专业英语 考试内容

1、连线题想一想？以下这些词是属于哪种合成方法呢？（合成名词合成形容词、合成动词、语句式合成动词）workshop、 blueprint 、 light-blue、 reading-room 、 never-too-old-to-learn spirit 、 sun-bathing、 whitewash、 feed-back、 downfall、 well-known、 long-suffering、 work-harden、 glowing worm、 draftsman、 long-legged、 first-rate、 good-looking、 breakstone、 world-wide

2、、 oil-bearing、 man-made、 a black-and-white film、 man-of-war 、 half-understand、ready-made 合成名词名词+名词：workshop（车间，工程）形容词+名词： blueprint（蓝图）动名词+名词： reading-room（阅览室）动词+名词： breakstone（碎石）名词+动名词： sun-bathing（日光浴）动词+副词： feed-back（反馈）副词+名词： downfall（垮台）现在分词+名词： glowing worm（萤火虫）名词+介词+名词： man-of-war（军舰）名词+连词字

3、母+名词： draftsman（制图员） 合成形容词形容词+名词+-ed： long-legged（长腿的）数词+名词： first-rate（第一流的）名词+形容词： world-wide（世界范围的）名词+现在分词： oil-bearing（含石油的）名词+过去分词： man-made（人造的）形容词+形容词： light-blue（淡蓝色的）形容词+现在分词：good-looking（好看的）形容词+过去分词： ready-made（现成的）副词+现在分词： long-suffering（能忍耐的）副词+过去分词：well-known（著名的） 合成动词名词+动词：work-harden

4、（加工硬化）形容词+动词：whitewash（粉刷）副词+动词：half-understand（一知半解） 句式合成词a black-and-white film（黑白影片） never-too-old-to-learn spirit （活到老学到老的精神） 合并：conrod（=connecting rod）连杆 缩略首字母：CET（=College English Test）大学英语TOEFL（=Test of English as a Foreign Language）托福ppm：parts per million 百万分之一m.p. : melting point 熔点rpm（rm）：

5、revolution per minute 转分钟SOS：Save Our Souls国际通用呼救信号P.T.O：please turn over 请看背面BTW : by the way 顺便FTP：file transfer protocol 文件传送协议 缩短，词的缩短有下列三种类型：省去词首的几个字母quake（=earthquake）地震省去中间的几个字母maths（=mathematics）数学省去尾部的几个字母lab（=laboratory）实验室Corp（corporation）股份公司头尾各省去一部分flu（influenza）流行性感冒PK有哪些意思呢？ 传统游戏和网络游戏

6、中的PK：Player Kill: 单挑，杀其他的玩家 运动中的PK ：Point Kick: 足球中的点球(Penalty Kick罚点球) 医药卫生的PK：Protein Kinase 蛋白激酶 天文地理的PK：Pakistan 巴基斯坦其它构词法：反成法 字母形象法 反成法是指先合成名词，然后再去掉词尾构成动词的方法。 finger-printing（指纹、手印）finger-print（按手印） Typewriter（打字机）typewrite（打字） 用以表示事物的外形，产品的型号、牌号等 U-pipe： U形管 X-ray： X射线 V-belt： V带其它构词法：符号法 ： an

7、d，和 ： and或or，“和”或“或” MN：M和N，或M或N $： dollar，美元 ￥： yuan，元3、常见前后缀 1、a- 加在单词或词根前面，表示加在单词或词根前面，表示不，无，非不，无，非“asocial 不好社交的（不好社交的（a+social 好社交的）好社交的）amoral 与道德无关的（与道德无关的（a+moral 道德的）道德的）apolitical. 不关政治的（不关政治的（a+political 政治的）政治的） 加在单词前，表示加在单词前，表示在在，的的“asleep 睡着的（睡着的（a+sleep 睡觉）睡觉）alive 活的（活的（a+live 活）活）aw

8、ash泛滥的（泛滥的（a+wash 冲洗）冲洗）2、ab-, abs-加在词根前表示“相反，变坏，离去”等字首ab，abs源自拉丁文介系词a，ab意思是away，from等含 “相反、负面、不好”之意如abnormal 畸形，不正常的（ab+normal 正常的）absent 缺席的（ab+sent 出现没有出现缺席的）abduct 诱拐（ab+duct 引导引走诱拐）abstract 抽象的；心不在焉的（abs+tract 拉被拉开心不在焉）abuse 虐待，辱骂（ab+use 用用坏滥用） 3、ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的

9、词根前，表示“一再”等加强意 accelerate加速（ac+celer 速度一再增加速度） accompany陪伴（ac+company 伙伴陪伴） accumulate 积累（ac+cumul 堆积+ate堆积起来积累） accustom 使习惯（ac+custom 习俗习惯习俗） addict 上瘾，入迷（ad+dict 说一再说起对入迷） afford 买得起（af+ford 拿出一再拿出钱买得起） affirm 肯定（af+firm 坚定肯定） aggression 侵略，进攻（ag+gress 走+ion一再往前走进攻） announce 通告（an+nounce 通知通告） ap

10、plause 鼓掌（ap+plause 喝彩一再喝彩鼓掌） appreciate 欣赏（ap+reci 价值+ate一再给价欣赏） arrange 安排（ar+range 排列安排）4、表示数量的前缀 （1）haplo, mono, uni :单,一,独 haploid 单倍体 monoxide一氧化物 monoatomic单原子的 （2 ） bi, di,dipl,twi,du: 二,双,两,偶 biocolor 双色, dichromatic 双色的, diplobacillus 双杆菌 dikaryon 双核体 twin :孪生 dual 双重的 （3） tri :三,丙 triangl

11、e三角 triacylglycerol三酰甘油 tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循环 （4）quadri,quadru,quart,tetr,tetra:四 quadrilateral四边的 quadrivalent四价的 quadruped四足动物 tetrode四极管 tetracycline四环素 （5）pent,penta,quique五 pentose戊糖 pentagon五角形 pentane戊烷 quintuple 五倍的 pentose戊糖 pentomer五邻粒 （6） hex,hexa,sex 六 hexose已糖 hexapod六足动物 hexap

12、oda昆虫纲 hexamer六聚体 （7） hepta,sept(i) 七 heptane 庚烷 heptose 庚糖 heptoglobin七珠蛋白 （8） oct八 octpus 章鱼 octagon八角形 octane 辛烷 octase 辛糖 （9） enne,nona九 nonapeptide 九肽 enneahedron 九面体 （10）deca,deka 十 : decapod 十足目动物 decahedron 十面体 decagram 十克 （11）hecto, 百 hectometer百米 hectoliter百升 hectowatt 百瓦 （12） kilo,千 kilod

13、alton (KD) 千道尔顿 kilobase 千碱基 kiloelectron volt 千电子伏特 （13） deci,十分之一,分 decimeter 分米 decigram 十分之一克（14） centi,百分之一 sentimeter （15） milli,千分之一,毫 millimole 毫摩(尔) milliliter 毫升 （16） micro,百万分之一,微,微小,微量 microgram微克 microogranism微生物 microecology微生态学 micropipet微量移液器 （17） demi,hemi,semi半 demibariel 半桶 hemice

14、rebrum 大脑半球 semiopaque半透明 semi-allel半等位基因 semi-conductor半导体三、EST词汇构词方法 1、旧词汇新义 旧词汇新义就是一个词汇获得了新的词义范畴，是原来表达形式分化出一个新的词汇。 virus病毒电脑病毒 library图书馆程序集、信息库 recycle再循环（废物）回收利用 antidote解毒药（电脑术语）抗病毒程序2、杜撰新词大量的科技英语新词汇是根据新出现的科学技术或者科学现象而杜撰出来的。quark（夸克） 3、构词法构成新词汇 （1）词缀法 词缀法即指派生词，是利用具有派生能力的前缀或后缀加词根构成新词汇。 hyper-高于，

15、超过 hypertext超链接 hyperaccess超级访问软件 hypertext超文本 cyber-表示“与电脑有关的” cyberculture电脑文化 cyberscope电脑时空 cyber-friend网友 -rama 前景；大型 telerama大型电视机 cinerama全景电影 例如： Force applied equals mass times acceleration. Weakness in the metal caused it to fracture under tension. Basically, the theory proposed among othe

16、r things, that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light, that mass appears to increase with speed, that 出翻译题：What is really required therefore is a safe, reliable, and inexpensive device, which can be inserted between the transmission line and the consuming apparatus, to convert t

17、he high voltage（电压） and low current（电流） of the economical transmission line into the low voltage and high current required by the consuming apparatus, that is, a piece of apparatus to perform the same function in electrical transmission as a pair of reduction gears（传动） does in mechanical transmissio

18、n, in which, a high torque（转矩） and low speed are readily and effectively converted into a low torque and high speed, or vice versa. 例如：施动者属于某种动物、植物或物质 The water is absorbed by the plant. 施动者为某一组织或机构 Large quantities of fuel are used by modern industry. 施动者是一种自然过程 The growth was affected by radiation

19、（辐射）. 施动者为某种情况或原因 The work was unaffected by the extent of the damage. 施动者为赖以进行动作的手段或方法，施动者除了by外，还可以由by means of引出： The machine is powered by means of a small electric motor.ETS中使用被动语态的情况 强调动作对象或结果 As the hole is being drilled, a steel（钢铁） pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. 避免

20、提到人时 The information about each characteristic was carried to the next station. 使句子更简练 When the radiant（辐射的） energy of the sun falls on the earth, it is changed into heat energy, and the earth is warmed. 出于行文需要时 At the power plant（发电厂） the output voltage is stepped up by a transformer, which may rai

21、se it as high as 220,000 volts（伏特） or more. 例如： 转化条件状语从句 You can rectify（改正） this fault if you insert a wedge. Rectification of this fault is achieved by insertion of a wedge. 转化时间状语从句 After it is separated After separation 转化原因状语从句 The steam pressure falls because it condenses on the cylinder. The

22、steam pressure falls because of its condensation on the cylinder. 转化目的或结果状语从句 The moving parts of a machine are often oiled so that friction may be greatly reduced. The moving parts of a machine are often oiled for great reduction of friction. 转化让步状语从句 Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, al

23、though its form can be changed. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed in spite of file changeability of the form of energy. 转化名词从句 The engineer has told us where we shall drill another oil well. The engineer has told us where to drill another oil well. 把形容词加以名词化，以简化一些以whether、how等开头的名词从句 It is

24、 necessary to examine whether these results are accurate. It is necessary to examine the accurate of the results. 简化定语从句 Any student who wishes to follow a program that involves a major departure from an approved curriculum must obtain permission from his or her faculty（系） counselor（辅导员） during the

25、junior year in order to assure that such substitutions（替换） are well thought out and not carelessly chosen. Any student wishing to follow a program involving a major departure from an approved curriculum must obtain permission from his or her faculty counselor during the junior year in order to assur

26、e that such substitutions are well thought out and not carelessly chosen. The general layout of the illumination system and lenses of the electron microscope corresponds to the layout of the light microscope. The electron “gun” which produces the electrons is equivalent to the light source of the op

27、tical microscope. The electrons are accelerated by a high-voltage potential (usually 40,000 to 100,000volt),and pass through a condenser lens system usually composed of two magnetic lenses. The system concentrates the beam onto the specimen, and the objective lens provides the primary magnification.

28、 The final images in the electron microscope must be projected onto a phosphor-coated screen so that it can be seen. For this reason, the lenses that are equivalent of the eyepiece in an optical microscope are call “projector” lenses. The burning of coal is very wasteful of energy. This can be reali

29、zed when we remember that one pound of coal burned in the furnace of a power station will raise enough steam to drive a generator that will produce enough current to light a one-bar electric fire for three hours. On the other hand, if all the energy in the atoms of a pound of coal could be released,

30、 there should be energy to drive all the machinery in all the factories in Britain for a mouth. 六、逻辑性强 科技文章的逻辑性强主要表现在概念明确，判断合理、恰当，推理严密等。例如 Naturally, a great deal of thought has been given to possible ways of preventing the emergence of resistance. One suggestion has been the use of mixtures of two

31、different types of insecticides, with the idea that one of them should eliminate the individuals resistant to other. This principle has been found useful in preventing resistance to antibiotics in bacteria. Unfortunately, the few practical trials have not been encouraging, for the mixtures have mere

32、ly developed a double resistance to the two insecticides. 翻译阅读中英Youve got to find what you love I dropped out（退学） of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in（顺便访问） for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out? 我在Reed大学读了六个月之后就退学了,但是在后来的十八个

33、月中,我真正的作出退学决定之前，我还经常去学校。我为什么要退学呢？ I slept on the floor in friends rooms, I returned coke bottles for the five-cent deposits to（存入） buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumble

34、d into（卷入） by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. 我只能在朋友房间的地板上面睡觉,我去捡5美分的可乐瓶子，仅仅为了填饱肚子, 在星期天的晚上,我需要走七英里的路程，穿过这个城市到Hare Krishna寺庙,只是为了能吃上饭这个星期唯一一顿好一点的饭。但是我喜欢这样。我跟着我的直觉和好奇心走, 遇到的很多东西,此后被证明是无价之宝。 Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when

35、I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later. 当然我在大学的时候，还不可能把从前的当然我在大学的时候，还不可能把从前的点点滴滴串连起来点点滴滴串连起来,但是当我十年后回顾这但是当我十年后回顾这一切的时候一切的时候,真的豁然开朗了。真的豁然开朗了。 So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devast

36、ating. 所以在三十岁的时候所以在三十岁的时候, 我被炒了。在这么多我被炒了。在这么多人的眼皮下我被炒了。在而立之年，我生人的眼皮下我被炒了。在而立之年，我生命的全部支柱离自己远去命的全部支柱离自己远去, 这真是毁灭性的这真是毁灭性的打击。打击。 I didnt see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by

37、 the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life. 我当时没有觉察, 但是事后证明, 从苹果公司被炒是我这辈子发生的最棒的事情。因为，作为一个成功者的沉重感被作为一个创业者的轻松感觉代替: 对任何事情都不再那么确定。这让我觉得如此自由, 进入了我生命中最有创造力的一个阶段。 If you live each day as if it was your last, someday

38、 youll most certainly be right. “如果你把每一天都当作生命中最后一天去如果你把每一天都当作生命中最后一天去生活的话生活的话,那么有一天你会发现你是正确那么有一天你会发现你是正确的。的。” If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today? And whenever the answer has been No for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something. “如果今

39、天是我生命中的最后一天如果今天是我生命中的最后一天, 你会不你会不会想要完成你今天要做的事情呢？会想要完成你今天要做的事情呢？”当答当答案连续很多天都是案连续很多天都是“不是不是”的时候的时候, 我知道我知道自己需要改变某些事情了。自己需要改变某些事情了。 Remembering that Ill be dead soon is the most important tool. Ive ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything all external expectat

40、ions, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no re

41、ason not to follow your heart. “记住你即将死去”是我一生中遇到的最重要箴言。它帮我指明了生命中重要的选择。因为几乎所有的事情, 包括所有的荣誉、所有的骄傲、所有对难堪和失败的恐惧,这些在死亡面前都会消失。我看到的是留下的真正重要的东西。你有时候会思考你将会失去某些东西,“记住你即将死去”是我知道的避免这些想法的最好办法。你已经赤身裸体了, 你没有理由不去听从你内心的召唤。 This was the closest Ive been to facing death, and I hope its the closest I get for a few more d

42、ecades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept: 那是我最接近死亡的时候, 我还希望这也是以后的几十年最接近的一次。从死亡线上又活了过来, 死亡对我来说，只是一个有用但是纯粹是知识上的概念的时候，我可以更肯定一点地对你们说： Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. 求知若饥，虚心若愚。幽默一下 pregnant 怀孕 -扑来个男的 ambu

43、lance 救护车-俺不能死 ponderous 肥胖的-胖的要死 pest 害虫 -拍死它 ambition 雄心 -俺必胜 agony 痛苦 -爱过你 bale 灾祸 -背噢 hermit 隐士 -何处觅他 strong 强壮 -死壮 sting 蛰 -死盯 abyss 深渊 -额必死 admire 羡慕 -额的妈呀 flee 逃跑 -飞离 gauche 粗鲁的 -狗屎 morbid 病态 -毛病 putrid 腐烂 -飘臭 obtuse 愚笨 -我不吐死 lynch 私刑处死 -凌迟 shun 闪躲 -闪 tantrum 脾气发作 -太蠢 bachelor学士/单身汉-白吃了 tempe

44、r 脾气 -太泼 addict 上瘾 -爱得嗑它 economy 经济 -依靠农民 ail 疼痛 -哎哟 coffin 棺材 -靠坟 appall 惊骇 -我跑Flying car词汇分析 vehicle n. 交通工具, 车辆 例句：No vehicles are permitted into the park. 2. turn n. 转变;变化;转折(点) 例句：The sick man has taken a turn for the better. 3. publish v. 出版；公布 例句：The only daily newspaper in the city did not p

45、ublish yesterday because of a strike. 4. characterize vt. 是的特征, 以为特征 例句：A mister is characterized by greed. 5. practical adj. 实用的 例句：Your invention is clever, but not practical. 6. garage n. 车库 例句：Outside this door is the garage. 7. convertible adj. (汽车等)有折篷的，可折叠的 例句：That new white convertible is to

46、tally awesome. 8. weigh v. 重达 例句：This marble ramp weighs one ton. 9. permission n. 允许, 许可, 准许,批准 例句：I have obtained a written permission from the chairman. 10. climb v. 上升；增值；升值 例句：The price of grain climbed back. 11. takeoff n. (飞机的)起飞;(航天器的)升空 例句：The plane crashed shortly after takeoff. 12. apprec

47、iable adj. 可预见的, 可估计的 例句：I can find no appreciable differences in the witnesses descriptions of the accident, they seem the same. 短语讲解： 1.fill with (使)充挤满 例句：The sky filled with stars. 2.close to离近 例句：His house is close to mine. 3.fold up (把)折叠起来 例句：She folded up some shirts. 4.drive down向下南开赶 例句： T

48、he car was driving down. 5.instead of (用)代替, (是)而不是, (用)而不用 例句：Taking exercise every day makes him look younger instead of older. 6.take place发生; 举行 例句：The evening party will take place on New Years Eve. 7.agree to同意, 赞成, 同意照办 例句：He agreed to our sending Jack to Hong Kong. 8.for example例如, 譬如 例句：I k

49、now many women who have a career and a familyKehr for example. 9.by the end of到为止 例句：The project had been completed by the end of 1990. 10.sign up跟签订合同 例句：They manage to sign up all the best performers. 11.in the near future不久 例句：We hope to move to the country in the near future. 1) heading home 回家

50、What are you up to this weekend? 你这周末有什么计划？ Im heading home for the Mid-Autumn Festival! 我要回家过中秋节！ Oh cool! Me too! 哦，好棒！我也要回家！ 2) going home 回家 Are you going home for the Moon Festival？你中秋节回家吗？ No, I cant! I have to work! 我不能回家，我得上班！ 3) heading back to 回到 Are you heading back to Hanzhou to celebrat

51、e the Mooncake Festival with your family? 你要回杭州和家人过中秋节吗？ Yeah! Im so stoked to go home and see everybody! 对啊！我要回家了好兴奋！可以看到所有人！第四章科技英语翻译英中 严复提出了三字翻译标准：“信、达、雅”（faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance） 信，要求译者忠实原文的思想内容，使译文具有一定的科学性。 达，要求的是译文的可读性，强调译文语言规范，通顺易懂。 雅，要求保留原作的风姿，包括原文的风格。语言修辞特色等。例如： The differenc

52、e in energy level between the substrates and products is termed the change in Gibbs free energy (G).译文1：在底物与产物之间能量水平的差异称为Gibbs自由能(G)的变化。译文2：底物与产物之间的能级差叫做吉布斯自由能(G)的变化。例如：Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, require revision（修改） at short intervals（间隔） if their authors wish to k

53、eep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.译文1：现代科技书籍，特别是教科书要求作者不定时地修改内容，如果他们希望与新概念、观察到的事实和发现同步发展的话。译文2：对于现代科技书籍，特别是教科书来说，要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话，那么就需要每隔较短的时间，将书中的内容重新修改。 Irrespective of（不论） the approach, it is important to agree tariffs before investments proceed.译文1：不论采用哪种方

54、法，在投资前达成一致同意的价格是重要的。译文2：不论方法如何，重要的是投资前达成一致同意的价格。例如： The pressure of increasing population leads to the vertical（垂直的） growth of cities with the result that people are forced to adjust themselves to congestion（拥挤） in order to maintain these relatively artificial land values.译文：人口增长的压力造成城市向高空发展，从而人为地提高

55、地价，其结果是人们被迫适应城市的拥挤状况，住进了高楼。1、词汇的翻译（1）新造词及术语的翻译 音译clone 克隆 hacker 黑客 bit 比特 意译Maglev = magnetic levitation磁悬浮列车modem = modelator demodulator 调制解调器 音译加意译hula hoop 呼啦圈 nanometer 纳米 象形译X-ray X射线 V-neck V领L-electron L层电子 （2）根据不同的上下文来确定词义 伴随着普通词汇专业化倾向的是同一词语词义的多专业化，即同一英语单词被不同的专业采用来表达各自的专业含义。一个词在不同领域中的运用，意思

56、可能大相径庭。 如“end”的常用含义是“末端”、“结束”，但在科技英语中有更多的专业意义，如soluble end “溶解范围”（化学）。Variable short end “可变短路器”（电工学），the overseas end of Bell Telephone Corp. “美国贝尔电话公司的海外业务部”（商务）。 “词无定义，随文而释”。按各学科或专业的特定词义与措辞确定译词。 例如下面四个句子中均含有“facility”（设施、设备）一词。Modern communication facilities were equipped in each fishing boat, so

57、 the fishermen could get in touch with each other at any place.译文：每条渔船都装有先进的通讯设备，因此渔民们可以在任何地方都能保持联系。Regulations（条例） regarding the handing of hazardous wastes have become more stringent（严厉的） and complex. Facilities can no longer ignore their wastes.译文：有关有害废物处理的条例已经更加严厉、更复杂，厂家再也不能对其产生的废物置之不理了。All the

58、facilities in this lab should not be taken out without permission.译文：未经允许，所有器材不能带出实验室。The site ideally should have sufficient lands to provide a buffer zone（隔离区、缓冲区） between the facility and the public surrounding it.译文：理想的处理现场在设施及周围公共环境之间应有足够的隔离区域。The theory greatly facilitated（帮助） the interpretati

59、on and prediction of properties（性质） of organic compounds.译文：这一理论，在很大程度上有助于解释和预测有机化合物的性质。 省译法：为提高译文的可读性，翻译时译者可将原文中冠词、代词、介词、连词、动词、同位语和复合名词等进行省译。 例如：The expenditure（消耗） of energy of one kind in any process involves the production of an equivalent（相等的） amount of energy of other kinds.译文：任何过程中，一种形式的能量损耗都

60、会产生其他形式的相等的能量。增补法：是指补充语义上和修辞上需要的词，使原文中的省略成分和隐含义在译文中清楚地表达出来，读者更容易理解。例如：The temperature needed for this processing（加工） is lower than that needed to melt the metal.译文：这种加工方法所需的温度低于熔化该金属的温度。 2.1.1分清主从 例1:Russia remained largely self supporting but the rest of the world became more and more dependent on