研究生考试考研英语一真题试题及答案

1、百度文库让每个人平等地提升自我2015年研究生考试考研英语一真题试题及答案SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,fiiendsareas“related”asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis_(1)_astudy,publishedfromtheUnivers

2、ityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has_(2)_.Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted_(3)_1,932uniquesubjectswhich_(4)_pairsofunrelatedfiiendsandumelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth_(5)_.While1%mayseem_(6)_,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,profe

3、ssorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopledonoteven_(7)_theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho_(8)_ourkin.”Thestiidy_(9)_fbundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforinununity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow._(10)_

4、,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenviromnentsbutthereismore_(ll)_it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat_(12)_usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends_(13)_functionalKinship“ofbeingfiiendswith_(14)_!Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving_(15)_thanotherge

5、nes.Studyingthiscouldhelp_(16)_whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenviromnentbeingamajor_(17)_factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeoples_(18)_tobefriendthoseofsimilar_(19)_backgrounds,saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewasta

6、kento_(20)_thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangers,weretakenfromthesamepopulation.1. AwhenBwhyChowDwhat2. AdefendedBconcludedCwithdrawnDadvised3. AforBwithConDby4. AcomparedBsoughtCseparatedDcomiected5. AtestsBobjectsCsamplesDexamples6. AinsignificantBunexpectedCunreliableDincredible7. AvisitBniissCseek

7、Dknow8. AresembleBinfluenceCfavorDsuipass9. AagainBalsoCinsteadDthus10. AMeanwhileBFurthennoreCLikewiseDPerhaps11. AaboutBtoCfromDlike12. AdriveBobseiveCconftiseDlimit13. AaccordingtoBratherthanCregardlessofDalongwith14. AchancesBresponsesCniissionsDbenefits15. AlaterBslowerCfasterDearlier16. Afbrec

8、astBrememberCunderstandDexpress17. AunpredictableBcontributoryCcontrollableDdismptive18. AendeavorBdecisionCarrangementDtendency19. ApoliticalBreligiousCetlmicDeconomic20. AseeBshowCproveDtellSectionIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Readthefollowingfburtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA

9、,B.CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdoiftabdicate,theydareintheirsleep.ButembanassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.SodoestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingi

10、tslastdays?DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentunifbnnsandmajesticlifestyle?TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarized,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove“meie”politicsand“embody”asp

11、iritofnationalunity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchscontinuingpopularityasheadsofstate.Andalso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndona).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroy

12、alfamilieshavesuivivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveiyhistoiy-andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday-embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequ

13、alities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizanethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmodemdemocraticstates.Themostsuccessfillmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprinc

14、esseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintmsivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEuropesmonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosuiviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofea

15、rfromtheSpanishexample.ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreseivedthemonarchyreputationwithherratherordinaiy(ifwell-heeled)graimystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysuivivedbecausetheyprovide

16、aservice-asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoiyshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchysworstenemies.21. AccordingtothefirsttwoParagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpainA usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupportB wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyalsC easedhisrelationship

17、withhisrivalsDendedhisreigninembaiTassment22. MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostlyA owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatusB toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandrealityC togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookuptoDduetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment23. Wliichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,ac

18、cordingtoParagraph4?A AristocratsexcessiverelianceoninlieritedwealthB TheroleofthenobilityinmodemdemocraciesC ThesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamiliesDThenobilitysadherencetotheirprivileges24. TheBritishroyals“havemosttofearbecauseCharlesA takesaroughlineonpoliticalissuesB failstochangehislifesty

19、leasadvisedC takesrepublicansashispotentialalliesD failstoadapthimselftohisfiitiirerole25. Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?A Carlos,GloiyandDisgraceCombinedB Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThroneC Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchsDCharles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreatsText2Justhowmuchdoes

20、theConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawanantifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduringanaixest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingmlingparticularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroug

21、hthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheiraiiest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCaliforniansadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdatedguide

22、linestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCaliforniaslameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofasmartphone-avaststorehouseofdigitalinfbnnation-issimilarto,say,riflingthroughasuspectspurse.ThecourthasruledthatpolicedoiftviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheysiftthioughthewalletorpocketbook

23、ofananesteewithoutawanant.Butexploringonessmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.AsmartphonemaycontainanarresteesreadinghistoiyfinancialhistoiymedicalhistoiyandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcoiTespondence.Thedevelopmentofcloudcomputing,“meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.Americansshould

24、takestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeepingsensitiveinfbnnationonthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnonnallife.CitizensstillhavearighttoexpectprivatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitutionsprohibitiononunreasonablesearches.Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesnteasethec

25、hallengeofline-drawing.Inmanycases,itwouldnotbeoverlyonerousforauthoritiestoobtainawananttosearchthioughphonecontents.TheycouldstillinvalidateFourthAmendmentprotectionswhenfacingsevere,urgentcircumstances,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedataarenoterasedoralteredwhileawanantispendi

26、ng.Thecourt,though,maywanttoallowroomforpolicetocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomorefreedom.ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCaliforniasargumentwhole.New,dismptiveteclmologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitutionsprotections.OrinKen;alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdig

27、italinfbnnationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseasavimialnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinfbnnationnow.26. TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,it

28、islegitimatetoA preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.B searchforsuspectsmobilephoneswithoutawanant.C checksuspectsphonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.Dprohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.27. TheauthorattitudetowardCaliforniasargumentisoneofA disapproval.B indifference.C tolerance.Dca

29、utiousness.28. Theauthorbelievesthatexploringonesphonecontentsiscomparableto9百度文库让每个人平等地提升自我A gettingintoonesresidence.B handingoneshistoricalrecords.C scanningonescoiTespondences.D goingtluoughoneswallet.29. InParagiaph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthatA principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.B thec

30、ourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.C citizensprivacyisnoteffectivelyprotected.D phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinfbnnation.30. OrinKerrscomparisonisquotedtoindicatethatA theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.B newteclmologyrequiresreinteipretationoftheConstitution.Californiasargumentviolatesprin

31、ciplesoftheConstitution.DprinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.Text3ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysi

32、sarecontributingtotheineproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings.ReadersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjoumaljwritesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,thejournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manuscriptwillbeflag

33、gedupfbradditionalscmtinybythejournalsinternaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanuscripts.Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:Thecreationofthestatisticsboardwasmotivatedbyconc

34、ernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofSciencesoveralldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchwepublishGiovamiiPannigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amemberoftheSBoREgroup.Hesaysheexpectstheboardto“playprimarilyanadvisoiytole.H

35、eagreedtojoinbecausehefoundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenoveluniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.ThisimpactwillnotonlybetluoughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefiillytlnoughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.”Jolmloannidis,aphysicianwhos

36、tudiesresearchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyis“amostwelcomestepforwardand“longoverdue?Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview,andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.Ithinkthat,forthemajorityofscientificpapersnowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessentialthanexpertreview/,hesays.Buthenotedthatbiomedicalj

37、ournalssuchasAimalsofInternalMedicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattentiontostatisticalreview.Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoanalyzedata,butstatisticaleiTorsarealanninglycoinnioninpublishedresearch,accordingtoDavid、匕ux,acellbiologist.Researchersshouldi

38、mprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2012,butjournalsshouldalsotakeatougherline,engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliterateandeditorswhocanverifytheprocess”.VauxsaysthatSciencesideatopasssomepaperstostatisticians”hassomemerit,butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentifythepapersthatnee

39、dscmtinyinthefirstplace”.31. ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1thatA Scienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocess.B journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.12百度文库让每个人平等地提升自我C fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis.D lackofdataanalysisiscoimnoninresearchprojects.32. Thephrase“flaggedup(Para.

40、2)istheclosestinmeaningtoA found.B marked.C revised.D stored.33. GiovaimiPannigianibelievesthattheestablislunentoftheSBoREmayA poseathreattoallitspeers.B meetwithstrongopposition.C increaseSciencescirculation.Dsetanexampleforotherjomnals.34. DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnowA addstoresearchers

41、9workload.B diminishestheroleofreviewers.C hasroomfbrfortherimprovement.Distofailintheforeseeablefiitiire35. Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?A ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapers.B ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespectC DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditorsDesksD StatisticiansAr

42、eComingBackwithScienceText4Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoclfsdaughter.Elisabeth,spokeoftheunsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions”Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism”insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.Butitsus,humanbeings,wethepeoplew

43、hocreatethesocietywewantjiotprofitDrivingherpointhome,shecontinued:Itsincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguagewithingoveninient,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousfoalsforcapitalismandfreedom.ThissameabsenceofmoralpuiposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational.shi

44、eldthoughtjnakingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyones-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspkingtohackphones.andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,iimocentofthesamecharge-thewinderissueofdearthofintegritys

45、tillstandstill,Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlemiMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepointpersonfbrphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpuiposeframesnoto

46、nlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetennsonwhichthetrialtookplace.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,wowlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredwowthestoriesanived.Thecoreofhersuccessfilldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.Intodaysworld,t

47、itlehasbecomeiionnalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountablefbrwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheymnperhapsweshouldnotbesosuiprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,busi

48、ness-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjusticefairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstandingtobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlive

49、sinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstmctions-norreceivedtraceable,recordedanswers.36. Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,ElisabethwasupsetbyA theconsequencesofthecuiientsortingmechanismB companiesf

50、inanciallossduetoimmoralpractices.C govenmientalineffectivenessonmoralissues.Dthewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.37. ItcanbeinfenedfromParagraph3thatA GlemMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime.B morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking.C AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldiimocentofthecharge.D phoneha

51、ckingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions.38. TheauthorbelievestheRebekahBookssdefenceA revealedacunningpersonalityB centeredontrivialissuesC washardlyconvincingD waspartofaconspiracy39. TheauthorholdsthatthecunentcollectivedoctrineshowsA generallydistortedvalues.B unfairwealthdistribution.C amarginaliz

52、edlifestyle.D arigidmoralcode.40. Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?A Thequalityofwritingisofprimaiyimportance.B Commonhumanityiscentralnewsreporting.C Moralawarenessmattersineditinganewspaper.D Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesenten

53、ceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyo

54、urexplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar(41)Youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisinvolved:whoismakingtheutterance,towhom,whenandwhere.Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofofcomprehension.Buttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustpassiveass

55、imilationbutofactiveengagementinferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinfbnnationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandcues.(42)Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.Wliatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedorctruemea

56、ningthatcanbereadoffandclockedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationofthetexttotheworld.(43)Suchbackgioundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.(44)Thisdoesnt,however,makeinteipretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,placesandsocialexperiencesproducediffe

57、rentbutoverlappingreadingsofthesame18百度文库让每个人平等地提升自我wordsonthepage-includingfortextsthatengagewithfimdamentalhumanconcems-debatesabouttextscanplayanimpoitantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandvalues.Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingit.(45)Suchdimensionsofreadsuggest-asothersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo-thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesntthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisftiller,moreadvancedormor