后缀，表“行为，结果或具体物”move v.移动；搬家movement n

18、.运动，活动agree v. 同意agreement n.同意，协议 manage v.管理 management n.管理-tion 名词后缀，表动作，性质，状态1. n. 行动 action 2. n. 污染 pollution3. n. 人口 population4. n. 手术 operation-ty 名词后缀，加在形容词后面,表示特性或情况1. n. 诚实 honesty2. n. 安全 safety3. n. 多样；种类；变化 variety4. n 焦虑 anxiety 5. n. 残酷 cruelty-able, 形容词后缀 有”能够、有某种特性”的意思1. adj. 舒服的

19、 comfortable2. adj. 合适的 suitable3. adj. 时尚的，时髦的 fashionable4. adj. 有道理的，合理的，公道的 reasonable 5. adj. 可信赖的，可靠的 v. 信赖 rely reliable 6. adj. 大量的；可观的 考虑 动词是？ considerable adj.大量的，可观的7. adj. 稳定的 stable adj. 稳定的 记：s-音似“死”；-table桌子。一个死的桌子，肯定是很稳定的。8.adj 可用的，可得到的 available adj 可用的，可得到的-ish 为形容词和名词后缀。1. adj. 愚蠢

20、的 foolish2. adj. 自私的 selfish 记忆：一条自私的鱼3. n. 垃圾 rubbish4. n. 英语 English5. adj. 英国的，英国人的 British-ful 形容词后缀1. adj. 鲜艳的，多姿多彩的 colourful 2. adj. 高兴的，愉快的 cheerful delightful 3. adj. 有希望的，有前途的 hopeful 4. adj 有意义的，意味深长的 meaningful5. adj. 奇妙的，极好的，精彩的 wonderful1.动词变名词：-ation satisfaction, education, realizati

21、on-ment development, movement, disappointment-al arrival, refusal-ee trainee（受训者）, employee-er teacher, worker-or visitor, sailor wrong-doer 做错事情的人补充学习over- : too much overcrowded(1)Overwork may cause diseases. (2)There was a dissatisfied look in the managers eyes. 2.en- 动词前缀 enable, endanger, enric

22、h3.重要后缀 -ment, -ion, -ness, -tion, -ful, -able, -less, -en等4.合成词 For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs. Down-to-earth spirit is a necessity. Sharp words from a teacher can usually bring a day-dreaming student down-to-earth. Her name was Rachel, and I mooned my way throu

23、gh the grade and high school, stricken at the mere sight of her, tongue-tied in her presence. At any rate, my love for Rachel remained without result. We graduated from high school, she went on to college, and I joined the Army. I was sent overseas during the war. For a time we wrote, and her letter

24、s were the highlight of those terrible endless years.词性转换（解释意思）He is a man with broad shoulders. We will shoulder the responsibilities at any time. So when someone has hurt you, calm yourself first. Take a couple of breaths, and think of something that gives you pleasureKeep in mind that forgiveness

25、 does not necessarily mean accepting the action of the person who upsets you. Never trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. (trouble 词性与意义？) 真题演练 A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.利用语境及逻辑关系猜词利用上下文语境和前后句之间的并列、因果、转折、对比、解释、定义和举例等关系来猜测词义。同时要特别留心某些词语，如or，tha

26、t is，in other words，including，although，but，even if，on the other hand，on the contrary，other than，rather than，more than，instead of等。利用上下文线索猜测词义 (1)重述 作者为了使某一难词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号与句子的其他部分隔开(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)或用信号词引导。常见的信号词有：or, namely, that is, in other words, that is to say,

27、 to be more exact, to put in another way等等。典例 In the library, I found my way into the“Childrens Room.” I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random. The cover of a book caught my eye. It presented a picture of a beagle. I had recently had a beagle,_the first and only animal

28、 companion I ever had as a child. (2) 举例作者常常会通过对某一难词给出具体的例子，帮助读者理解该词的词义。举例常用的信号词有：such as, such .as, for example, for instance, like, including, especially等。典例 Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not article

29、s that left them merely sad. 1). Tom must be very affluent. He wears expensive clothes and jewelry, drives a Rolls-Royce convertible, and owns a $1,750,000 house in London.2). You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, English Learning, or Readers Digest.(3)对比转折法：根据反义词或对比关系猜测词义。有时作者会

30、用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether).or, unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand， but, however, although , though，while(然而), rather than, instead of 等标志词。典例 If youre tired of wan

31、dering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class thatll keep your workout on track.73The underlined word“upbeat”in the second paragraph probably means “_”. Acheerful BaverageCserious Dtemporary举例：He had been getting better, However , during the nigh

32、t his condition deteriorated.A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; instead, it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. Though Toms face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. Unlike her gregarious sister,

33、 Jane is a shy person who does not like to go to parties or make new friends. She is usually prompt for all her class , but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.对比Time is something from which we cant escape. Even if we ignore it, its still going by, ticking away, second by second, minu

34、te by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using your time well is, “Whos in charge?” We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally. The underlined word “ally” most likely means somebody or something that is _.A. your slave and serves y

35、ou B. your supporter and helps youB. under your control and obeys you D. under your influence and follows you（4）因果关系法：根据前后句因果关系猜测词义。Signal words: because，since ,so, suchthat, sothat, for, ect. I could see nothing because the light was too faint . I feel that since you are my superior（上司）， it would b

36、e presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”The word “presumptuous” is closest in meaning to “ ” .Afull of respect B rude and too confident Clacking in experience Dtoo shy and quiet 词语再应用1). The collision of the two cars caused a lot of damage to both.a). side-by-side b). striking c). acting2). My

37、 dog is hostile to strangers and therefore will bark at you and may bite you until he gets to know you.a). friendly b). kind c). unfriendly 3). The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow。4) . That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all

38、the exhibits in one day.5).The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.因果Please stay on permitted paths. Otherwise you may destroy desert plants. Pack out what you pack in, so you leave no signs of your visit

39、. It is important to keep in mind that you are in a national park where wildlife exists. What do the underlined words “pack out what you pack in” probably mean?A. Keep everything out of campgrounds.B. Take away everything you bring in.C. Carry all the necessary food.D. Look after your personal belon

40、gings.再如：真题演练典例 There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but youll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so its a_pipe_dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.30What does the

41、underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean? AA practical idea. BA vain hope.CA brilliant plan. DA selfish desire. 典例 This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the firs

42、t floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small woodframe buildings could be lifted fairly easily.63The underlined word “hoist” in Paragraph 4 means “_”AchangeBliftCrepair Ddecorate根据语法知识猜测词义在英语句子中

43、，同位语或同位语从句、定语从句等都起着解释说明、补充或限定的作用，因此也能提供猜测词义的线索。典例 Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies,_ one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.65W

44、hat does the underlined word“tyrannies”in Paragraph 2 refer to?ACountries where their people need help.BPowerful states with higher civilization. CSplendid empires where people enjoy freedom.DGovernments ruled with absolute power. 根据生活常识断定生活常识经验：根据自身的直接或间接的经验，运用自己已有的常识, 以及英美国家的风俗习惯、宗教信仰、社会生活等将生词推测出来

45、。1). Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots(嫩芽）, or young leaves of trees.The word “pruning” means_A. Regular cutting of the plants B. Frequent wateringC. Regular use of chemicals D. Growing the plants high in the mountain2). Husband：Its really cold out tonight. Wife:

46、 Sure it is. My hands are almost numb. How about lighting the fireplace? a). dying b). frozen c). hurt3). The objects around you are visible because they interact with light .Light typically travels in a straight line.But some materials slow and scatter (散射) light，bouncing it away from its original

47、path.Others absorb light，stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it，so you can see it easily.The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means _AsilentlyBgraduallyCregularly Dcompletely4). My color television has given me n

48、othing but a headache.I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldnt fit.I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model.I realized this a day later，when I saw newspaper advertisements for th

49、e set at seventyfive dollars less than I had paid.The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed_off for the night.Fortunately，I didnt get any channels showing allnight movies or I would never have gotten to bed.Which of the following can best re

50、place the phrase “signed off” in Paragraph 1?_Aended all their programsBprovided fewer channelsCchanged to commercialsDshowed allnight movies 代词指代猜测题代词指代题要求考生依据语境的逻辑关系，判断画线的人称代词或指示代词在文章中指代的对象，包括考查it(指动物、无生命的事物、特定的事件或人)，they/them(指代人、物、事件的复数名词)，he/she等人称代词的指代意义，以及指示代词this，that，these，those 等在文章中的指代意义，

51、以考查考生对文章中叙述的特定的人、物、事件的再认能力。常见的命题形式有：The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to “_”. What does “that/those/them” in Paragraph 3 refer to? Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure，providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horse

52、s，professional guides and lots of support workers.They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.What does the underlined word “They” refer to?_AFlooded waters. BWildlife journeys.CSafari camps. DUnique rides. 直接要求考生指出代词所指的具体内容 例 However, to succeed in life, one first needs to set a

53、goal and then gradually make it more practical. And, in addition to that, in order to get really good at something, one needs to spend at least 10,000 hours studying and practicing. In Paragraph 2, the underlined word “that” refers to _.A. being good at somethingB. setting a practical goalC. putting in more timeD. succeeding in life 间接考查考生对代词指代内容的把握 因为代词在上下文或上下句中起语义的衔接作用，在解答某些细节题时，如果不弄清代词的指代内容，就很难选出正确的答案。解题中，考生需要利用代词的回指或预指来理清上下句的衔接关系，从而找到问题的答案。It was hard to lift her. She was just out. But he managed to raise her the four feet to the platform so that bystanders could hold he