四六级复习翻译与写作

1、高等教育(higher education是教育系统中最重要组成部分之一,它通常包括高层次的学习、教学和研究活动,以及各类教育机构。目前,中国共有高等学校2723所,研究生培养单位797个,这些为中国的发展起到了巨大作用。近些年来,教育体制改革不断深化。中国将不断地探索更加公平和科学的人才培养机制,并借鉴国外的有益经验,以提升教学质量和科研水平,增强大学生在劳动力市场当中的竞争力。Higher education is one of the most important parts of the education system, which usually includes learning

2、, teaching and research activities at a high level, and also various education institutions. At present, China has 2723 institutions of higher learning, 797 institutions of developing graduate students, which plays a big role in Chinas development. China has paid the price for this, but it does help

3、 to eradicate the poverty and create job opportunities for people worldwide, which is a good thing and worthwhile praising.In recent years, the education system reform has been continously deepened. China will continuously explore more fair and more scientific talent development system, andborrow th

4、e good experience from other countries to improve teaching quality and research level and enhance the college students competitiveness in the labor market.【预测】国家公祭日国家公祭日是国家为了纪念曾经发生过的重大民族灾难而设立的国家祭日。二战后,主要参战国政府纷纷推出国家级哀悼日,以国家公祭的形式来祭奠在惨案中死难的国民,增强现代人对国家遭受战争灾难历史的记忆,目前已成为国际惯例。波兰的奥斯威辛集中营大屠杀纪念馆、美国的珍珠港事件纪念馆、俄

5、罗斯卫国战争纪念馆、日本的广岛和长崎原爆纪念馆等,每年都举行国家公祭。12月13日是我国南京大屠杀死难者国家公祭日,纪念活动引起了世界媒体的关注。今天,是第三个南京大屠杀死难者国家公祭日,中国同胞、幸存者以及政府领导人参加活动,缅怀这些死难者。【参考译文】National Memorial Day, set up by the state, is meant to commemorate the significant national catastrophe. After World War II, the major belligerent states have successively

6、 put forward the day of mourning at a national level, in the form of a public memorial ceremony, to remember the citizens who have lost their lives in the massacre and intensify the conscience of neoteric people about the pains and sorrows that their countries have suffered during the war, up to now

7、, which has become an international observance. So far, there are numerous examples existing across the world , such as The Holocaust Memorial Hall at Auschwitz, Poland, The Pearl Harbor Memorial Museum in the United States, The Memorial Hall in honor of The Soviet Union's Great Patriotic War ag

8、ainst Nazi Germany in Russia, The Memorial Hall in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan and so forth, where a rite will be held annually. China observes its National Memorial Day for Nanjing Massacre Victims on 13th December, and the commemorative service has gained worldwide media attention. Today, Chines

9、e residents, survivors and government leaders attend the ceremony to remember the dead for China's third official National Day of Remembrance of the massacre.1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义They are as like as two peas 。他们相似极了。(形容词He likes mathematics more than physics 。他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。(动词 Wheat, oat, and the li

10、ke are cereals 。小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。(名词2、根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。He is the last man to come 。他是最后来的。He is the last person for such a job 。他最不配干这个工作。He should be the last man to blame。怎么也不该怪他。This is the last place where I expected to meet you 。我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。词义引伸是我们英译汉时常用的技巧之一。翻译时,有时会遇到某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当的词

11、义,如果任意硬套或逐词死译,就会使译文生硬晦涩,不能确切表达原意,甚至会造成误解。这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系,从该词的根本含义出发,进一步加以引伸,引伸时,往往可以从三个方面来加以考虑。1、词义转译。当我们遇到一些无法直译或不宜直译的词或词组时,应根据上下文和逻辑关系,引伸转译。The energy of the sun comes to the earth mainly as light and heat 。太阳能主要以光和热的形式传到地球。2、词义具体化。根据汉语的表达习惯,把原文中某些词义较笼统的词引伸为词义较具体的词。The last stage went higher and to

12、ok the Apollo into orbit round the earth。最后一级火箭升得更高,把“阿波罗号”送进围绕地球运行的轨道。3、词义抽象化。根据汉语的表达习惯,把原文中某些词义较具体的词引伸为词义较抽象的词,或把词义较形象的词引伸为词义较一般的词。Every life has its roses and thorns 。每个人的生活都有甜有苦。三、汉译的增词技巧英译汉时,按意义上、修辞上或句法上的需要加一些词,使译文更加忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容;但是,增加的并不是无中生有,而是要增加原文中虽无其词却有其意的一些词,这是英译汉中常用的的技巧之一。增词技巧一般分作两种情况。1

13、、根据意义上或修辞上的需要,可增加下列七类词。Flowers bloom all over the yard 。朵朵鲜花满院盛开。(增加表示名词复数的词After the banquets ,the concerts and the table tennis exhibitor ,he went home tiredly 。在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后,他疲倦地回到了家里。(增加动词He sank down with his face in his hands 。他两手蒙着脸,一屁股坐了下去。(增加副词I had known two great social systems 。那

14、是以前,他就经历过两大社会制度。(增加表达时态的词As for me ,I didnt agree from the very beginning 。我呢,从一开始就不赞成。(增加语气助词The article summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers ,artificial satellites and rockets 。本文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭这三方面的新成就。(增加概括词2、根据句法上的需要增补一此词汇。Reading makes a full man ;conference a ready man

15、 ;writing an exact man。读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,写作使人准确。(增补原文句子中所省略的动词All bodies on the earth are known to possess weight。大家都知道地球上的一切物质都肯有重量。(增补被动句中泛指性的词四、正反、反正汉译技巧正反、反正汉译技巧是指翻译时突破原文的形式,采用变换语气的办法处理词句,把肯定的译成否定的,把否定的译成肯定的。运用这种技巧可以使译文更加合乎汉语规范或修辞要求,且不失原意。这种技巧可分五个方面加以陈述。1、肯定译否定The above facts insist on the following

16、 conclusions 。上述事实使人们不能不得出以下结论。2、否定译肯定She wont go away until you promise to help her 。她要等你答应帮助以后才肯走。3、双否定译肯定There can be no sunshine without shadow 有阳光就有阴影。但是,如果翻译时保留英语原来的“否定之否定”的形式并不影响中文的流畅时,则应保留的目的还可突出原文中婉转的语气。如He is not unequal to the duty 。他并非不称职。4、正反移位I dont think he will come 。我认为他不会来了。5、译为部分否

17、定Not all minerals come from mines 。并非所有矿物都来自矿山。Both of the substances do not dissolve in water。不是两种物质都溶于水。五、汉译的重复技巧重复技巧是英译汉中的一种必不可少的翻译技巧。由于英译汉时往往需要重复原文中的某些词才能使译文表达明确具体;又由于英汉语言结构不同,重复的手段和作用也往往不尽相同,大致可分为三种。1、为了明确I had experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble。我曾碰到过,不是氧气设备了故障,就是引擎出故障,或两者都出故障(重复名词Under

18、ordinary conditions of pressure ,water becomes ice at C and steam at 100C。在常压下,水在摄氏零度时变成冰,在摄氏一百度时变成蒸汽。(重复动词 A locality has its own over-all interest ,a nation hasanother and the earth get another。一个地方有一个地方的全局,一个国家有一个国家的全局,一个地球有一个地球的全局(重复谓语部分2、为了强调He wandered along the street ,thinking and thinking b

19、rooding and brooding。他在街头游来荡去,想了又想,盘算了又盘算。3、为了生动While stars and nebulae look like specks or small patches of light . they are really enormous bodies。星星和星云看起来只是斑点点,或者是小片的光,但它们确实是巨大的天体。六、倒译技巧英汉词句组成和排列的顺序千差万别,因此英译汉时作些调整,颠倒一下顺序,则是一种极为常见的翻译技巧,这种翻译技巧共分五种类型。1、复合句倒译技巧。复合句倒译可分为部分倒译和完全倒译两种技巧。This university 6

20、 newly _established faculties ,namely .Electronic Computer ,High Energy Physics ,Laser ,Geo-physics ,Remote Sensing, and Genetic Engineering。这所大学现在有电子计算机、高能物理、激光、地球、物理、遥感技术、遗传工程等六个新建的专业。(部分倒译Many laws of nature actually exist in nature though they have not yet been discovered。虽然许多自然规律还没被发现,但是它们确实在自然

21、界中存在。(完全倒译2、被动句倒译的技巧。被动句倒译时,有时可将被动句倒译成主动句,有时可将状语倒译成主语。The structure of an atom can be accurately described though we cannot see it。虽然我们看不见原子结构,但能准确地描述它。(被动句倒译成主动句Table tennis is played all over China .中国到处都打乒乓球。(状语倒译成主语3、以否定型副词或条件副词开头的句子的部分倒译技巧。能引起这种倒译的副词有no ,never ,hardly ,no longer . in no way ,no

22、t until ,not even ,only 等。Never before have I read such an interesting book 。我从来没有读过这样有趣的书。4、带有介词短语句子的部分倒译技巧These date will be of some value in our research work 。这些资料对于我们的研究工作有些价值。5、习语的倒译技巧。习语的倒译可分为按照汉语的固定顺序倒译和从轻重上加以区分进行倒译以及逆时间顺序进行倒译三种技巧。For its last 600 miles the Yellow River flows eastwards throu

23、gh the flat , fertile ,North China Plain ,which is densely populated。黄河最后的六百英里,向东流过平坦肥沃、人口密集的华北平原。(按照汉语的固定顺序倒译Heal the wounded ,rescue the dying ,practice revolutionary humanitarianism。救死扶伤,实行革命的人道主义。(以轻重上区分进行倒译We have to be quick of eye and deft of hand 。我们必须眼疾手快。(逆时间顺序倒译七、分句、合句汉译技巧英译汉时,由于两种语言的句子结构

24、大不相同而往往需要改变一下句子结构以适应于汉语的表达习惯。采用分句、合句进行翻译的作法正是为了达到这种目的而运用的一种重要技巧。所谓分句,就是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子;所谓合名,就是指把原文的两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句译成一个单句。运用这种分句、合句的汉译技巧可以使译文层次分明,更合乎于汉语的表达习惯。分句流译的技巧共分五种类型,合句汉译的技巧共分三种类型。先谈谈分句汉译技巧的五种类型。1、主语分句汉译技巧。 A man spending twelve days on the moon would find ,on returning to the earth ,t

25、hat a year had passed by already。一个人如果在月亮上度过了十二天,回到地球以后就会发现一年已经过去了。2、谓语分句汉译技巧。It goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere。不言而喻,氧气是大气中最活泼的元素。3、定语分句汉译技巧He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each。他居然种出了二百个奇迹般的西红柿,每个重达两磅。4、状语

26、分句汉译技巧Sunrays filtered in wherever they could ,driving out darkness and choking the shadows。阳光射入了它所能透过的地方,赶走了黑暗,驱散了幽影。5、同位语分句汉译技巧。Mary normally a timid girl ,argued heated with them about it。玛丽平常是个腼腆的姑娘,现在也热烈地和他们辩论起来。八、句子成份的转译技巧英汉两种语言,由于表达方式不尽相同,在具体英译汉时,有时往往需要转换一下句子成分,才能使译达到逻辑正确、通顺流畅、重点突出等目的。句子成分转译作

27、为翻译的一种技巧,其内容和形式都比较丰富,运用范围也相当广泛,共包括五个方面的内容。1、主语转译技巧,可以将句子的主语转译成汉语中的定语、宾语、状语等。The wings are responsible for keeping the sir plane in the air。机翼的用途是使飞机在空中保持不坠。(转译成定语To get all the stages off the ground ,a first big push is needed。为了使火箭各级全部离开地面,需要有一个巨大的第一次推力。(转译成宾语 Machinery has made the products of man

28、ufactories very much cheaper than formerly。因为机械的缘故,工厂里出的产品比起以前来,价格便宜多了。(转译成状语2、谓语转译技巧。可以将谓语转译成定语。Radar works in very much the same way as the flashlight 。雷达的工作原理和手电筒极为相同。3、宾语转译技巧。可以将宾语转译成主语。Automatic lathes perform basically similar functions but apper in a varitety of forms。各种自动车床的作用基本相同,但形式不同4、定语转

29、译技巧。定语可以转译成谓语和状语。Neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton。中子的质量略大于质子的质量。(转译成谓语Scientists in that county are now supplied with necessary books ,epuipment and assistant ,that will ensure success in their scientific research。现在已给该县科学家提供了必要的图书、仪器和助手,以保证科研工作的成功。(转译成状语5、状语转译技巧。状语转译一般指的是状语从句的

30、转译。它可分作把时间状语从句转译成条件状语从句,把地点状语从转译成条件状语从句和把原因状语从句转译成困果偏正复句中的主语等三种形式。These three colors ,red ,green ,and violet ,when combined ,produced white 。红色、绿色和紫色这三种颜色如果合在一起就变成白色。(时间状语从句转译成条件状语从句Where there is nothing in the path of beam of light ,nothing is seen。如果光束通道上没有东西,就什么也看不到。(地点状语从句转译成条件状语从句Because he wa

31、s convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion。他深信这件事正确可靠,因此坚持已见。(原因状语从句转译成因果偏正复合句中的主句第一段、总结描述交代清楚故事涉及的人物、时间、地点:主题句第二段、具体描述具体描述事件发生的原因、经过和结果起因+经过+结果第三段、对事件的分析分析句1+分析句2+分析3实战演练directions:for this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic the day my cl

32、assmate fell ill.1、简单描述一下这位同学生病的情况;2、同学、老师和我是如何帮助他的;3、人和人之间的这种相互关爱给我的感受是.写作模板:架构阶段第一段:开篇句:about _ o'clock one evening in _, _.扩展句:_. (展开描述一下事件第二段:主题句:without hesitation, _. it wasn't long before _.扩展句:1、one _.2、another _.3、our teacher _.第三段:结尾句: is _? who can tell ? but _.扩展句:1、when _ , peop

33、le showed _ spirit regardless of _.2、this kind of care between persons is the very kind giving, unselfish and priceless devotion or sacrifice.3、and it is just because of this care that we can have warm families, a happy life and a beautiful world.写作模板:填充阶段第一段:开篇句:about nine o'clock one evening i

34、n may, my roommate li ming was lying in bed, trembling with cold and having a cough.扩展句:his head was aching so intensely that he kept groaning. his forehead felt very hot. we took his temperature. it was 38.5. (展开描述一下事件第二段:主题句:without hesitation, i dialed "120". it wasn't long before a

35、n ambulance arrived.扩展句:1、one roommate brought a blanket for him.2、another supported him in the ambulance.3、our teacher insisted on giving him some money.第三段:结尾句:is he a suspedtedsars patient? who can tell ? but we did't retreat.扩展句:1、when the savage sarswas spreading, people showed fearless spi

36、rit regardless of dangers to their own health.2、this kind of care between persons is the very kind giving, unselfish and priceless devotion or sacrifice.3、and it is just because of this care that we can have warm families, a happy life and a beautiful world.范文about nine o'clock one evening in ma

37、y, my roommate li ming was lying in bed, trembling with cold and having a cough.his head was aching so intensely that he kept groaning. his forehead felt very hot. we took his temperature. it was 38.5.without hesitation, i dialed "120". it wasn't long before an ambulance arrived. one r

38、oommate brought a blanket for him. another supported him in the ambulance. our teacher insisted on giving him some money.is he a suspedtedsars patient? who can tell ? but we did't retreat. when the savage sars was spreading, people showed fearless spirit regardless of dangers to their own health

39、.this kind of care between persons is the very kind giving, unselfish and priceless devotion or sacrifice.and it is just because of this care that we can have warm families, a happy life and a beautiful world.英语四六级作文模板(1开头部分:Many people insist that.很多人坚持认为. With the development of science and techno

40、logy, more and more people believe that.随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为. A lot of people seem to think that.很多人似乎认为.引出不同观点:People's views on. vary from person to person. Some hold that. . However, others believe that.人们对.的观点因人而异.有些人认为.然而其他人却认为.People may have different opinions on.人们对.可能会有不同的见解. Attitudes towa

41、rds (drugs vary from person to person.人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异. There are different opinions among people as to.关于. 人们的观点大不相同. Different people hold different attitudes toward (failure.对(失败人们的态度各不相同.英语四六级作文模板(2结尾部分:Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that.把所有这些因素加以考

42、虑,我们自然会得出结论. Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that.考虑所有这些因素,我们可能会得出合理的结论.Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that.因此,我们最好得出这样的结论.There is no doubt that (job-hopping has its drawbacks as well as merits.毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点.All in all, we ca

43、nnot live without. But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.总之,我们没有.是无法生活的.但同时,我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题.提出建议:It is high time that we put an end to the (trend. 该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了.It is time to take the advice of . and to put special emphasis on the i

44、mprovement of .该是采纳.的建议,并对.的进展给予特殊重视的时候了.There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of .毫无疑问,对.问题应予以足够的重视.Obviously,. If we want to do something. , it is essential that.显然,如果我们想做某事,很重要的是.Only in this way can we. 只有这样,我们才能.It must be realized that. 我们必须意识到.英语四六级作文模板(3预示后果:Obvio

45、usly, if we don't control the problem, the chances are that. will lead us in danger.很明显,如果我们不能控制这一问题,很有可能我们会陷入危险.No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that.毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施,很可能会.It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation.很紧迫的是,应立即采取措施阻止这一事态

46、的发展.论证部分:From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.在我看来,支持第一种观点比支持第二种观点更有道理.I cannot entirelyagree with the idea that. 我无法完全同意这一观点.Personally, I am standing on the side of .就个人而言,我站在.的一边.I sincerely believe that. 我真诚地相信.In my opinion, it is more

47、 advisable to do . than to do.在我个人看来,做.比做.更明智. Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why.坦诚地说,最后,还有一个较为实际的原因,_。英语四六级作文模板(4给出原因:This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, . Second, . Third, .这一现象的存在是有许多原因的.首先, . 第二, . 第三, . Why did. ? For one thing.For another.

48、Perhaps the primary reason is.为什么会.? 一个原因是. 令一个原因是.或许其主要原因是.I quite agree with the statement that. the reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述,即.,其主要原因如下:列出解决办法:Here are some suggestions for handling.这是如何处理某事的一些建议. The best way to solve the troubles is. 解决这些麻烦的最好办法是.People have figured out many way

49、s to solve this problem. 人们已找出许多办法来解决这个问题.批判错误观点和做法:As far as something is concerned, .就某事而言,.It was obvious that. 很显然,.It may be true that., but it doesn't mean that.可能.是对的,但这并不意味着.It is natural to believe that. , but we shouldn't ignore that. 认为.是很自然的,但我们不应忽视.There is no evidence to sugges

50、t that. 没有证据表明.英语四六级作文模板(5作文中常用连接词的选择表示强调的连接词still, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially. Obviously, clearly.表示比较的连接词like, similarly, likewise, in the

51、 same way, in the same manner, equally.表示对比的连接词by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast.表示列举的连接词for example, for instance, such as, take .for example. Except

52、(for, to illustrate.表示时间的连接词later, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, during, nowadays, since, lately, as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, e

53、arlier, now, after a while.东方明珠广播电视塔(the Oriental Pearl TV Tower坐落于上海陆家嘴浦东园区。东方明珠东北是杨浦大桥,西南是南浦大桥,构成“二龙戏珠"的画面。这幅壮观的画面常年吸引着成千上万的游客。这座468米高的电视塔是世界上第三高的电视广播塔。整个电视塔建造在茂盛的绿草地上,像玉盘里的一颗珍珠一样闪闪发亮。这座超现代的电视塔将古老的概念,如球形的珍珠,和21世纪的技术、商业、娱乐、教育和会议设施相结合,真是很神奇。参考翻译:Located in Pudong Park in Lujiazui,Shanghai, theO

54、riental Pearl TV Tower with the Yangpu Bridge inthe northeast and the Nanpu Bridge in thesouthwest, creates a picture of "two dragons playingwith a pearl”.This magnificent scene attractsthousands of visitors all year long.This 468-meter-high tower is the world's third highest TV andradiotow

55、er.The entire structure rests on rich green grassland and gives the appearance of apearl shining on a jade plate.It is amazing that this ultra-modern TV tower combines ancientconcepts such as the spherical pearls, with technology, commerce, recreation, educational andconference facilities of the 21s

56、t century.随着人民生活水平和消费水平的提高,中国的垃圾问题日益严峻。很多城市被垃圾包围。面对日益增长的垃圾产量和环境状况的恶化。中国政府正在努力推行垃极分类(garbageclassification的政策。垃圾分类是指将垃圾分为可回收利用和不可回收利用两类,要求人们将垃圾投放至不同的垃圾桶(trash can,通过不同的清理、运输和回收方式,使之变成新的资源。它可以减少垃圾处理量,降低处理成本,减少土地资源的消耗,对社会、经济、生态三方面都有益。参考翻译:With the improvement of people's living standardsand the inc

57、rease of consumption level,thegarbageproblem in China becomes increasingly urgent.Manycities are surrounded by garbage.Confrontedwiththe growing garbage output and deterioratingenvironment,the Chinese government is implementing the policy of garbage classificationwith great effort.Garbage classifica

58、tion means dividing garbage into recyclable andunrecyclable,and requires people to put garbage into different trash cans so that it can becomenew resources through different ways of cleaning,transporting and recycling.It can reduce notonly the amount of garbage that needs to be disposed,but also the

59、 deposing cost and theusage of land,benefiting our society,economy and environment.中华人民共和国成立以来,为提高国民素质,政府致力于普及九年义务教育。九年义务教育是指小学和初中阶段共计9年的教育。1986年,中国制定了中华人民共和国义务教育法(Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republicof China,这标志着从法律上确立了义务教育制度。从那以后,九年义务教育取得了显著的进展。2002年的数据显示,小学学龄儿童的入学率达到98.6%。2006年,新的义务教育法的颁布使义务教育向素质教育、免费教育大步迈进,促使中国的教育进入一个全新的发展阶段。参考翻译:Since the foundation of the People's Republic o