英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

1、有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）36. Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to

2、 show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1) The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2) He saw young men and women present.(3) They were surprised at the presidents appointment.37. Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.reun-anti-s

3、uper-wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）V .Answer the following questions。x 2=20%）41. Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题（第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分）41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42.

4、For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.s HAMLETThe girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespearebelow carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Ha

5、mlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there, seek him i the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the leve

6、l of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinct

7、ive features.英语语言学试题（7）五、论述题（每小题 10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms ofGrice s Cooperative Principle:A: Where ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionab

8、leness, ungentlemanliness（每个语素0. 5分）英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题41. Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42. Describe the process of language perception, co

9、mprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learners acquisition of a second language.欢迎下载32语言学试题参考答案、单项选择题（本大题共10小

10、题，每小题2分，共20分）I、C 2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D6、B 7、B 8、C 9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）II、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共 10小题，每小题2分，共20 分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form

11、of language than the written form for anumber of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not inChinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing todo with the sum total of the meanings of theircomponents, such as the compound redcoat.24、FApart from S and C, they also refer

12、to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, girl is called lassie in Scott

13、ish dialect, and liquor is called whishey in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be usedin somedomains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesi

14、s, language determinesspeakers perceptions and patterns their way of life30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher

15、level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study ofthe Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A

16、 way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added towhat type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an ad

17、jective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, husband and wife, father and son etc.37、Compo

18、nential analysis is a way proposed by thestructural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word man is analyzedascomprisingof+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MA

19、LE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in whi

20、ch linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or servesto avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. pass away for die.40、Brain lateralization refers to the lo

21、calization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and theleft hemisphere more analytically.In most people, theleft hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisph

22、ere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共 2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sound

23、s, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to oneof the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system

24、of Modern English,e.g. five /fi:v/(Middle English)/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so night was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation

25、is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word i

26、s known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle-spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronoun

27、ced /? ks/.Also, bridd (bird) is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart bird.评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。42、The acquisition of a second language is dependent on a combination of facto

28、rs. The rate and ultimate success in SLA are affected not only by learners experience with optimal input and instruction, but also by individual learner factors. The learner factors that have captured the attention of SLA researchers include age, motivation, acculturation, and personality:1) Age The

29、 optimum age for SLA does not always accord with the maxim of the younger the better. But ithas been demonstrated that adolescents are quicker and more effective L2 learners than young children. The early teenagersare good L2 learners because theirflexibility of the language acquisition faculty has

30、not been completelylost and their cognitive skills havedeveloped considerably to facilitate the processing of linguistic features of a new language.2) Motivation Adults are motivated to learn a second language because of a communicative need. If the learners have a strong instrumental need to learn

31、a second language or have a strong interest in the way oflife of native speakers of the language they are learning, they are most likely to succeed.3) Acculturation The more a learner aspires to acculturate to the community of the target language, the further he or she will progress along the develo

32、pmental continuum.4) Personality The generally outgoing adult learnerssuccessfullearn more quickly and therefore are more than the generally reserved ones.英语语言学试题（2）参考答案单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分）1.B2.D3.D4.D5.B6.A7.B8.C9.A10.B填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. words question12. social groups13. sentence meaning14. polyglot15

33、. voicelessvoiced voiced三、判断说明题(每小题2分，共20分)16. T17. F(Sense and referenc e)18. F(scientific study of language)19. F(finite verb)20. F(diachronic)21. F(no value judgement)22. T23. T24. F(morpheme)25. F(one of the parts)四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)26. The study of language as a whole is often called general lin

34、guistics.27. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.28. The base form of a word; the existing form to whicha derivational affix can be added.29. The sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic categories of each structural const

35、ituent, such as NP and VP30. The words of a language are labels of the objects they stand for; a linguistic form is linked through conceptsto what it refers to.31. Do not say what you believe to be false or without adequate evident; Avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity, be brief and orderly.3

36、2. A process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.33. A variety of languages used by a social class.34. Thought when it is close to language.35. A comparative procedure to establish linguistic differences between languages for teaching purposes.五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36. (1)the hunters

37、 are shooting; the hunters are shot;(2) young men and young women; young men and (not young) women(3) the president appoints others; the president is appointed.37. re-:again,e.g.retype,reorganizeun-: not, reverse, e.g. unhappy, unlockanti-: against, anti- drug, anti-imperialismsuper- greater than us

38、ual, e.g. superpower, superman-wise: in the manner of, e.g. clockwise, moneywise-itis: infection. e.g. bronchitis, arthritis-ize: make into, e.g. realize, modernize-age: process. e.g. mileage, linkage英语语言学试题（8） 语言学试题参考答案、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1.A2.A3.B4.C5.D6.A7.B8.C9.D10.A、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1 分、，

39、共10分）ll.socialplementary13.rootplexplementary 16.utterance17.metathesis18.bilingualism19ateralization20.transfer三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21. FThe contrary is true. The writing system is always alater invention.22. T23. FSome compounds contain more than two words.24. T25. FIt is false because ling

40、uistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions morning star and evening star. They refer to the same star but differ in sense.26. T27. FThe division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitr

41、ary.28. T29. T30. FChildren first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world, no matter what language they are exposed to ,and in later stages acquire the more difficult sounds.四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31.0ne of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the ab

42、ility to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, i.e.it has to be taught and learnt.32. The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication, i.e.the speech sounds.33. V

43、oicing is a phonetic feature of some soundst is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.34nflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories,such as-ed,-(e)s,-est in English.35. Reference iswhat a linguistic form refers to in thereal world; it i

44、s a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ,if we say, The dog is barking, we must be talking about a certain dog known toboth the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word dog refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word

45、dog.36. Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words, phrases, and clausest is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. For example, by saying You have left the door wide open,the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the wo

46、rds and expressed what the words literally mean.37. A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages.38. An ethnic dialect is a s

47、ocial dialect of a language,often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation.39. Registers are language varieties appropriate for usein particular speech sit

48、uations,in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason, registers are also known as situational dialects.40. Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language comm

49、unity.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41n addition to revealing a linear order, a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustra

50、te the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.For example, the phrase the old men and women may have two interpretations, i.e.the adjective old ” maymodify the noun men, or the following two nouns men and women.Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference, so it is ambiguous.Whereas

51、,the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear.So,we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis.NPNPNPNPNPNPThe old menandthe women the oldmen and the old women42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis,languageuseinter

52、msofperception,comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers.When we speak,words are drawn from Wernickes area and transferred to Brocas area, which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The appropriate instruction

53、s are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words.When we hear something and try to comprehend it,t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernickes area,where it is then interpreted.When we perceive a visual image,a message is sent t

54、o the angular gyrus,where it is converted into a visual pattern.英语语言学试题（9）参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C 2、B 3、C 4、B 5、A 6、C 7、C 8、B 9、B 10、 C二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分） 11、facts 12、sequential 13、free 14、coordinate 15、 semantics 16 、Cooperative 17 、transmission 18 、social 19 、 subvocal 20、Interl

55、anguage三、判断改错题（本大题共 10小题，每小题 2分，共 20分）21、（ T）22、（ F）As there is an essential difference between the consonants and the vowels, i.e. there is some kind of obstruction of air in the production of the former, but thereis not in the production of the latter, it is impossible to use the same criteria in

56、their classification.23、( F) We cannot always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of its parts.24、(T)25、( F) The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and its referent, i.e. betwee

57、n language and the real world; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.26、(T)27、( F) In first language acquisition childrens grammar never models exactly after the grammar of adult language, because children usually construct their personal grammars by themselves and generalize rules from the linguistic information they hear.28、(T)29、(T)30、( F) Instruction and correction are not key factors in child language d